CLASE 2 MATERIALES II DIAGRAMAS DE...

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This lecture unit is part of a set created by Mike Ashby to help introduce students to materials, processes and rational selection. The Teaching Resources website aims to support teaching of materials-related courses in Design, Engineering and Science. Resources come in various formats and are aimed primarily at undergraduate education. Some of the resources are open access and students can access them. Others are only available to educators using CES EduPack. Mike Ashby Department of Engineering University of Cambridge www.grantadesign.com/education/resources © M. F. Ashby, 2011 For reproduction guidance see back page Mapas de propiedades de los materiales: representando el universo de los materiales

Transcript of CLASE 2 MATERIALES II DIAGRAMAS DE...

This lecture unit is part of a set created by Mike Ashby to help introduce students to materials, processes and rational selection.

The Teaching Resources website aims to support teaching of materials-related courses in Design, Engineering and Science. Resources come in various formats and are aimed primarily at undergraduate education.Some of the resources are open access and students can access them. Others are only available to educators using CES EduPack.

Mike Ashby

Department of Engineering

University of Cambridge

www.grantadesign.com/education/resources

© M. F. Ashby, 2011For reproduction guidance see back page

Mapas de propiedades de los

materiales:

representando el universo de los materiales

www.grantadesign.com/education/resourcesM. F. Ashby, 2011

Metales Polímeros Cerámicas Híbridos

PEEK

PP

PTFE

WC

Alúmina

Vidrio

CFRP

GFRP

Maderas

Módulo de Young, GPa

AcerosCobre

Plomo

CincAluminio

103

10-3

10-2

10-1

102

10

1

Diagrama de

barras

Relaciones y comparaciones entre propiedades

Escala logarítmica

Amplio

rango de

valores

Mapas de propiedadesLa alternativa

Las hojas de datos= números, texto… No permite la comparación entre materiales.

www.grantadesign.com/education/resourcesM. F. Ashby, 2011

Metales Polímeros Cerámicas Híbridos

Diagrama de barras creado con CES EduPack

Materiales

con alto

módulo

Materiales

con bajo

módulo

Metales

Polímeros

Elastómeros

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Espumas

Materiales

naturales

Cerámicas

Elastómeros

Polímeros

Metales

Compuestos

Módulo-densidadDiagrama

de burbujas

Mapas de propiedades: Módulo de Young-densidad

Las familias

ocupan zonas

discretas del

mapa

Escalas logarítmicas

Amplio

rango de

valores

Amplio rango de

valores

densidad,ρ (Mg/m3)

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Diagrama de burbujas creado con CES EduPack

Línea de

selección:Materiales con alto índice E/ρ

Caja de

selección:

Materiales con alta densidad y módulo

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Barra de

herramientas

1. Selection data

Choose …….Choose …….

Eje X Eje Y

Lista de propiedades

� Densidad

�Límite elástico

� Módulo de Young

� etc

Elección:

Creación de gráficos

Propiedad

Gráfico de barras

Propiedad2

Propiedad 1

Gráfico de burbujas

2. Selection Stages

Graph Limit Tree

Edu Nivel 2 Materiales

Herramientas de selección y gráficos

Browse SelectSearch Tools

Custom

Define your own subset

Edu Nivel 1

Materiales

Procesos …..

Edu Nivel 2

Materiales

Materiales con durabilidad

Materiales con Ecopropiedades

Procesos …..

www.grantadesign.com/education/resourcesM. F. Ashby, 2011

Eje X Eje Y

Lista de propiedades

� Densidad

� Límite elástico

� Módulo de Young

� etc

Advanced

Gráficos con funciones de propiedades

Lista de propiedades

� Densidad

� Límite elástico

� Módulo de Young

� etc

+ - */ ^ ( )

Módulo Densidad/

2. Selection Stages

Graph Limit Tree Módulo / Densidad

Gráfico debarras

Módulo / Densidad

Límite elástico / Densidad

Gráfico de burbujas

Browse SelectSearch

1. Selection data

Edu Nivel 2: MaterialesEdu Nivel 2: Materiales

Tools

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Barra de herramientas para gráficos

Línea de

selección

Caja de

selección

Cancelar

selección

Añadir texto

Hacer

ZoomAñadir sobres

Cancelar

Zoom

Gráfico en blanco y

negro

Eliminar resultados

que fallan

Intersección del

resultado

Añadir

línea de

diseño

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Universo Materiales

Custom subset

Selection table:

Initial subset:

Selection attributes:

Cerámicas y vidrios

Híbridos: compuestos

Metales y aleaciones

Polímeros etc

Universo Materiales

+

+

+

+

Edu Nivel 2

Edu Nivel 2

1. Selection data

Choose …….Choose …….

Personalización de subgrupos de materiales

Browse SelectSearch Tools

Custom

Define your own subset

Edu Nivel 1

Materiales

Procesos …..

Edu Nivel 2

Materiales

Materiales con durabilidad

Materiales con Ecopropiedades

Procesos …..

www.grantadesign.com/education/resourcesM. F. Ashby, 2011

SelectBarra de

herramientasToolsBrowse Search

Creando tus propios archivos

Add record

Eco audit

Synthesizer

Options

Módulo de Young GPa

Límite elástico MPa

Dureza Vickers

Tenacidad a fractura MPa.m1/2

Propiedades mecánicas Mín. Máx.

Propiedades generales

Propiedades térmicas Mín. Máx.

Temp. Máx servicio C

Conductividad térmica W/m.K

etc

Name Mi material

230 280

1000 1200

30 33

www.grantadesign.com/education/resourcesM. F. Ashby, 2011

General PropertiesDensity 1.05 - 1.07 Mg/m^3

Price 2.1 - 2.3 US $/kg

Mechanical PropertiesYoung's Modulus 1.1 - 2.9 GPa

Elastic Limit 18 - 50 MPa

Tensile Strength 27 - 55 MPa

Elongation 6 - 8 %

Hardness - Vickers 6 - 15 HV

Endurance Limit 11 - 22 MPa

Fracture Toughness 1.2 - 4.2 MPa.m1/2

Thermal PropertiesMax Service Temp 350 - 370 K

Thermal Expansion 70 - 75 10-6/K

Specific Heat 1500 - 1510 J/kg.K

Thermal Conductivity 0.17 - 0.24 W/m.K

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) - (CH2-CH-C6H4)n

Electrical PropertiesConductor or insulator? Good insulator

Optical PropertiesTransparent or opaque? Opaque

Eco PropertiesEnergy content 91 - 110 MJ/kg

CO2 per kg 3.2 - 3.6 kg/kg

Corrosion and Wear ResistanceFlammability Average

Fresh Water Good

Organic Solvents Average

Sea Water Good

UV Good

Wear Poor

etc

What is it? ABS (Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene ) is tough, resilient, and easily

molded. It is usually opaque, although some grades can now be transparent, and it

can be given vivid colors. ABS-PVC alloys are tougher than standard ABS and, inself-extinguishing grades, are used for the casings of power tools.

Design guidelines. ABS has the highest impact resistance of all polymers. It

takes color well. Integral metallics are possible (as in GE Plastics' Magix.) ABS is UVresistant for outdoor application if stabilizers are added. It is hygroscopic (may need

to be oven dried before thermoforming) and can be damaged by petroleum-basedmachining oils.

ABS can be extruded, compression moulded or formed to sheet that is then vacuumthermo-formed. It can be joined by ultrasonic or hot-plate welding, or bonded withpolyester, epoxy, isocyanate or nitrile-phenolic adhesives.

Technical notes. ABS is a terpolymer - one made by copolymerising 3 monomers: acrylonitrile, butadiene and syrene. The

acrylonitrile gives thermal and chemical resistance, rubber-like butadiene gives ductility and strength, the styrene gives aglossy surface, ease of machining and a lower cost. In ASA, the butadiene component (which gives poor UV resistance) isreplaced by an acrylic ester. Without the addition of butyl, ABS becomes, SAN - a similar material with lower impactresistance or toughness. It is the stiffest of the thermoplastics and has excellent resistance to acids, alkalis, salts and manysolvents.

Typical Uses. Safety helmets; camper tops; automotive instrument panels and other interior components; pipe fittings;

home-security devices and housings for small appliances; communications equipment; business machines; plumbing

hardware; automobile grilles; wheel covers; mirror housings; refrigerator liners; luggage shells; tote trays; mower shrouds; boathulls; large components for recreational vehicles; weather seals; glass beading; refrigerator breaker strips; conduit; pipe fordrain-waste-vent (DWV) systems.

The environment. The acrylonitrile monomer is nasty stuff, almost as poisonous as cyanide. Once polymerized with

styrene it becomes harmless. ABS is FDA compliant, can be recycled, and can be incinerated to recover the energy itcontains.

Pegar

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Print …….

Cut

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Paste….

Clip-

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Pegado especial–Mapa de bits independientes

Metals Polymers Ceramics Hybrids Metals Polymers Ceramics Hybrids

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Resumen

• Los mapas de propiedades dan una representación visual de la información

• CES EduPack permite representar cualquier propiedad o función de propiedades

• Se pueden obtener informes de los resultados obtenidos en CES EduPack

• Datos Información

(entendiendo los datos)

• Los libros contienen muchos gráficos que se pueden copiar con fines docentes

• Se puede personalizar cualquier base de datos, o añadir archivos propios