CS B351: INTRO TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND COMPUTER SIMULATIONInstructor: Kris Hauser

http://cs.indiana.edu/~hauserk

1

BASICS

Class web site http://cs.indiana.edu/courses/b351

Textbook S. Russell and P. Norvig Artificial Intelligence: a Modern Approach 2nd edition or 3rd edition

2

BASICS

Instructor Kris Hauser (hauserk@indiana.edu)

AIs Mark Wilson (mw54@indiana.edu)

3

OFFICE HOURS

Kris Hauser M,Th 11-12 in Info W 300

TAs W 1-3 in Lindley 406

4

AGENDA

Intro to AI Overview of class policies

5

INTRO TO AI6

WHAT IS AI?

AI is the reproduction of human reasoning and intelligent behavior by computational methods

7

WHAT IS AI?

AI is an attempt of reproduction of human reasoning and intelligent behavior by computational methods

8

WHAT IS AI?

Discipline that systematizes and automates reasoning processes to create machines that:

9

Think like humans Think rationally

Act like humans Act rationally

The goal of AI is: to build machines that operate in the same way that humans thinkHow do humans think?Build machines according to theory, test how

behavior matches mind’s behaviorCognitive Science

Manipulation of symbolic knowledge How does hardware affect reasoning?

Discrete machines, analog minds10

Think like humans Think rationally

Act like humans Act rationally

The goal of AI is: to build machines that perform tasks that seem to require intelligence when performed by humans

Take a task at which people are better, e.g.: Prove a theorem Play chess Plan a surgical operation Diagnose a disease Navigate in a building

and build a computer system that does it automatically

But do we want to duplicate human imperfections?

11

Think like humans Think rationally

Act like humans Act rationally

The goal of AI is: to build machines that make the “best” decisions given current knowledge and resources

“Best” depending on some utility function Influences from economics, control theory

How do self-consciousness, hopes, fears, compulsions, etc. impact intelligence?

Where do utilities come from?

12

Think like humans Think rationally

Act like humans Act rationally

WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?

“If there were machines which bore a resemblance to our bodies and imitated our actions as closely as possible for all practical purposes, we should still have two very certain means of recognizing that they were not real men. The first is that they could never use words, or put together signs, as we do in order to declare our thoughts to others… Secondly, even though some machines might do some things as well as we do them, or perhaps even better, they would inevitably fail in others, which would reveal that they are acting not from understanding, …”Discourse on the Method, by Descartes (1598-1650)

13

WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?

Turing Test (c. 1950)

14

AN APPLICATION OF THE TURING TEST CAPTCHA: Completely Automatic Public

Turing tests to tell Computers and Humans Apart

15

CHINESE ROOM (JOHN SEARLE)

16

CAN MACHINES ACT/THINK INTELLIGENTLY? Yes, if intelligence is narrowly defined as

information processing

AI has made impressive achievements showing that tasks initially assumed to require intelligence can be automatedEach success of AI seems to push further the limits of what we consider “intelligence”

17

SOME ACHIEVEMENTS

Computers have won over world champions in several games, including Checkers, Othello, and Chess, but still do not do well in Go

AI techniques are used in many systems: formal calculus, video games, route planning, logistics planning, pharmaceutical drug design, medical diagnosis, hardware and software trouble-shooting, speech recognition, traffic monitoring, facial recognition, medical image analysis, part inspection, etc...

DARPA Grand Challenge: robotic car autonomously traversed 132 miles of desert

IBM’s Watson competes with Jeopardy champs

Some industries (automobile, electronics) are highly robotized, while other robots perform brain and heart surgery, are rolling on Mars, fly autonomously, …, but home robots still remain a thing of the future

18

18

CAN MACHINES ACT/THINK INTELLIGENTLY? Yes, if intelligence is narrowly defined as

information processing

AI has made impressive achievements showing that tasks initially assumed to require intelligence can be automated

Maybe yes, maybe not, if intelligence cannot be separated from consciousness Is the machine experiencing thought? Strong vs. Weak AI

19

20

BIG OPEN QUESTIONS Is intelligent behavior just information

processing?(Physical symbol system hypothesis)

If so, can the human brain solve problems that are inherently intractable for computers? Will a general theory of intelligence emerge from neuroscience?

In a human being, where is the interface between “intelligence” and the rest of “human nature”Self-consciousness, emotions, compulsions

What is the role of the body?(Mind-body problem)

21

22

AI contributes to building an information processing model of human beings, just as Biochemistry contributes to building a model of human beings based on bio-molecular interactions

Both try to explain how a human being operates

Both also explore ways to avoid human imperfections (in Biochemistry, by engineering new proteins and drug molecules; in AI, by designing rational reasoning methods)

Both try to produce new useful technologies

Neither explains (yet?) the true meaning of being human

MAIN AREAS OF AI Knowledge representation

(including formal logic) Search, especially

heuristic search (puzzles, games)

Planning Reasoning under

uncertainty, including probabilistic reasoning

Learning Robotics and perception Natural language

processing23

Search

Knowledgerep.Planning

Reasoning

Learning

Agent

RoboticsPerception

Naturallanguage

... ExpertSystems

Constraintsatisfaction

BITS OF HISTORY 1956: The name “Artificial Intelligence” is

coined 60’s: Search and games, formal logic and

theorem proving 70’s: Robotics, perception, knowledge

representation, expert systems 80’s: More expert systems, AI becomes an

industry 90’s: Rational agents, probabilistic reasoning,

machine learning 00’s: Systems integrating many AI methods,

machine learning, natural language processing, reasoning under uncertainty, robotics again

24

SYLLABUS Introduction to AI

Philosophy, history, agent frameworks Search

Uninformed search, heuristic search, heuristics Search applications (and variants)

Constraint satisfaction, planning, game playing, motion planning

Reasoning under uncertainty Probability, planning under uncertainty, Bayesian

networks, probabilistic inference, dynamic modeling

Intro to machine learning Neural nets, decision tree learning, support vector

machines, etc.25

26

B335

Robotics

I400

B552

B553

Knowledge representation and learning

B657

Computer Vision

Biologically-inspired computing

B659

I486

Q360B651

Natural Language Processing

E626

Game theory

Q570

Topics in AI

B551 S626 S675

B351

CAREERS IN AI

‘Pure’ AI Academia, industry labs

Applied AI Almost any area of CS! NLP, vision, robotics Economics

Cognitive Science

27

AI REFERENCES Conferences

IJCAI, ECAI, AAAI, NIPS Journals

AI, Comp. I, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intel., IEEE Int. Sys., Journal of AIR

Societies AAAI, SIGART, AISB

AI Magazine (Editor: IU’s David Leake)

28

CLASS POLICIES29

PREREQUISITES

C211 I recommend:

Two semesters programming Basic knowledge of data structures Basic knowledge of algorithmic complexity

30

PROGRAMMING ASSIGNMENTS

Projects will be written in Python Great for scripting

Peter Norvig, Director of Research at Google, and textbook author

Easy to learn 2 weeks for each assignment

31

GRADING

50% Homework 6 assignments - lowest score will be dropped

30% Final 20% Midterm

32

HOMEWORK POLICY

Due at end of class on due date Typically Tuesdays

Extensions only granted in rare cases Require advance notice except emergencies

33

ENROLLMENT

Add/drop deadline No penalty: Sept 3 Late drop/add: Oct 27

Waitlist deadline: Sept 4

34

TAKEAWAYS

AI has many interpretations Act vs. think, human-like vs. rational Concept has evolved

‘I’ has many interpretations Turing test Chinese room

AI success stories from each perspective

35

HOMEWORK

Register Textbook Survey http://cs.indiana.edu/classes/b351 Readings: R&N Ch. 1, 2, 26

36