Class 11 LBSC 690 Information Technology Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Distance Education.
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Transcript of Class 11 LBSC 690 Information Technology Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Distance Education.
Class 11
LBSC 690
Information Technology
Computer Supported Cooperative Work
and Distance Education
CSCW and Distance Ed Agenda
• Questions• CSCW - Computer Supported Cooperative Work
CMC - Computer Mediated Communications • Dimensions/Modalities• Collaboration and network realities• Guest lecture by Clifford Stoll
– An example of teaching with technology
• Computers in education• Distance education
Technology and People
• Interface perspective (User interfaces)
• Collaboration / Interaction perspective– People produce information for other people– Organizational information systems– Community information systems
CSCW - the acronym
• Computer supported– Really “information technology” supported
• Cooperative– Assumes a shared objective (what about
competitive interaction?)
• Work– Grounded in the study of work processes (why
not play?)
Dimensions of CSCWLike dimensions of Internet Services
• Synchronous vs. Asynchronous– Telephone is synchronous– Email is asynchronous
• Local vs. remote– Meetings are local– Chat rooms are remote
• Structured vs Unstructured Interaction
Synchronous Local
• Support for face-to-face meetings– Brainstorming– Online review– Annotated minutes– Voting as feedback
Synchronous Remote
• Shared whiteboard– Multimodal interaction
• Example: NetMeeting– Launch NetMeeting, select – Double click on the meeting you wish to join
• Glass wall (CVEs)– Facilitates unplanned interactions– Supports informal communications
Asynchronous Remote
• Voice mail
• USENET news
• Mailing lists
• Example - threaded discussions – Go to http://www.chem.hope.edu/discus– Pick a board to look at– Describe how it is organized
Effects of Modality
• Establish initial contact face-to-face then later remote interaction is easier
• In terms of task completion, audio is satisfactory for most interactions.
• People often prefer video interactions (Rosen reading)
Organizational Information Systems• From MIS to Knowledge Management
• Supporting roles in an organization environment
• What is the impact of information technology on organizations – email “flattens” hierarchies– productivity gains?
Collaboration and Networked Realities Standards
• Internet tools are based on “open standards”– Routers, servers, browsers, streaming video, …– Easily used to build private networks
• Typically known as “intranets”
• Proprietary standards offer better integration– Lotus Notes is a well known example– Customized to a particular business process
• Expensive and difficult to modify
Example of IT Supporting Collaboration
• Organizing a research symposium– Co-chair in France (6 hour time difference)– Five organizing committee members
• Spread from California to Zurich
– Worldwide participants• Some cannot come to the physical symposium
• All have different computing environments
• How to organize it, run it, and report results?
“Guest Lecturer”
• Clifford Stoll– Educator, UC Berkeley– Author
• Cuckoo’s Egg, Silicon Snake Oil, HighTech Heretic
– Pundit (misguided?)
What’s the Point?
• Why are we putting computers in schools?
• Are computer jobs the “jobs of the future?”
• What’s so great about information?– How does it differ from data?– What about understanding & wisdom?
• If he’s right, why are we studying this?
Educational Computing
• Computer-Based Training (CBT)– Just another filmstrip machine?
• Computer-Assisted Education– What most people think of first
• Computer-Managed Instruction– What most people really do first!
Rationales for Computers in Schools• Pedagogic
– Use computers to teach
• Vocational– Computer programming is a skill like typing
• Social– Computers are a part of the fabric of society
• Catalytic– Computers are symbols of progress
Conditions for Success
• Most prerequisites are not computer-specific– Need, know-how, time, commitment, leadership,
incentives, expectations– In one study, only one addressed resources
• The most important barrier isn’t either– Teacher time is by far the most important factor
Alternatives• Facilities
– Computer classrooms (e.g., teaching theaters)– Computers IN classrooms (e.g., HBK 0108)
• Objectives– “Computer Literacy” is the most common class– Not so in the Maryland teaching theaters
• Comparatively few technology classes
Computers as Educational Media
• Books– Stable - you can read them at your own pace
• Video– Transient, dynamic, multi-sensory
• Computers– Interactive, process-based– Plus salient characteristics of video and books
Distance Education• Correspondence courses
– Focus on dissemination and evaluation
• Instructional television– Dissemination, interaction, and evaluation
• Ordinary television supports only dissemination
• Computer-Assisted Instruction– Same three functions– Goal is to be better, cheaper, or both
• Asynchronous Learning – Primarily Web-based
“Intelligent” Computer Aided-Instruction• Computer as tutor
• Assessment - Collect observations of student.
• Evaluation - build “student models” -- what a student knows about the task. Compare student model to “expert model” -- how an expert would solve the problem. Try to determine the “root cause”.
• Remediation - What strategy to adopt in fixing the student’s misunderstanding.
Project Test Plan• Two key issues
– Test types– Sampling strategies
• Black box tests– Assumes no knowledge of the design
• For example, test every link on every page
• White box (or “glass box”) tests– Use design knowledge to test likely failures
• For example, run queries that exercise joins
Methodology - Sampling Strategies
• Systematic tests– Broad tests
• Web page example: test every link from the top page
• Database example: Run each query once
– Deep tests• Web page example: follow a full sequence of links
• Database example: Run a query with different data
• Ad hoc tests– Specify how users are selected, give them a task