Class no. 26 – Summary and Review 1740 18 Septembris ex Judaismo convertus pravi[tat]e instructus...
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Transcript of Class no. 26 – Summary and Review 1740 18 Septembris ex Judaismo convertus pravi[tat]e instructus...
Class no. 26 – Summary and Review
1740 18 Septembris ex Judaismo convertus pravi[tat]e instructus et
de errore convictus baptizatus est Fridericus Amans
filius legitimus Leonis et Sara Judaorum coniugum in Zünders-
bach diocesis Fuldendis oriundus annorum i7. Patrinus
fuit perquam gratiosus illustrissimus ac excellentissimus
Dominus Fridericus de Bastheim Altissimi principis nostri
consiliarius intimus Mareschalbus et Archi satrapa in Brüchenau etc etc
Document no. 19
Course mission statement:
Course purpose: Students will learn to read, interpret and evaluate Latin language documents from the 15th -20th centuries
Major goals:
1. Become familiar with Latin grammar and vocabulary
2. Learn translation and transcription methodologies
3. Introduce Latin paleography and shorthand
4. Analyze various Latin document types
- metrical books, court records, etc.
5. Study the Julian and Gregorian calendars
Latin grammar:
The parts of speech in Latin are the same as in English
nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections
Latin, however, has no article
Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs are capable of inflection
for nouns, adjectives, pronouns this is called declension
for verbs this is called conjugation
Nouns
Latin nouns are the names of person, place, thing or quality
Three genders
masculine, feminine, and neuter
The gender of words can be natural or grammatical
Most Latin nouns determine gender by Nom. Sing. ending
Number
Latin has two numbers, the singular and the pluralSingular denotes one object, the plural more than one
Case
There are six cases in Latin
Nominative, case of subject Accusative, case of direct object
Genitive, objective with of Vocative, case of address
Dative, objective with to or for Ablative, objective with by, from, in, with
The Latin Declensions
There are five declensions in Latin
Each declension is distinguished by
the final letter of the stem
the termination of the genitive singular
Declension Final letter of stem Gen. Termination
First a -ae
Second o -i
Third i -is
Some consonant
Fourth u -us
Fifth e -ei
Declension summary table
Adjectives
Adjectives denote quality. They are declined like nouns and fall into two classes
Adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declensions
Adjectives of the 3rd declensions
First and Second Declension Adjectives
Third Declension Adjectives
Three terminations Two terminations One termination
Numerals
In Latin are of three types
Cardinals unus, duo
Ordinals primus, secundus
Distributives singuli, bini
Numerals in Latin are declined
Pronouns
Latin has eight classes of pronouns
I. Personal V. Intensive
II. Reflexive VI. Relative
III. Possessive VII. Interrogative
IV. Demonstrative VIII. Indefinite
personal, possessive, demonstrative and interrogative
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
ego tu is, ea, id nos vos ----
mei tui nostrum vestrum
mihi tibi nobis vos
me te nos vos
---- tu ---- vos
me te nobis vobis
my, thy, his, her, its our, your, their
Latin possessive pronouns are treated as adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declension
meus, -a, -um
noster, nostra, nostrum
tuus, -a, um
vester, vestra, vestrum
suus, -a, -um
Pater suos liberos amat
Personal
Possessive
Demonstrative Pronouns
Verbs
The inflection of verbs is called conjugation
Verbs have Voice, Mood, Tense, Number and Person
In Latin
Two voices
Active and Passive
Five Moods
Indicative, subjunctive, imperative, infinitive and participle
Six Tenses
Present Perfect
Imperfect Pluperfect
Future Future perfect
Personal Endings of the Verb
Active Passive
Sing.
Plural
1. -o; -m; -i (perf. indic.) -r
2. -s; -sti (perf. indic.); -to (imp.) -ris, -re; -re, -tor (imp.)
3. -t; -to (imp.) -tur; tor (imp.)
1. –mus -mur
2. -tis; -stis (pef. indic.); -te, -tote (imp.) -mini
3. -nt; -erunt (perf. indic.); -nto (imp.) -ntur; -ntor (imp.)
The Four Conjugations
1.1. -are-are aa
2.2. -ere-ere ee
3.3. -ere-ere ee
4.4. -ire-ire ii
Infinitive termination Distinguishing vowel
The Verb “to be” (memorize)
Latin verb terminations
Conjugation example: active
Conjugation example: passive
Other Verb Forms
Verbs in -io of the 3rd conjugation are inflected with the endings of the 4th conjugation (pres. indic.)
Deponent Verbs have the mostly passive forms, but active meaning
patior, pati, passus sum
Periphrastic conjugation
active uses the Future Active Participle with sum
amaturus sum, I am about to love
passive uses the gerundive with sum
amandus sum, I am to be loved
Irregular, Defective and Impersonal Verbs
Adverbs
Most adverbs are in origin case-forms which have become stereotyped by usage
quo - whither qua - where hac - by this way aliquo - to some place
Prepositions
Prepositions govern specific cases [must be memorized as a vocabulary item]
Prep. with the Accusative: ad, circa. contra, post, super, trans
Prep. with the Ablative: de, ex, pro, sine
The prep. in and sub govern both the Accusative and Ablative
in urbem, into the city in urbe, in the city
Interjections
In Latin, interjections are particles expressing emotion: surprise, joy, sorrow, calling
Vocabulary
BaptizatusBaptizatus SepultusSepultus FiliusFilius FiliaFilia PaterPater MaterMater Patrinus, levansPatrinus, levans EstEst DieDie MensisMensis Anno DominiAnno Domini
BaptizedBaptized BuriedBuried SonSon DaughterDaughter FatherFather MotherMother GodfatherGodfather Is or wasIs or was On the dayOn the day In the monthIn the month In the year of the In the year of the
LordLord
baptizatusmatermensis
Translation and transcription:
1. How to write
2. Making hands
3. Letter composition
4. Translation procedures
5. Parsing
A,a ____ ____ ____ ____
B,b ____ ____ ____ ____
C,c ____ ____ ____ ____
D,d ____ ____ ____ ____
E,e ____ ____ ____ ____
F,f ____ ____ ____ ____
G,g ____ ____ ____ ____
H,h ____ ____ ____ ____
I,i ____ ____ ____ ____
J,j ____ ____ ____ ____
K,k ____ ____ ____ ____
L,l ____ ____ ____ ____
M,m ____ ____ ____ ____
N,n ____ ____ ____ ____
O,o ____ ____ ____ ____
P,p ____ ____ ____ ____
Q,q ____ ____ ____ ____
R,r ____ ____ ____ ____
S,s ____ ____ ____ ____
T,t ____ ____ ____ ____
U,u ____ ____ ____ ____
V,v ____ ____ ____ ____
W,w ____ ____ ____ ____
X,x ____ ____ ____ ____
Y,y ____ ____ ____ ____
Z,z ____ ____ ____ ____
Hand Chart:
a ___
b ___
c ___
d ___
e ___
f ___
g ___
h ___
i ___ihgfedcab
Letter composition:
Square Anglo-Saxon Miniscule Caroline Miniscule
Proto-Gothic Simi-Cursive Gothic Textura
f h m p F
Paleographical terms
majuscule
a capital or upper case letter
a script where all letters are the same size
miniscule
a lower case letter
a script using ascenders / descenders
base line
ascender minimbow
headstroke
hastadescenderhead line
Decide the documents purpose from:
title page or target
catalog entry
heading of the document
scanning for purpose words
testamentum, obitus est, baptizatus est, conjugeverunt, liber confirmatorum
Translation tips:
Translation tips: cont.
Identify the verb
Identify the subject
Identify the direct object
Identify the indirect object
Identify prepositional phrases and adverbs
Translate into English in the following order:
Subject – Verb – Direct Object – Indirect Object – Prep. Phrase
LOOK AT EACH WORD IN EACH LINE
LOOK FOR FAMILIAR WORDS
LOOK FOR FAMILIAR WORD STEMS, I.E. THE UNCHANGING PART OF A WORD THAT CARRIES ITS MEANING
WRITE DOWN EACH WORD IN ORDER
WRITE DOWN THE MOST COMMON MEANING OF THE WORD STEM
LOOK AT THE MEANINGS OF THE WORDS WITH THE SAME STEM
Identify pronouns and adjectives
Identify the Verbs
Verbs tell us what happened, when it happened, and how many were involved
Verbs are always the minority—Nouns, Pronouns, Adjectives and conjunctions will always outnumber them
Like Nouns, Pronouns and Adjectives, endings are added to the Verb stem
You will need a good pocket dictionary with regular, irregular and deponent verb tables
Identify the Nouns
What is the grammar?
Remember:
Nouns are divided into five declensions base on their spelling and endings.
Each declension has five forms reflecting the noun’s use in the sentence.
Each form has an ending added to the work stem to indicate the nouns’s use in the sentence and its number (singular or plural)
Example TranslationExample Translation
Die 22Die 22dada Julij nata est infans ex Andrea Herman, et Eva Margaretha Julij nata est infans ex Andrea Herman, et Eva Margaretha Conjugibus, baptizata die Sequenti, cui impositum nomen Maria Conjugibus, baptizata die Sequenti, cui impositum nomen Maria Barbara levans fuit Maria Barbara Jacobi Schwind civis hujatis uxor. Barbara levans fuit Maria Barbara Jacobi Schwind civis hujatis uxor. Ita testor Andreas HaasIta testor Andreas Haas
On the 22On the 22ndnd day of July a child was born from the married couple day of July a child was born from the married couple Andreas Herman and Eva Margaretha, [the child] was baptized the Andreas Herman and Eva Margaretha, [the child] was baptized the following day, to whom was placed the name Maria Barbara. The following day, to whom was placed the name Maria Barbara. The godmother was Maria Barbara wife of Jacob Schwind, a citizen of godmother was Maria Barbara wife of Jacob Schwind, a citizen of this place. And so I testify Andreas Haas.this place. And so I testify Andreas Haas.
Latin abbreviations:
Latin shorthandLatin shorthand Appears to be no rhyme or reasonAppears to be no rhyme or reason Basic rulesBasic rules
Basic classes of abbreviation
I. Truncation
II. Contraction
III. Abbrev. marks significant in themselves
IV. Abbrev. marks significant in context
V. Superscript signs
VI. Convention signs
VII. Numerals
General signs indicate the word has been abbreviated
Truncation signs indicate some letters are missing at the end of the word
Abbreviation by Contraction
occurs when one or more of the middle letters are missing
dno domino
dia dimidia
epo episcopo
oa omnia
contraction can be pure, i.e. when the first and last letters of the word are preserved; or mixed, when some of the middle letters are also preserved
ds Deus
ba beata
pr pater
mr mater
Marks Significant in Themselves
indicate which elements are missing, no matter what letter the symbol is place above or joined with
I.Abbreviations significant in context
II.
Marks resembling . : ; and 3 occur almost always at the end of and are written between the text and head lines
When they follow b they stand for –us or –et
b. b: b; b3
When they follow q- they stand for –ue. Alone the 3 and the : can stand for -que
quib; hab3 usq;
qa93 lic: omnib.
II. (cont.)
W/ Өy flw s— Өy std 4 —is
remiss; cas; ms;
III.
Θ 3rd claŝ . a; obliq3 le of. hook3 at 2th ends, cut: ars any ltr
o/ Θ a/b
See Capelli, p. 23-29 for more examples
IV.
The fourth class is similar to the Arabic numeral 2 or the letter z
After q- its meaning is –uia, quia
Alone, the signs equal et
After u- or a-, they show a missing -m
After s-, they stand for –et or –ed: sz = sed
Roman Numerals
i = 1 v = 5 x = 10 l = 50 c = 100 d = 500 m = 1000
iv = 4 vi = 6 xxii = 22 xlvii = 47 dcxlviii = 648 mcccliv = 1354 mmiv = 2004
Basic values
Combinations
Document types
Structure of Parish Registers (Birth, Baptismal)Structure of Parish Registers (Birth, Baptismal)
DateDate Names of the parent(s)Names of the parent(s)
Often includes mother’s maiden nameOften includes mother’s maiden name Name of the childName of the child Names of the godparentsNames of the godparents Tip: Memorize pattern and common Latin phrasesTip: Memorize pattern and common Latin phrases
Document types
Structure of Parish Registers (Marriage)
Date
Name and status of groom, parents’ names and status
Name and status of bride, parents’ names and status
Places of origin
Witnesses
Attestation
Document types
Structure of Parish Registers (Death)
Date of death
Name of deceased
Date of birth and status
Names of parents
Cause of death
Date and place of internment
Attestation
Document types
Structure of Manorial Wills
A heading, “In the name of God, amen”
A date expressed in relation to a saint’s day and a regnal year or year of grace
in festo Sancte Anne anno domini millesimo cccclvjmo
“in the feast of Saint Anne, 1456 A.D.”
Leaving of the testator’s soul to God
Naming of the executors of the will
Citing of witnesses to the will
Sealing the will
The date, if not already given
Dating the document
Most Documents Use the Gregorian Date: Day, Month Year (1582-Calendar Reform)
Many Events Will Be Recorded Using the Ecclesiastical Calendar: Fixed and Moveable Feast Days
A Few Recorders Used the Roman Calendar (All Dates Are Calculated from Kalends, Nones, Ides)
xi kalendas Maii
nonas Martii, millesimi octingentesimi sexagesimi noni
Roman Calendar
1641 Dn. 10. p.Tr.
Church Calendar
10 Sundays after Trinity, which is 1 Sunday after Pentecost, which is 7 Sundays after Easter, which in the Julian calendar of 1641 was 25 April
Equals 10 Sundays + 1 Sunday + 7 Sundays after 25 April, or29 August, 1641
Calendar -- continued
Sunday
Monday, fa2a
Tuesday, fa3a
Wednesday, fa4a
Thursday, fa5a
Friday, fa6a
Saturday, fa7a
Abbreviations:
Dom. Sunday
Donca. Sunday
eiusd. of the same month
eod. on the same [date]
fa feast day, weekday
fa2a Monday
pd. the day before
Aries
Taurus
Gemini
Cancer
Leo
Virgo
Libra
Scorpiio
Sagittarius
Capricorn
Aquarius
Pisces
Student Projects
1. Mr Melendez 1:40 pm-2:00 pm
2. Ms Heuer 2:05 pm-2:25 pm
3. Ms Hald 2:30 pm-2:50 pm