Class Symphyla• Symphylans, also known as garden centipedes or glasshouse symphylans, are soil-dwelling arthropods of the class Symphyla in the subphylum Myriapoda.

• They can move rapidly through the pores between soil particles, and are typically found from the surface down to a depth of about 50 cm.

• They consume decaying vegetation, but can do considerable harm in an agricultural setting

by consuming seeds, roots, and root hairs in cultivated soil.

• About 200 species are known worldwide

Description:• Symphyla are small, cryptic myriapods without eyes and without pigment .[4] The body is soft and 2 to 10

millimetres (0.079 to 0.39 in) long, divided into two body regions: head and trunk.

• The head has long, segmented antennae, a postantennal organ, three pairs of mouthparts: mandibles, the long first maxillae, and the second pair of maxillae which are fused to form the lower lip or labium of the mouth. Disc-like organs of Tömösvary, which probably sense vibrations, are attached to the base of the antennae, as they are in centipedes.

• The trunk comprises 15–24 segments, which are protected by overlapping dorsal plates. Ten or twelve segments bear legs. The first segment is large and usually provided with a pair of legs, the last segment is slender, lacks legs, and possesses a pair of cerci. Immature individuals have six pairs of legs on hatching. Each pair of legs is associated with an eversible structure, called a "coxal sac", that helps the animal absorb moisture, and a small stylus that may be sensory in function. Similar structures are found in the most primitive insects.

• Symphyla are rapid runners. They are primarily herbivores and detritus feeders living deep in the soil, under stones, in decaying wood, and in other moist places where they feed on the root hairs and rootlets and can sometimes cause crop failure. The garden centipede,Scutigerella immaculata can be a serious pest of vegetable crops and tree seedlings and occurs in greenhouses as well as agricultural situations

• Symphylans breathe through a pair of spiracles on the sides of the head. These are connected to a system of tracheae that branch through the head and the first three segments of the body only.

Scientific Classification• Kingdom: Animalia

• Phylum: Arthropoda

• Subphylum: Myriapoda

• Class: Symphyla

• Families: ScutigerellidaeScolopendrellidae

Subphylum Mandibulata• The mandibulates constitute the largest and most varied arthropod

group and are characterized by the presence of modified appendages (mandibles) flanking the mouth and used as jaws. There are six classes, all characterized by various aspects of body form.

Class ChilopodaClass CrustaceaClass DiplopodaClass PauropodaClass SymphylaClass Insecta

• Mandibulata is a group of arthropods characterized by mandibles (mouthparts) used for biting, cutting, and holding food.

Mandibles

Insects• Insect mandibles are as diverse in form as their food.

For instance, grasshoppers and many other plant-eating insects have sharp-edged mandibles that move side to side. Mostbutterflies and moths lack mandibles as they mainly feed on nectar from flowers.

• Queen bees have mandibles with sharp cutting teeth unlike worker bees, who have toothless jaws. Male dobsonflies have slender mandibles up to 2.5 centimeters long, half as long as the insect's body. Potter wasps use their mandibles to mix droplets of water with clay while constructing a nest

Ants

Beetles• The shape and size of beetle mandibles varies from species

to species depending on the food preferences. For example, carnivorous beetles have extended mandibles to seize or crush prey. Tiger beetles' mandibles (similar to the piercing canine teeth of tigers) are well adapted for killing prey. Diving beetle and firefly larvae have hollow mandibles that can inject digestive fluid to liquefy the tissues of the prey. When this process is over, they suck the digested tissue through the mandibles.

• The antler-like jaws of stag beetles are essentially their namesake trait. In some tropical species, they can be up to 10 centimeters, as long as the body of the beetle. These mandibles are primarily used in combat.

• Scientific Classification

• Kingdom: Animalia

• Phylum: Arthropoda