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SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT
DEVELOPING A MARKET BASED BUSINESS MODEL FOR SOLAR WATER
IRRIGATION IN BUNDELKHAND
Under the guidance of
Ms. SugandhaAgga!a"# S$n%& F$""&!# 'AMPS# NPTI
At
'"a& En$g( P)*. L*d.# N$! D$"h%
Submitted By
MOHAK THAKUR
Roll. No 1120812230
MBA !o"er Management #2011$13%
'$n*$+&Ad)an,$d Manag$-$n*and P&!$S*ud%$s
NATIONALPOWERTRAININGINSTITUTE#Under Mini&try of !o"er 'o(t. of )ndia%
Affiliatedto
AUGUST /0
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DE'LARATION
) Moha*+ha*ur Roll No 1120812230 &tudent of MBA$!o"er Management #2011$13%atNational !o"er +raining )n&titute ,aridabad hereby declare that the Summer +raining Re-ort
entitled /!)N' A MAR4+ BAS/ BUS)NSS M/ ,R SAR 5A+R
)RR)'A+)N )N BUN/46AN/7i& an original "or* and the &ame ha& not been
&ubmitted to any other )n&titute for the a"ard of any other degree.
A S$-%na 1$s$n*a*%&n &+ *h$ Ta%n%ng R$1&* !as -ad$ &n
222222222222222222222222 and *h$ sugg$s*%&ns as a11&)$d 3( *h$ +a,u"*( !$$ du"(
%n,&1&a*$d.
!re&entation )n$harge Moha* +ha*ur
#,aculty%
ounter&igned
/irector9!rinci-al of the )n&titute
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A'KNOWLEDGEMENT
) ta*e thi& o--ortunity to than* all tho&e "ho ha(e been in&trumental in com-letion of my
training. 5ord& could ne(er be enough to e:-re&& my true regard& to all tho&e "ho hel-ed me
in com-leting thi& -ro;ect. ) cannot in full mea&ure reci-rocate the *indne&& &ho"n and
contribution made by (ariou& -er&on& in thi& endea(or of mine. ) &hall al"ay& remember them
"ith gratitude and &incerity. ,ir&t of all ) "ould li*e to ta*e the o--ortunity to than*M.
Ka*%4Wah%#MGaua) Ku-a# M. S&u-%*a M%sha# D%$,*&s '"a& En$g( P)*.
L*d# for gi(ing me the o--ortunity to undergo my &ummer intern&hi- in their com-any.
) "ould fore(er be indebted to my !ro;ect 'uideM. A-a5$$*6ada) D$1u*( G$n$a"Manag$ '"a& En$g( P)*.L*d. for hi& guidance and &u--ort throughout the cour&e of my
-ro;ect. +he )n-ut& -ro(ided by him ha(e been in(aluable for the com-letion of my !ro;ect.
) feel dee- &en&e of gratitude to"ard& M. 7.S.S.Ra&8P%n,%1a" D%$,*
'P9M:BDD:'AMPS;# M. S.K.
'h&!dha(8P%n,%1a"D%$,*'AMPS; #the$n*%$+a,u"*(%n'AMPS andmy internal
!ro;ect 'uide Ms. SugandhaAgga!a"# S$n%& F$""&! NPTIfor a&&i&ting me throughout
the -ro;ect.
My &incerethan*&toMsInduMah$s!a%# D$1u*( D%$,* NPTI and Ms. Man5u Ma-#
D$1u*( D%$,*& NPTI for arranging my intern&hi- at AR NR'< !+ td. and
being a con&tant &ource of moti(ation and guidance throughout the cour&e of my )ntern&hi-.
Al&o li*e to than* all my N!+) &enior and batch mate& "ho hel-ed me time and again.
M&ha4
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"ater -um-& re-re&ent a higher initial in(e&tment ho"e(er o(er a -eriod of year& they
re-re&ent a co&t benefit due to minimal maintenance co&t& com-ared to die&el -um-&.
+he a"aharlal Nehru National Solar Mi&&ion #NNSM% ha& been the mo&t
&ignificant -olicy &te- to"ard& -romoting &olar -o"er in )ndia. +he mi&&ion -ro-o&e& toachie(e 20000 M5 of ca-acity from &olar energy by 2022 through a three -ha&e a--roach.
)t aim& to achie(e a long$term reduction in the co&t of &olar -o"er generation
througheconomie& of &cale. +he mi&&ion ha& al&o &et &-ecific target& for the off$grid &olar
&egment.
Solar energy i& a clean &ource of energy "hich doe& not re>uire any running fuel. A-art from
the initial in&tallation co&t &olar -um-& ha(e lo" maintenance co&t. +he &ub&idie& along "ith
the a(ailable &oft loan& "hich can be a(ailed through +he )ndian Rene"able nergy
/e(elo-ment Agency #)R/A% andNational Ban* for Rural and Agricultural
/e(elo-ment#NABAR/% ma*e &olar -um- a (iable o-tion.
+he focu& area of thi& -ro;ect ha& been the Bundel*handregion in )ndia. +hi& region face& the
-roblem of lac* of grid &u--ly "hich create& the need to loo* out for other alternati(e& for
irrigation -um-&. Solar thu& &tand& out again&t /ie&el o-erated -um-& "hich ha(e high
o-erating co&t& and are en(ironment -olluting.
After an initial e:ten&i(e &tudy of NSM #to under&tand the frame"or* of Solar -olicy% and
under&tanding the mechani&m of a(ailing the &ub&idy and &oft loan& a -rimary re&earch of the
region "a& underta*en to gather data related to "ater head &oil &tructure and agricultural
-ractice& in order to formulate a cu&tomi?ed &olar -um-ing &olution for the &-ecific &ite.
ariou& bu&ine&& model& "ere ta*en into con&ideration of "hich !ay$-er$u&e bu&ine&& model
"a& found to be financially (iable ".r.t the condition& in Bundel*hand.
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LIST OF FIGURES
,)'UR 1.1C ,)'UR 1.1 A )N/)A 'NRA+)N' )NS+A/ A!A)+,)'UR3. C SAR 9S /)S.......................................................................................G=
,)'UR3.F C /)A'RAMA+) R!RSN+A+)N , SAR !UM!)N' S
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LIST OF TABLES
+AB 2.1 C NSM +AR'+S................................................................................................2
+AB 2.2 C R , )R/A )N NNSM..........................................................................2=
+AB 2.3 C BN6MAR4 S+ I MAH)MUM 'RAN+ B< MNR..........................28
+AB 2.G C SUBS)/< UN/R +6 ,, 'R)/ S6M7..........................................28
+AB 3.1 C M!NN+S , SAR +6RMA S
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ABBREVIATIONS
B! Belo" !o(erty ine/M lean /e(elo-ment Mechani&m
A entral lectricity Authority'6' 'reen 6ou&e 'a&
'5 'iga 5att
') 'o(ernment of )ndia
)R/A )ndian rene"able energy de(elo-ment agencyNNSM a"aharlal Nehru National Solar Mi&&ionM5 Mega 5att
M5h Mega 5att 6our M! Mini&try f !o"er MU Million Unit&
NABAR
/
National Ban* ,or Rural And Agricultural
/e(elo-mentNA! National Action !lan for limate hangeN+! National +hermal !o"er or-orationR Rene"able nergy ertificate&R Rene"able bligation
R Rene"able bligation ertificateR! Rene"able !urcha&e bligation
Ta3"$ &+ '&n*$n*s
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DECLARATION
................................................................................... i
CERTIFICATE
........................................................................................................ ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
EXECUTIVE
SUMMAR
........................................................................................................ i!"!
LIST OF
FIGURES
................................................................................................. !i
LIST OF
TA#LES
....................................................................................................
A##REVIATIONS
.......................................................................................!ii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Role of Energy in Indian Economy 1
1.2 Energy consumption in Agriculture sector 4
1.3 Solar Energy as an Alternative Source 6
1.3.1 Importance and relevance of Solar Energy for India 8
1.4 ro!lem Statement 1"
1.# $!%ective of t&e Report 1"
1.6 Scope of t&e Report 1"
1.' $rgani(ational ro)le11
1.'.1 A!out *laro
Energy+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++. 11
1.'.2 *laro,s
E-pertise+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+. 11
1.'.3 $rgani(ation
Structure++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
12
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1.'.4 *laros /ey *lients and
*olla!orations++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 13
2 LITERATURE REVIEW, POLICY & RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 14
2.1 0iterature Revie 14
2.2 olicies Regulations 0egal frameor/ for solar umping 21
2.2.1 &e 5ational Action lan on *limate *&ange 5A**7 21
2.2.2 aa&ar 0al 5e&ru 5ational Solar 9ission 55S9:5S97 23
2.3 romotional Sc&emes 26
2.4 ;inancing t&e solar system 26
2.4.1 9inistry of 5e and Renea!le Energy 95RE7 26
2.4.2 Indian Renea!le Energy
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3.4.1 Solar $n grid 38
3.4.2 Solar $? Brid 38
3.# Solar Energy ec&nologies> 38
3.#.1 &otovoltaic cells C7 3D
3.#.2 Solar &ermal 42
3.6 Solar umping 44
3.6.1 Introduction 44
3.6.2 Advantages 4#
3.6.3 0imitations 4#
3.6.4 Solar v:s #"
4. MARKET BASED BUSINESS MODELLING 57
4.1 =usiness 9odel #'
4.2 Importance of t&e !usiness model #'
4.3 o t&e !usiness model or/s #8
4.4 ossi!le !usiness 9odels for solar ater irrigation#D
4.4.1 ay er se 9odel 6"
4.4.2 S&ared *&annel 9odel 61
4.4.3
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#.2 Recommendations 6'
BIBLIOGRAPHY 78
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0.INTRODU'TION
0.0 R&"$ &+ En$g( %n Ind%an E,&n&-(
C&'(i()*') +,&-) i' I'/i0( GD (i'* )* i'),&/)i&' & )* *&'&i ,*&,(
,&+,0 i' )* 1$$%( 0( 0/* I'/i0 &'* & )* 0()*() +,&-i'+ 0&,
*&'&i*( & )* -&,9/. Wi)i' )i( *&'&i *'!i,&'*'): I'/i0( *'*,+;
&'()i&' +,&-) 0( 09(& ,*&,/*/ 0 (i+'i
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oal "hich already -ro(ide& a ma;or -ortion of )ndiaJ& -o"er i& e:-ected to remain the
dominant -rimary fuel. 5ith )ndiaJ& commitment to the "orld on it& -er ca-ita carbon
emi&&ion target& and reducing carbon inten&ity by 20$2K o-ening& e:i&t for rene"able
nuclear and ga& -o"er to increa&e their &hare in the fuel mi: for the additional -o"er
ca-acitie&.
)ndia ha& o(er 2GDD8.GF M5>of in&talled rene"able -o"er generating ca-acity a& on
31.0=.2012. NNSM target& total ca-acity of 20 '5 grid$connected &olar -o"er by 2022.
Rene"able energy technologie& are being de-loyed at indu&trial facilitie& to -ro(ide
&u--lemental -o"er from the grid and o(er =0K of "ind in&tallation& are u&ed for thi&
-ur-o&e. Biofuel& ha(e not yet reached a &ignificant &cale in )ndia. )ndiaJ& Mini&try of Ne"
and Rene"able nergy #MNR% &u--ort& the further de-loyment of rene"able technologie&
through -olicy action& ca-acity building and o(er&ight of their "ind and &olar re&earch
in&titute&. +he )ndian Rene"able nergy /e(elo-ment Agency #)R/A% -ro(ide& financial
a&&i&tance for rene"able -ro;ect& "ith funding from the )ndian go(ernment and international
organi?ation&L they are al&o re&-on&ible for im-lementing many of the )ndian go(ernmentJ&
rene"able energy incenti(e -olicie&. +here are &e(eral additional )ndian go(ernment bodie&
"ith initiati(e& that e:tend& into rene"able energy and there ha(e been &e(eral ma;or -olicy
action& in the la&t decade that ha(e increa&ed the (iability of increa&ed de-loyment of
rene"able technologie& in )ndia ranging from electricity &ector reform to rural electrification
initiati(e&. Se(eral incenti(e &cheme& are a(ailable for the (ariou& rene"able technologie&
and the&e range from in(e&tment$oriented de-reciation benefit& to generationoriented
-referential tariff&. Many &tate& are no" e&tabli&hing Rene"able !urcha&e bligation&
#R!&% "hich ha& &timulated de(elo-ment of a tradable Rene"able nergy ertificate
#R% -rogram.
+hough &hare of rene"able energy i& relati(ely &maller in the o(erall energy ba&*et it i& &et
to increa&e &ignificantly in future. +he ma;or dri(ing factor& for -romotion of rene"able in
)ndia include& )ndiaJ& commitment to cut carbon inten&ity by 2K cou-led "ith the need to
meet ri&ing energy need& of (a&t -o-ulation a& "ell a& to meet targeted gro"th of DK. +o
addre&& the&e challenge& National Action !lan on limate hange #NA!% "a& announced
on 30 une 2008 "hich outlined &trategie& to increa&e the -ro-ortion of rene"able energy
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&ource& in fuel mi: -romoting energy efficiency con&er(ation of national re&ource& and
increa&ing carbon &in*.
F%gu$ 0.0 A"" Ind%a G$n$a*%ng Ins*a""$d 'a1a,%*(
Among&t all the rene"able re&ource& -otential a(ailable "ithin )ndia Solar ha& the ma:imum
-otentialL it i& the lea&t ta--ed de&-ite ha(ing &ome of the more fa(orable condition& globally.
)ndia ha& one of the "orldJ& highe&t &olar inten&itie& in the "orld "ith annual &olar yield of
1=00 to 1D00 *"h -er *"-ea* #4"h94"-%. +hi& i& e>ui(alent to 0 trillion 5h energy
-otential -er year.
)ndia al&o ha& a &trategic and economic rea&on to focu& on rene"able energy in -articular
&olarC
n$ca&h u-on the (a&t rene"able re&ource& including &olar hydro "ind and bioma&&
a(ailable "ithin the country
Addre&& energy &ecurity E by reducing it& de-endence on im-orted feed&toc*
ontrol ri&ing carbon emi&&ion from ne" -o"er generating ca-acitie&
Utili?e the o--ortunity to become a manufacturing and RI/ hub for &olar -o"er globally
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Reduce ca-ital co&t of &olar -o"er.
6o"e(er a& the technologie& for rene"able energy are relati(ely more ca-ital inten&i(e
and &till e(ol(ing the &ector i& de-endent on go(ernment &u--ort for ca-ital e:-enditure or
&u--lement of re(enue &tream.
0. En$g( ,&nsu-1*%&n %n Ag%,u"*u$ s$,*&
+he country inherited a &tagnant agriculture at the time of )nde-endence. +he traditional
tool& and im-lement& relied mo&tly on human and animal -o"er and u&ed a negligible
amount of commercial energy. 6o"e(er &ucce&&i(e go(ernment& reali?ed the im-ortanceof agriculture and initiati(e& "ere ta*en for the gro"th of thi& &ector. )ncrea&ed in(e&tment
in irrigation infra&tructure e:-an&ion of credit mar*eting and -roce&&ing facilitie&
therefore led to a &ignificant increa&e in the u&e of modern in-ut&. oint effort&made by the
go(ernment and -ri(ate &ector ha(e led to &teady increa&e in the le(el ofmechani?ation o(er
the year&.
+he face of )ndian agriculture ha& been changing &"iftly &ince the 'reen Re(olution. ,armer&
ha(e &tarted follo"ing inten&i(e agriculture "here a&&ured irrigation become& an e&&ential
factor.+he reliance on con(entional irrigation &ource& &uch a& tan*& and canal& ha& reduced
"hile the im-ortance of ground "ater ha& increa&ed &ub&tantially.'i(en that rain& are not
al"ay& timely and e(enly di&tributed farmer& -refer -um- &et& a&a more reliable and a&&ured
&ource of irrigationL a& a re&ult energi?ation of -um- &et&ha(e been increa&ing ra-idly. 5ith
rural electrification the number of -um-&et&energi&ed in the country increa&ed to about 18
million "hich accounted for o(er D0 -er cent of )ndia@& total irrigation -um-&et& a& of anuary
2012.?6o"e(er o"ing to in&ufficient electricity &u--lie&&ome farmer& ha(e al&o -rocured
die&el -um- &et& a& a &tandby. )n the recent -a&tconcerted effort& of the go(ernment ha& led
to an introduction of bioma&& and &olar-hoto(oltaic ba&ed -um-ing &y&tem& .
lectricity con&um-tion in agriculture &ector ha& beenincrea&ing mainly becau&e of greater
irrigation demand for ne" cro- (arietie& and&ub&idi?ed electricity to thi& &ector. Moreo(er
due im-ortance i& not gi(en to -ro-er&election in&tallation o-eration and maintenance of
-um-ing &et& a& a re&ult of "hichthey do not o-erate at the de&ired le(el of efficiencyleading to huge "a&te of energy. Agriculture #-lantation9food% con&umed = 123 thou&and
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tonne& of 6S/ #high$&-eed die&el%in 200390G accounting for 1D.2K of the total 6S/
con&um-tion during the year.on&um-tion of / #light die&el oil% and furnace oil for
-lantation in 200390G "a& GG 000and 2G3 000 tonne& re&-ecti(ely accounting for 2.=K of
the total / and 2.DK of thetotal furnace oil con&umed in the country. on&um-tion of
furnace oil for tran&-ort#agriculture retail trade% in the agriculture &ector "a& DG thou&and
tonne& #Mini&try of!o"er and Natural 'a& 200G%. 6o"e(er it i& difficult to a&&e&& the total
die&elcon&um-tion for agriculture from the a(ailable data.
+he ra-id e:-an&ion of energi&ation of -um-&et& ha& &ignificantly altered the irrigation
&cenario. /uring the &i:tie& the &hare of ground "ater irrigation in )ndia@& total irrigated area
"a& only about 2D -er cent but it ha& increa&ed to o(er F2 -er cent today.
A& electricity i& e&&ential to o-erate -um-&et& the con&um-tion of electricity by the
agricultural &ector ha& al&o ri&en &har-ly from 833 '"h in 1DF0$F1 to 12D01'"h in
2010$11 an increa&e of about 1 time&. +oday the agricultural &ector account& for clo&e to
20 -er cent of )ndia@& total electricity con&um-tionL it "a& only around -er cent during
1DF0$F1.@
+hi& &har- increa&e ha& occurred due to e:ten&i(e u&e of ground "ater.Mo&t cro-& e&-ecially
during rabi and -o&t$rabi #&ummer% &ea&on& are culti(ated u&ing -rimarily ground "ater.
)t ha& been re-orted that farmer& in Uttar !rade&h Andhra !rade&hMahara&htra and +amil
Nadu don@t e(en get &i: hour&@ continuou& &u--ly of electricity for irrigation -um-&et&.
6ea(ily interru-ted and limited &u--ly of electricity -o&e& great hard&hi- to farmer& "ho are
unable to &u--ly irrigation "ater to the &tanding cro-& from their o"n "ell&.
lectrical energy &hortage i& a ma;or -roblem the country face& today. An e&timate by the
entral lectricity Authority #A% &ho"& that the a(erage &hortage of -o"er during the
-eriod A-ril 2011 to ,ebruary 2012 "a& a& high a& =1200 million unit& "hich i& about 8 -er
cent le&& than the re>uirement.
+he &hortage of -o"er &u--ly i& affecting the gro"th of agriculture "here electrical -o"er i&
u&ed to o-erate -um-&et& to lift "ater from "ell& and other &ource& for irrigation.
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Re-ort& from different -art& of the country &ugge&t that high$(alue cro-& &uch a& &ugarcane
banana cotton -addy etc ha(e dried u- due to irregular &u--ly of irrigation "ater a& a re&ult
of -o"er &hortage. 6o" to -rotect the &tanding cro-& i& the bigge&t >ue&tion haunting farmer&
today.
0.= S&"a En$g( as an a"*$na*%)$ s&u,$
)ndia i& endo"ed "ith (a&t &olar energy -otential. About 000 trillion *5h -er year energy i&
incident o(er )ndiaJ& land area "ith mo&t -art& recei(ing G$= *5h -er &>. m -er day. 6ence
both technology route& for con(er&ion of &olar radiation into heat and electricity namely
&olar thermal and &olar -hoto(oltaic& can effecti(ely be harne&&ed -ro(iding huge &calability
for &olar in )ndia. Solar al&o -ro(ide& the ability to generate -o"er on a di&tributed ba&i& and
enable& ra-id ca-acity addition "ith &hort lead time&.ff$grid decentrali?ed and lo"$
tem-erature a--lication& "ill be ad(antageou& from a rural electrification -er&-ecti(e and
meeting other energy need& for -o"er and heating and cooling in both rural and urban area&.
)t i& intere&ting to note that e(en "ith ta--ing 1K of the land area at 10K efficiency factor& it
i& e:-ected to generate around G billion 5hr& of -o"er -er annum. +he u&e of &olar -o"er
ha& attained momentum in )ndia and the in&talled ca-acity of grid$connected &olar energy ha&
cro&&ed 1 '5 mile&tone a& of uly 2012 according to /r. ,aroo> Abdullah Union Mini&ter
of Ne" and Rene"able nergy #MNR%.
)nforming Ra;yaSabha o(er the &olar -o"er -rogre&& in the country /r. Abdullah &aid that
the &ector ha& "itne&&ed an increa&e in the u&e of &olar -o"er "ith total grid$connected &olar
energy reaching 10G0.F= M5 in uly thi& year again&t a meager 2. M5 in Augu&t 2011.
Ble&&ing& of the Sun on )ndiaC
Mo&t of the country recei(e& more than G *5h9m2 9day
About 300 &unny day& in the mo&t -art of the country
Solar +hermal and !hoto oltaic both can be harne&&ed
)n order to le(erage thi& *ey &olar ad(antage thea"aharal Nehru National Solar Mi&&ion
#NNSM% launched in anuary 2010 ha& &et an aggre&&i(e target ofe&tabli&hing 20 million
&>uare meter &olar collector area creating 20 '5 of &olar -o"er generation ca-acity by 2022.
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+o facilitate thi& -roce&& of enabling de(elo-ment of both ca-acity and generation a& -lanned
the 'o(ernment of )ndia i& ta*ing (ariou& &te-& "hich are -o&iti(ely directed "ith
articulating a Mi&&ion Statement follo"ed u- "ith a re(am- of the Regulation& focu&ed at
increa&ing O&eriou&J -artici-ation in the &ector.
F%gu$ 0.S&"a $n$g( ad%a*%&n -a1 &+ Ind%a
+hough ble&&ed "ith a large number of &unny day& the -enetration of &olar energy ha& been
limited in )ndia. Rural hou&ehold& -articularly -re&ent ideal condition& for the u&age of
-hoto(oltaic &y&tem&. !hoto(oltaic &y&tem& are -ortable increa&ingly affordable and re>uireminimal maintenance. A&ide from -ollutant& e:-elled during the manufacturing -roce&&
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-hoto(oltaic &y&tem& did not create a "a&te &tream. By con(erting a free and abundant &ource
of energy into direct current electricity -hoto(oltaic technologie& may be u&ed to -o"er a
"ide (ariety of a--liance& from ba&ic lighting to refrigerator&. !hoto(oltaic &y&tem& may be
in&talled by an indi(idual hou&ehold or may be lin*ed together to form a grid "ith &ufficient
energy-roduction to -o"er an entire community. ,inally "hen lin*ed "ith a--ro-riate
financing mechani&m& -hoto(oltaic &y&tem& re-re&ent a co&t$effecti(e tool for &ecuring
needed electrical ca-acity. !hoto(oltaic technologie& hold great -otential for e:tending
electrification into rural area& of de(elo-ing countrie&. ertain -ro;ect& in Africa "ith the
hel- of Rural nergy foundation "ere &ucce&&ful in &etting u- &atellite& that connected the&e
remote (illage& to the re&t of the "orld. +hi& connecti(ity not only hel-ed the young to gain
*no"ledge from around the "orld but al&o -ro(ided the rural community a feeling of
connecti(ity to the re&t of the "orld.
0.=.0 I-1&*an,$ and $"$)an,$ &+ s&"a $n$g( +& Ind%a>
1. '&s*> Solar i& currently high on ab&olute co&t& com-ared to other &ource& of-o"er &uch a&
coal. +he ob;ecti(e of the Solar Mi&&ion i& to createcondition& through ra-id &cale$u- of
ca-acity and technological inno(ation todri(e do"n co&t& to"ard& grid -arity. +he Mi&&ion
antici-ate& achie(ing grid-arity by 2022 and -arity "ith coal$ba&ed thermal -o"er by 2030
butrecogni?e& that thi& co&t tra;ectory "ill de-end u-on the &cale of globalde-loyment and
technology de(elo-ment and tran&fer. +he co&t -ro;ection&(ary E from 22K for e(ery
doubling of ca-acity to a reduction of only F0K "ithglobal de-loyment increa&ing 1F time&
the current le(el. +he Mi&&ionrecogni?e& that there are a number of off$grid &olar a--lication&
-articularlyfor meeting rural energy need& "hich are already co&t$effecti(e and -ro(ide&for
their ra-id e:-an&ion.
2. S,a"a3%"%*(> )ndia i& endo"ed "ith (a&t &olar energy -otential. About 000trillion *5h -eryear energy i& incident o(er )ndiaJ& land area "ith mo&t -art&recei(ing G$= *5h -er &>. m -er
day. 6ence both technology route& forcon(er&ion of &olar radiation into heat and electricity
namely &olar thermaland &olar -hoto(oltaic& can effecti(ely be harne&&ed -ro(iding
huge&calability for &olar in )ndia. Solar al&o -ro(ide& the ability to generate -o"er
on a di&tributed ba&i& and enable& ra-id ca-acity addition "ith &hort leadtime&. ff$grid
decentrali?ed and lo"$tem-erature a--lication& "ill bead(antageou& from a rural
electrification -er&-ecti(e and meeting otherenergy need& for -o"er and heating and cooling
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in both rural and urbanarea&. +he con&traint on &calability "ill be the a(ailability of &-ace
&ince in allcurrent a--lication& &olar -o"er i& &-ace inten&i(e. )n addition "ithout
effecti(e &torage &olar -o"er i& characteri?ed by a high degree of (ariability.)n )ndia thi&
"ould be -articularly true in the mon&oon &ea&on.
3. En)%&n-$n*a" %-1a,*C Solar energy i& en(ironmentally friendly a& it ha&?ero emi&&ion&
"hile generating electricity or heat.
G. S$,u%*( &+ s&u,$C ,rom an energy &ecurity -er&-ecti(e &olar i& the mo&t&ecure of all
&ource& &ince it i& abundantly a(ailable. +heoretically a &mallfraction of the total incident
&olar energy #if ca-tured effecti(ely% can meet theentire countryJ& -o"er re>uirement&. )t i&
al&o clear that gi(en the large-ro-ortion of -oor and energy un$&er(ed -o-ulation in the
country e(eryeffort need& to be made to e:-loit the relati(ely abundant &ource& of energy
a(ailable to thecountry. 5hile today dome&tic coal ba&ed -o"er generationi& the chea-e&t
electricity &ource future &cenario& &ugge&t that thi& could "ellchange. Already faced "ith
cri--ling electricity &hortage& -rice of electricitytraded internally touched R& = -er unit for
ba&e load& and around R& 8.0 -erunit during -ea* -eriod&. +he &ituation "ill al&o change a&
the country mo(e&to"ard& im-orted coal to meet it& energy demand. +he -rice of -o"er "ill
ha(e to factor in the a(ailability of coal in international mar*et& and the co&t ofde(elo-ing
im-ort infra&tructure. )t i& al&o e(ident that a& the co&t ofen(ironmental degradation i&
factored into the mining of coal a& it mu&t the-rice of thi& ra" material "ill increa&e. )n the
&ituation of energy &hortage&the country i& increa&ing the u&e of die&el$ba&ed electricity
"hich i& bothe:-en&i(e E co&t& a& high a& R& 1 -er unit $ and -olluting. )t i& in thi&
&ituation the &olar im-erati(e i& both urgent and fea&ible to enable the countryto meet long$
term energy need&.
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0.? P&3"$- S*a*$-$n*>
Agriculture re-re&ent& around 1K of )ndiaJ& '/!B. )n the ab&ence of ade>uate rainfall
agricultural -roducti(ity largely de-end& on ground "ater irrigation. lectricity i& re>uired
for ground "ater irrigation that i& done through tube$"ell&.urrently grid -o"er and die&el-o"er are the t"o ma;or &ource& of electricity for irrigation in )ndia. 'rid connecti(ity i&
una(ailable in mo&t of the rural area& and thi& force& a farmer to rely on die&el -o"er for
their irrigation need&. /ie&el -o"er i& too e:-en&i(e due to high die&el -rice& and the -rice&
are continuou&ly ri&ing. +hi& &ituation i& ma*ing tube$"ell o-eration& not o-erational or (ery
e:-en&i(e to run. )n addition die&el -o"er add& to en(ironmental -ollution. )n thi& re-ort "e
&tudy the &olution to thi& -roblem "ith reference to the region of Bundel*hand.
0.@ O35$,*%)$ &+ *h$ $1&*>
/e(elo-ing a Mar*et ba&ed Bu&ine&& model for Solar 5ater irrigation in Bundel*hand
*ee-ing in mind the una(ailability of grid -o"er and the high co&t of die&el -o"er. Solar
-o"er i& a (iable alternati(e to o-erate tube$"ell -um-&. +he ob;ecti(e i& to "or* out the
fea&ibility to a&&emble9retrofit irrigation -um-& to run on &olar.
0. S,&1$ &+ *h$ $1&*>
+he re-ort &co-ei& to -ro(ide an o-timal &olution that i&
offered to farmer& of Bundel*hand to o(ercome the "ater
&carcity -roblem due to una(ailability of grid &u--ly . )t
offer& a &olar -o"ered -um-ing &olution that i& &u&tainable
and -ollution free and ha& le&& than fi(e year& of -aybac*
-eriod again&t die&el -o"er.
F%gu$ 0.= S&"a !a*$ Pu-1
1%
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0. Ogan%Ca*%&n P&+%"$>
0..0. A3&u* '"a& En$g(
laro nergy "a& &et u- in anuary 2011.laro nergy !(t. td. #OlaroJ% i& )ndiaJ& -remier
inno(ati(e &olar &olution& com-any. )t i& focu&ed on the &olar ff$grid (ertical "ith a &-ecial
em-ha&i& on the Solar 5ater !um-ing &olution& and commercial9 re&idential roofto-
a--lication&. )t ha& forged alliance& "ith globally reno"ned name& acro&& the &olar (alue
chain. laroJ& main acti(itie& are conducting fea&ibility &tudie& de&igning the mo&t robu&t
&olar -o"er &y&tem& in&tallation and e:ecution of the -ro;ect& and training the end u&er on
effecti(e o-eration and maintenance techni>ue&. +he com-any belie(e& in the effecti(ene&& of
the &im-licity of de&ign and o-eration of our -ro;ect.
laro nergy offer& off$grid &olar -o"er irrigation &olution& to -o"er$deficit region& in )ndia
by &ourcing -ro(en reliable and high >uality &olar ! technologie&. )n combination "ith
&ale& mar*eting and bu&ine&& de(elo-ment com-etencie& laro nergy ha& al&o de(elo-ed
in$hou&e integration and im-lementation e:-erti&e for off$grid &olar &olution& in )ndia. laro
nergy acti(ely engage& and -artner& "ith firm& dome&tic and international for &-eciali?ed
&er(ice& -roduct de(elo-ment initiati(e& and financial in(e&tment&.
+oday laro nergy offer& &olar -o"ered "ater -um-ing &olution& to meet irrigation "ater
and drin*ing "ater need& of remote and rural -art& of )ndia. +he com-any ha& &e(eral
in&tallation& in Bihar and i& ra-idly e:-anding.
laro nergy u&e& &olar energy to -roduce electric -o"er at -oint of u&e. !o"er -roduced i&
u&ed to run irrigation -um-& that -ro(ide "ater for agriculture. laro nergy -ro(ide&
immen&e benefit to rural farmer& by increa&ing agriculture -roducti(ity of their land. By-ro(iding both -o"er and "ater laro nergy fulfill& t"o ba&ic infra&tructure need& for
remote -o-ulation.
0.. '"a&s E1$*%s$>
laro i& one of the *ey -layer& in the domain of &olar -um-ing. )t i& among the highe&t
in&taller& of &olar -um-ing &y&tem& in )ndia "ith (arying ca-acitie& of A and / -um-&.
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laro offer& it& &er(ice& a& a turn$*ey -ro;ect de(elo-er to client&. laro &ource& -ro(en
reliableand high >uality &olar technologie& to de&ign engineer -rocure in&tall and
commi&&ion the &olar -o"er &y&tem. laro collaborate& "ith firm& dome&tic and international
for it& ! &er(ice& and financial in(e&tment "hen re>uired.
laro i& the leader in &olar -um-ing domain in Bihar "ith o(er D0K mar*et &hare. 5hile the
com-etition i& e:-ected to -ic* u- in near term laro ho-e& to en;oy it& -o&ition in the
indu&try due to continuou& im-ro(i&ation& in the &olution a& "ell a& -o&t &ale &er(ice&.
urrently &mall -layer& face lac* of technological o-erational and bu&ine&& de(elo-ment
ca-abilitie& in the &olar -um-ing &-ace. arge -layer& ha(e not been able to focu& on thi&
niche &ector due to their other in(ol(ement&. )n &-ite of their technological and bu&ine&&
de(elo-ment ca-abilitie& they lac* la&t$mile connect on ground. +hi& gi(e& laro &ignificant
ad(antage o(er large -layer&.
laroJ& technological o-erational and bu&ine&& de(elo-ment ca-abilitie& along "ith it& la&t$
mile connect on ground ha& moti(ated *ey large -layer& to collaborate "ith u& in &ome form.
Such a mar*et dynamic& "ill hel- laro be ahead of the com-etition. At the &ame time
laroJ& in(e&tment in inno(ation& around &olution im-ro(i&ation and e:-loring different ty-e&
of bu&ine&& model& "ill hel- achie(e a ne" high in the mar*et-lace.
0..= Ogan%Ca*%&n S*u,*u$
+he management team bring& di(er&e &*ill& and e:-erience. A common thread i& a higher
degree of engineering ca-ability. +he education encom-a&&e& re&-ected engineering
in&titution& &uch a& ))+& and M)+. Bu&ine&& education and training at 4ellogg School of
Management and U Ber*eley@& 6aa& School of Bu&ine&& -ro(ide& a &u-erior bu&ine&&
management acumen and e:-erti&e. +he core team@& o-erational and bu&ine&& e:-erience
include& com-anie& &uch a& !un; loyd are&nI +oubro and )) in )ndia and Biogen )dec
'enentech Solyndra adence and Magma /e&ign Automation in USA. laro nergy@&
ability to -ut together a good management team i& a deci&i(e factor in it& &ucce&&.
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0..? '"a&s 4$( '"%$n*s and '&""a3&a*%&ns>
/e-t. of ,i&herie& I Animal 6u&bandry BiharMinor )rrigation /e-t. Bihar
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.LITERATURE REVIEW# POLI'6 9 RESEAR'H METHODOLOG6
.0 L%*$a*u$ R$)%$!
Na*%&na" R$)%$!s>
Anil 4umar A.4. 'odara !ardee- 4umar and Na&ib Singh #200D6i&ar% conducted the &tudy
titled7 'ONSTRAINTS FA'ED B6 THE FARMERS IN THE USE OF
PHOTOVOLTAI' WATER PUMPING S6STEM IN HAR6ANA>Pin -ur-o&i(ely
&elected di&trict& of 6i&ar Rohta* and ha;;ar 6aryana &tate in(ol(ing F1 G= and 33 number&
of !5!S ado-ter farmer& from each di&trict re&-ecti(ely along "ith an e>ual number of non
beneficiarie& ad;oining to the beneficiarie&. +he +echnical on&traint& re-orted by ado-ter
farmer& "ere the technology "or* in le&& than 8 meter& "ater table and it doe& not "or*& in
cold 9 "inter day&. Similar re&ult& "ere al&o obtained in ca&e of non ado-ter re&-ondent&.
6igh co&t of !5!S7 "a& found to be the mo&t &eriou& financial con&traint a& ob&er(ed by
both ado-ter and non ado-ter re&-ondent&. ac* of e:ten&ion literature7 and ac* of
-ac*age of -ractice& for !5!S irrigation farming &y&tem7 "ere con&idered to be the ma;or
e:ten&ion con&traint& among the ado-ter re&-ondent&. 6o"e(er in ca&e of non ado-ter
farmer& ac* of attention of ma&& media7 "a& found to be the mo&t &eriou&
e:ten&ion con&traint.
S. N. Singh Snehlata Mi&hra IandanaNeha+igga of the /e-artment of lectronic& and
ommunication ngineering N)+ E am&hed-ur in their &tudy titled DESIGN AND
DEVELOPMENT OF UTILIT6 INTERFA'E ADAPTIVE SOLAR POWER
'ONVERTER FOR WATER PUMPING S6STEM IN INDIAN VILLAGES #2010%
-re&ented de(elo-ment of a utility interface &olar -o"er con(erter to &u--lement deficit in
'rid -o"er &u--ly for a "ater -um-ing &y&tem u&ed in rural home of )ndian (illage&. +he
-o"er &u--ly &y&tem com-ri&e& of &olar #!% array !5M con(erter incor-orating !5M
control &trategy energy &torage battery de(ice& &ubmer&ible -um- and "ater &torage tan*#&%
etc. +he model of the &y&tem ha& been de&igned for it& o-timal o-eration and a -rototy-e
&olar -o"er con(erter unit ha& been de(elo-ed to dri(e a Q h- -um- motor. +he ife cycle
co&t e(aluation of the &olar -o"er con(erter ha& been done and com-ared "ith con(entional
/' &et. +hi& ha& re&ulted in a co&t effecti(e &y&tem "ith a F0K $ =0K grid -o"er &a(ing.
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A. Mathe" in hi& &tudy MPPT 3as$d s*anda"&n$ !a*$ 1u-1%ng s(s*$-#2011
oimbatore )ndia% em-ha&i?ed ho" Rene"able energy &ource& are becoming a (iable
&ub&titute for con(entional energy &ource& due to increa&e& in "orld@& energy demand and
&carce re&ource&. Solar -um- o-erated "ith A dri(e offer better choice in term& of &i?e
ruggedne&& efficiency and maintainability. )n thi& "or* dc -o"er from &olar -anel i& boo&ted
and fed to an in(erter "hich gi(e& ac out-ut. )n(erter dri(e& the motor cou-led to the "ater
-um-. +o get the ma:imum -o"er a(ailable at any in&tant an M!!+ controller i& u&ed to
control the con(erter. f different ty-e& of M!!+ algorithm& artificial intelligence #A)%
techni>ue& are -o-ular. Artificial neural net"or*& #ANN&% I fu??y logic #,% t"o different
ty-e& of A) techni>ue& that are u&ed to de&ign the M!!+ controller for ! &y&tem. )n thi&
-ro-o&ed "or* de-ending on &olar radiation and tem-erature the M!!+ controller gi(e&
o-timi?ed duty cycle. Neural net"or* and fu??y logic are t"o M!!+ controller& &imulated to
gi(e o-timum duty cycle. +he&e M!!+ controller& are com-ared ba&ed on the -o"er obtained
from the boo&t con(erter. Simulation re&ult& are al&o -re&ented.
Sonali'oel !ra;na&mitaMoha-atraI R. 4. !ati School of lectrical ngineering 4))+
Uni(er&ity Bhubane&"ar )ndia in the &tudy titled S&"a A11"%,a*%&n +& Tans+$ &+
T$,hn&"&g( A 'as$ &+ S&"a Pu-1 de&cribed ho"Agriculture re>uire& energy a& an
im-ortant in-ut to -roduction. Agriculture con&ume& about 3 -er cent of the total
-o"er generated through electrically o-erated -um- &et&. )t i& e:-ected that about 30 -er cent
of &a(ing& i& -o&&ible through a--ro-riate technology. Agriculture u&e& energy directly a& fuel
or electricity to o-erate machinery and e>ui-ment to heat or cool building& and for lighting
on the farm and indirectly in the fertili?er& and chemical& -roduced off the farm. Agricultural
technology i& changing ra-idly. ,arm machinery farm building and -roduction facilitie& are
con&tantly being im-ro(ed. Agricultural a--lication& &uitable for -hoto(oltaic #!% &olution&
are numerou&. +he&e a--lication& are a mi: of indi(idual in&tallation& and&y&tem& in&talled by utility com-anie& "hen they ha(e found that a ! &olution i& the be&t
&olution for remote agricultural need &uch a& "ater -um-ing for cro-& or li(e&toc*. A &olar
-o"ered "ater -um-ing &y&tem i& made u- of t"o ba&ic com-onent&. +he&e are ! -anel&
and -um-&. +he &malle&t element of a ! -anel i& the &olar cell. ach &olar cell ha& t"o or
more &-ecially -re-ared layer& of &emiconductor material that -roduce direct current #/%
electricity "hen e:-o&ed to light. +hi& / current i& collected by the "iring in the -anel. )t i&
then &u--lied either to a / -um- "hich in turn -um-& "ater "hene(er the &un &hine&or&tored in batterie& for later u&e by the -um-. +he aim of thi& article i& to e:-lain ho" &olar
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-o"ered "ater -um-ing &y&tem "or*& and "hat the difference& "ith the other energy &ource&
are.
+he -a-er titledRE'ENT DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAI'
TE'HNOLOGIES IN INDIAbyS. M. Ali Ar;yadhara!radhan Sthita!ra;na Mi&hra
School of lectrical ngineering 4))+ Uni(er&ity Bhubane&"ar -re&ent& an o(er(ie" of
&ome &olar -hoto(oltaic grid$tied in&tallation& in )ndia and gi(e& ade&cri-tion of their
-ur-o&e and date of commencement be&ide& other data. A -re&entation of the )ndia -a&t and
-re&ent &ituation& and the future -ro&-ect& of &olar -hoto(oltaic i& gi(en. A brief com-ari&on
bet"een the-erformance& of e:i&ting grid$tied ! &y&tem& i& made to demon&trate the good
-otential of generatingelectricity from the &un thu& ma*ing -hoto(oltaic a future contributor
to the energy mi: in )ndia. ,inally &ome-ro-o&al& are -re&ented "hich could be u&ed by
national legi&lati(e and &tati&tical office& in order to fo&ter the"ide$&-read a--lication of
&olar -hoto(oltaic in a -rofe&&ional and orderly manner.
In*$na*%&na" R$)%$!s>
Matlin R.5. in the &tudy titledPh&*&)&"*a%,1&!$$d !a*$ 1u-1s +& *h%d !&"d
a11"%,a*%&ns7#1D80 USA% de&cribed ho" &mall -hoto(oltaic "ater -um-ing &y&tem& are ofintere&t becau&e they offer the -otential of &ol(ing irrigation need& for million& of &mall farm&
that do not ha(e acce&& to a utility grid and re>uire much le&& -o"er than that &u--lied by the
&malle&t /ie&el&. A unit "a& de(elo-ed by the author to meet the&e need&. +he technical
tradeoff& in(ol(ed in it& de(elo-ment are de&cribed. Se(eral do?en of the&e unit& are currently
o-erating in +hird 5orld countrie& "ith &e(eral hundred more due to be in&talled in fourteen
different de(elo-ing countrie& by the fall of 1D80.
)n the &tudy titled S-a"" s&"a 1u-1 +& d%$,* %%ga*%&n a11"%,a*%&ns7 #1D82 United
State&% by had"ic* /.'.L 5illard&on .S. a -rototy-e &olar -o"ered "ater -um- i&
de&cribed. +he lo"$head (acuum lift -um- u&e& a thermodynamic li>uid to dri(e a floating
-i&ton "hich alternately dra"& "ater into a -um-ing chamber then -u&he& it -a&t a chec*
(al(e to a higher ele(ation. A di&cu&&ion of ty-ical cro- re>uirement& illu&trate& ho" thi&
-um- might be u&ed in -ractice.
16
http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/searchresults.jsp?Author=%22Chadwick,%20D.G.%22http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/searchresults.jsp?Author=%22Willardson,%20L.S.%22http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/searchresults.jsp?Author=%22Willardson,%20L.S.%22http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/searchresults.jsp?Author=%22Chadwick,%20D.G.%22http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/searchresults.jsp?Author=%22Willardson,%20L.S.%22 -
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+he &tudy titled P$+&-an,$ &+ s-a"" 1&g$ss%)$ ,a)%*( 1u-1s !%*h s&"a 1&!$7
#1D8=% by !eter R. B. 5ard 5illiam '. /unford /a(id . !ulfrey de&cribed ho" a &mall
-rogre&&i(e ca(ity -um- rated at about D00 5 ha& been a&&embled and te&ted a& -art of a
-hoto(oltaic$cell$-o"ered "ater -um-ing &y&tem. +or>ue$&-eed relation&hi-& for the
-rogre&&i(e ca(ity -um- not readily a(ailable in -ubli&hed engineering ;ournal& "ere
mea&ured and are -re&ented. +he -um- "a& e:tremely "ell &uited to lifting ground"ater for
&mall #dome&tic% &u--lie& "ith &olar -o"er becau&e it "a& ca-able of -roducing the full
de&ign head o(er a (ery "ide range of &-eed&. )n addition the -rogre&&i(e ca(ity -um- "a&
robu&t and unli*e mo&t other -o&iti(e di&-lacement -um-& "ould tolerate &mall
concentration& of &ilt and &and in the "ater "ithout damage. ery many of the&e -um-& are
already in u&e in -art& of Africa and other de(elo-ing area& and e:cellent -ro&-ect& e:i&t for
o-erating -rogre&&i(e ca(ity -um-& "ith &olar$energy$-o"ered dri(e&.
4agara*i&.Aoutlined &ome of the main -roblem& of de&ign and a&&e&&ment connected "ith
-ractical a--lication& of -hoto(oltaic generation and di&cu&&ed ma;or -oint& of contro(er&y
concerning &uch i&&ue& a& com-ari&on& bet"een / and A &y&tem& and bet"een centrifugal
and -o&iti(e di&-lacement -um-& for "ater -um-ing unit& in the &tudy titled Ass$ss-$n* &+
s&"a 1h&*&)&"*a%, s(s*$-s a* *h$ "$)$" &+ ua" "$,*%+%,a*%&n#1D8D%7. +he ad(antage& and
di&ad(antage& of each a--roach are -ointed out and it i& concluded that in mo&t ca&e& the
&-ecific condition& and re>uirement& mu&t be carefully con&idered in order to reach the
o-timum de&ign of a -hoto(oltaic &y&tem. +he e:-erience obtained from the o-eration of a
-hoto(oltaic "ater -um-ing &y&tem on the i&land of 4ar-atho& 'reece i& di&cu&&ed.
Mueller M.A. -re&ented a &tudy S&"a 1&!$$d !a*$ 1u-1s> 1&3"$-s# 1%*+a""s and
1&*$n*%a"7#2002U4% . ,or many year& &olar #-hoto(oltaic% -o"ered "ater -um-ing ha&
been -ortrayed a& being able to re(olutioni&e "ater -ro(i&ion in rural and de(elo-ingcommunitie&. Ma&& -roduced -um-& and chea-er ! -anel& ha(e been -romi&ed "ith the
-o&&ibility of bringing &afe "ater to tho&e -eo-le "ho currently lac* thi& ba&ic human right.
Although inroad& ha(e been made to reaching &uch an ideal &ituation the current reality i&
&ome"hat different. +hi& -a-er con&ider& the challenge& faced by electronic and electrical
com-onent& in a &olar -o"ered "ater -um-ing &y&tem. )t re(ie"& ho" the&e -roblem& ha(e
been addre&&ed hi&torically in(e&tigate& the "ay& in "hich the &olution& ha(e failed and
e:-lore& no(el "ay& of utili&ing modern electrical &y&tem& in order to allo" full e:-loitationof thi& -otentially life$tran&forming technology
17
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?searchWithin=p_Authors:.QT.Kagarakis,%20C.A..QT.&newsearch=partialPrefhttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?searchWithin=p_Authors:.QT.Mueller,%20M.A..QT.&newsearch=partialPrefhttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?searchWithin=p_Authors:.QT.Mueller,%20M.A..QT.&newsearch=partialPrefhttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?searchWithin=p_Authors:.QT.Kagarakis,%20C.A..QT.&newsearch=partialPrefhttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?searchWithin=p_Authors:.QT.Mueller,%20M.A..QT.&newsearch=partialPref -
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+he re-ort namedSOLAR POWERED WATER PUMPING S6STEMSby B. *er
200 di&cu&&ed ho" Agricultural technology i& changing ra-idly. ,arm machinery farm
building and -roduction facilitie& are con&tantly being im-ro(ed. Agricultural a--lication&
&uitable for -hoto(oltaic #!% &olution& are numerou&. +he&e a--lication& are a mi: of
indi(idual in&tallation& and &y&tem& in&talled by utility com-anie& "hen they ha(e found that
a ! &olution i& the be&t &olution for remote agricultural need &uch a& "ater -um-ing for
cro-& or li(e&toc*. A &olar -o"ered "ater -um-ing &y&tem i& made u- of t"o ba&ic
com-onent&. +he&e are ! -anel& and -um-&. +he &malle&t element of a ! -anel i& the
&olar cell. ach &olar cell ha& t"o or more &-ecially -re-ared layer& of &emiconductor
material that -roduce direct current #/% electricity "hen e:-o&ed to light. +hi& / current i&
collected by the "iring in the -anel. )t i& then &u--lied either to a / -um- "hich in turn
-um-& "ater "hene(er the &un &hine& or &tored in batterie& for later u&e by the -um-. +he
aim of thi& article i& to e:-lain ho" &olar -o"ered "ater -um-ing &y&tem "or*& and "hat the
difference& "ith the other energy &ource& are.
ui& ,. Beltrn$Morale& /alia Bali ohen nri>ue +royo$/igue? 'er?aTnA(il&!olanco
and ictor Se(illaUnda concluded a &tudy titled Wa*$ S$,u%*( %n Rua" A$as *h&ugh
S&"a En$g( %n Ba5a 'a"%+&n%a Su# M$%,& 8//;.+hi& &tudy aim& to a&&e&& the
-otential of &olar energy technology for im-ro(ing acce&& to "ater and hence the li(elihood
&trategie& of rural communitie& in Ba;a alifornia Sur Me:ico. )t focu&e& on li(e&toc*
ranche& and -hoto(oltaic "ater$-um-technology a& "ell a& other "ater e:traction method&.
+he methodology u&ed are the Su&tainable i(elihood& and the A--ro-riate +echnology
a--roache&. A hou&ehold &ur(ey "a& a--lied in une of 200F to 32 ranche& in the
munici-ality of "hich 22 u&ed ! -um-&L and &emi$&tructured inter(ie"& "ere conducted.
,inding& indicate that &olar -um-& ha(e in fact hel-ed -eo-le im-ro(e their >uality of life by
allo"ing them to -ur&ue a different li(elihood &trategy and that im-ro(ed acce&& to "ater $notnece&&arily a& more "ater but a& le&& effort to e:tract and collect it$ doe& not automatically
im-ly o(ere:-loitation of the re&ourceL con&um-tion i& ba&ed on ba&ic need& a& "ell a& on
&torage and -um-ing ca-acity.u&tification for &uch &y&tem& lie& in the a(oidance of logi&tical
-roblem& a&&ociated to fo&&il fuel& ! -um-& -ro(ed to be the mo&t beneficial "hen
&ub&tituting ga&oline or die&el e>ui-ment but of dubiou& ad(antage if intended to re-lace
"ind or gra(ity &y&tem&. Solar "ater -um-ing technologyJ& main ob&tacle to di&&emination
are high in(e&tment and re-air& co&t& and it i& therefore not &uitable for all ca&e& e(en "henin&olation rate& and "ater a(ailability are ade>uate. )n ca&e& "here affordability i& not an
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ob&tacle it ha& become an im-ortant a&&et that contribute& Eby mean& of reduced e:-en&e&
le&& effort and &a(ed time$ to the im-ro(ement of li(e&toc* the main li(elihood -ro(ider for
the&e ranche&.
4ala Meah Ste(en ,letcher and SadrulUla#2008% in their -a-er named S&"a 1h&*&)&"*a%,
!a*$ 1u-1%ng +& $-&*$ "&,a*%&nsdi&cu&&ed ho" many -art& of the "orld a& "ell a& the
"e&tern US are rural in nature and con&e>uently do not ha(e electrical di&tribution line& in
many -art& of (illage& farm& and ranche&. /i&tribution line e:ten&ion co&t& can run from
US/ 10000 to US/ 1F0009*m thereby ma*ing a(ailability of electricity to &mall "ater
-um-ing -ro;ect& economically unattracti(e. But ground "ater and &unlight are a(ailable
"hich ma*e &olar -hoto(oltaic #S!% -o"ered "ater -um-ing more co&t effecti(e in the&earea&@ &mall &cale a--lication&. Many "e&tern &tate& including 5yoming are -a&&ing through
the &i:th year of drought "ith the con&e>uent &hortage& of "ater for many a--lication&. +he
5yoming State limatologi&t i& -redicting a -o&&ible $10 year& of drought. /rought im-act&
the &urface "ater right a"ay "hile it ta*e& much longer to im-act the underground a>uifer&.
+o mitigate the effect on the li(e&toc* and "ildlife 5yoming 'o(ernor /a(e ,reudenthal
initiated a &olar "ater -um-ing initiati(e in coo-eration "ith the Uni(er&ity of 5yoming
ounty on&er(ation /i&trict& Rural lectric oo-erati(e& and ranching organi?ation&.Solar "ater -um-ing ha& &e(eral ad(antage& o(er traditional &y&tem&L for e:am-le die&el or
-ro-ane engine& re>uire not only e:-en&i(e fuel& they al&o create noi&e and air -ollution in
many remote -ri&tine area&. Solar &y&tem& are en(ironment friendly lo" maintenance and
ha(e no fuel co&t. )n thi& -a-er the de&ign in&tallation &ite &election and -erformance
monitoring of the &olar &y&tem for &mall$&cale remote "ater -um-ing "ill be -re&ented. +hi&
-a-er al&o -re&ent& technical en(ironmental and economic benefit& of the S! "ater
-um-ing &y&tem com-ared to &tand alone generator and electric utility.
. S. Ramo& and 6elena M. Ramo& in their -a-er titled S&"a 1&!$$d 1u-1s *& su11"(
!a*$ +& ua" & %s&"a*$d C&n$s #200D !ortugal%concluded their "or* "hichaimed at
&tudying the -o&&ible a--lication of &olar energy to dee- "ell "ater -um-& for "ater &u--ly
in rural or i&olated ?one&. /e(elo-ing countrie& are com-o&ed of numerou& &mall (illage& and
farmer& ma*ing it economically un(iable to e:tend the electrical national grid to e(ery
location "here it i& needed. Al&o the difficulty in collecting due& ma*e& thi& &olution e(en
le&& (iable. +he&e countrie& &till &truggle "ith the lac* of "ater in many (illage& and farm&.+he&e factor& along "ith the increa&e in the -rice of con(entional energy &ource& and
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concern& regarding &u&tainable gro"th ha(e led to the de(elo-ment of &olar -o"ered "ater
-um-&. Mo&t African South A&ian and atin$American countrie& ha(e good &un e:-o&ure
almo&t all year and many of it& (illage& &till ha(e lac* of "ater. ,or thi& &tudy "e con&idered
a &mall (illage com-o&ed of 10 familie& "ith a daily con&um-tion of 100 l each a "ell "ith a
de-th of 100 m a re&er(oir 10 m abo(e ground le(el an autonomy of F day& and a -ermitted
lo&& of load of 2K. )n thi& "or* a ! ad(anced model "a& u&ed. ,or the condition&
mentioned a "ater co&t of 1.0= 9m3and an in(e&tment co&t of 301D "ere obtained. A
-um- -o"er of 1G 5 and a &olar array of 1D 5att -ea* #5-% are nece&&ary. +he "ater co&t
obtained i& belie(ed to be a com-etiti(e (alue -ro(ing the&e ty-e& of &olution& a& good
alternati(e& to e:tending the electric grid or ha(ing a die&el generator connected to the -um-.
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-o"erthat i& direct current. +he ob;ecti(e of thi& &tudy i& to to de(elo- a &oft"are that can be
u&ed a& guideline& for de(elo-ing &uitable -hoto(oltai(be&ed irrigation &y&tem. +he &tudy
-re&ent& the de&ign and technical re>uirement& of a -hoto(oltaic -o"ered "ater -um-ing
&y&tem for irrigation. +he de&ign i& ba&ed on the e&timation of "ater re>uirement -um-ing
&y&tem &election and &i?ing -hoto(oltaic array &i?ing load matching de&ign along "ith
metrological data of &ite location. a(a language "a& em-loyed in the de(elo-ment of the
&oft"are.
M.Abu$Aligah in hi& ;ournal D$s%gn &+ Ph&*&)&"*a%, Wa*$ Pu-1%ng S(s*$- and
'&-1a$ %* !%*h D%$s$" P&!$$d Pu-17 #2011 ordan% de&cribed ho" in location& "here
electricity i& una(ailable other mean& are nece&&ary to -um- "ater for con&um-tion. neo-tion i& a -hoto(oltaic #!% -um-ing &y&tem. Ad(antage& of ! -um-ing &y&tem& include
lo" o-erating co&t unattended o-eration lo" maintenance ea&y in&tallation and long life.
+he&e are all im-ortant in remote location& "here electricity may be una(ailable.
So far in the de(elo-ment of thi& re&earch the focu& ha& been to e&timate the a(ailable
radiation at a -articular location on the earthJ& &urface and then analy?ed the characteri&tic& of
a -hoto(oltaic generator and a -hoto(oltaic net"or*. +he -ur-o&e of thi& re&earch i& to
e:amine all the nece&&ary &te-& and *ey com-onent& needed to de&ign and build a -um- u&ing-hoto(oltaic &y&tem.
. P&"%,%$s# R$gu"a*%&nsandL$ga" Fa-$!&4 +& S&"a Pu-1%ng
..0 Th$ Na*%&na" A,*%&n 1"an &n '"%-a*$ 'hang$ 8NAP'';>
+he much a"aited +heNa*%&na" A,*%&n 1"an &n '"%-a*$ 'hang$ 8NAP''; "a& relea&ed
on 30th une 2008 to &tate )ndiaJ& contribution to"ard& combating climate change. +he -lanoutline& E%gh* Na*%&na" M%ss%&nsrunning through 201=. +he Mini&trie& in(ol(ed &ubmitted
detailed -lan& to the P%-$ M%n%s*$s '&un,%" &n '"%-a*$ 'hang$in /ecember 2008.
+he NA! con&i&t& of &e(eral target& on climate change i&&ue& and addre&&e& the urgent and
critical concern& of the country through a directional &hift in the de(elo-ment -ath"ay. )t
outline& mea&ure& on climate change related ada-tation and mitigation "hile &imultaneou&ly
ad(ancing de(elo-ment. +he Mi&&ion& form the core of the !lan re-re&enting multi$-rongedlong termed and integrated &trategie& for achie(ing goal& in the conte:t of climate change.
21
http://pmindia.nic.in/climatebody.htmhttp://pmindia.nic.in/climatebody.htmhttp://pmindia.nic.in/climatebody.htm -
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F%gu$ .0> Th$ E%gh* M%ss%&ns &+ NAP''
+he National Action !lan on limate hange al&o -oint& outC )ndia i& a tro-icalcountry
"here &un&hine i& a(ailable for longer hour& -er day and in great inten&ity.Solar energy
therefore ha& great -otential a& future energy &ource. )t al&o ha& thead(antage of -ermitting
the decentrali?ed di&tribution of energy thereby em-o"ering-eo-le at the gra&&root& le(el7.
Ba&ed on thi& (i&ion a National Solar Mi&&ion i& being launched under the brandname S&"a
Ind%a7.
22
National Mission
on Sustainable
Habitat
NAPCC
(National Action
National Mission
for Enhanced
Energy Efficiency
National Mission
for Sustaining
the Himalayan
National Mission
for a Green
India
National Mission
for Sustainable
Agriculture
National Mission
for Strategic
Knoledge for
National Mission
for Enhanced
Energy Efficiency
National !ater
Mission
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.. 7a!aha"a" N$hu Na*%&na" S&"a M%ss%&n 87NNSM:NSM;
+he a"aharlal Nehru National Solar Mi&&ion "a& launched on the 11thanuary 2010 by the
!rime Mini&ter. +he Mi&&ion ha& &et the ambitiou& target of de-loying 20000 M5 of grid
connected &olar -o"er by 2022 i& aimed at reducing the co&t of &olar -o"er generation in the
country through
#i% ong +erm !olicyL
#ii% arge Scale /e-loyment 'oal&L
#iii% Aggre&&i(e RI/L and
8%); /ome&tic -roduction of critical ra" material& com-onent& and -roduct& a& a
re&ult to achie(e grid tariff -arity by 2022.
+he Mi&&ion create& an enabling -olicy frame"or* to achie(e thi& ob;ecti(e and ma*e
)ndia a global leader in &olar energy.
+he National Solar Mi&&ion i& a ma;or initiati(e of the 'o(ernment of )ndia and State
'o(ernment& to -romote ecologically &u&tainable gro"th "hile addre&&ing )ndiaJ&energy
&ecurity challenge. )t al&o con&titute& a ma;or contribution by )ndia to theglobal effort to meet
the challenge& of climate change.
A-3%*%&us *ag$*s &+ Na*%&na" S&"a M%ss%&n
+he ob;ecti(e of the National Solar Mi&&ion i& to e&tabli&h )ndia a& a global leader in&olar
energy by creating the -olicy condition& for it& diffu&ion acro&& the country a&>uic*ly a&
-o&&ible.
+he Mi&&ion "ill ado-t a 3$-ha&e a--roach &-anning the remaining -eriod of the11th !lanand fir&t year of the 12th !lan #u- to 2012$13% a& !ha&e 1 the remaining Gyear& of the 12th
!lan #2013$1=% a& !ha&e 2 and the 13th !lan #201=$22% a& !ha&e 3.
At the end of each -lan and mid$term during the 12th and 13th !lan& there "ill be
ane(aluation of -rogre&& re(ie" of ca-acity and target& for &ub&e>uent -ha&e& ba&edon
emerging co&t and technology trend& both dome&tic and global. +he aim "ouldbe to -rotect
'o(ernment from &ub&idy e:-o&ure in ca&e e:-ected co&t reductiondoe& not materiali?e or i&
more ra-id than e:-ected.
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+he immediate aim of the Mi&&ion i& to focu& on &etting u- an enabling en(ironmentfor &olar
technology -enetration in the country both at a centrali?ed anddecentrali?ed le(el. +he fir&t
-ha&e #u- to 2013% "ill focu& on ca-turing of the lo"hangingo-tion& in &olar thermalL on
-romoting off$grid &y&tem& to &er(e -o-ulation&"ithout acce&& to commercial energy and
mode&t ca-acity addition in grid$ba&ed&y&tem&. )n the &econd -ha&e after ta*ing into account
the e:-erience of the initialyear& ca-acity "ill be aggre&&i(ely ram-ed u- to create
condition& for u- &caled andcom-etiti(e &olar energy -enetration in the country.
T& a,h%$)$ *h%s# *h$ M%ss%&n *ag$*s a$>
W +o create an enabling -olicy frame"or* for the de-loyment of 20000 M5of &olar -o"er by
2022.
W +o ram- u- ca-acity of grid$connected &olar -o"er generation to 1000 M5"ithin three
year& E by 2013L an additional 3000 M5 by 201= through themandatory u&e of the rene"able
-urcha&e obligation by utilitie& bac*ed "ith a-referential tariff. +hi& ca-acity can be more
than doubled E reaching10000M5 in&talled -o"er by 201= or more ba&ed on the enhanced
andenabled international finance and technology tran&fer. +he ambitiou& target
for 2022 of 20000 M5 or more "ill be de-endent on the OlearningJ of the fir&tt"o -ha&e&
"hich if &ucce&&ful could lead to condition& of grid$com-etiti(e&olar -o"er. +he tran&ition
could be a--ro-riately u- &caled ba&ed ona(ailability of international finance and
technology.
W +o create fa(ourable condition& for &olar manufacturing ca-ability -articularly&olar thermal
for indigenou& -roduction and mar*et leader&hi-.
W +o -romote -rogramme& for off grid a--lication& reaching 1000 M5 by 201= and 2000
M5 by 2022 .
W +o achie(e 1 million &>. meter& &olar thermal collector area by 201= and 20million by
2022.W +o de-loy 20 million &olar lighting &y&tem& for rural area& by 2022.
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Ta3"$ .0> NSM *ag$*s
+he mi&&ion &ee*& to *ic*$&tart &olar generation ca-acitie& dri(e do"n co&t& through local
manufacturing and boo&t re&earch I de(elo-ment #RI/% in order to accelerate the tran&ition
to clean and &ecure energy.
+he *ey dri(er -romoting &olar -o"er -ro;ect& ha& been the &olar$&-ecific R!&. A&
-er the &olar mi&&ion the &olar -o"er -urcha&e obligation for &tate& may &tart "ith
0.2K in !ha&e ) and go u- to 3K by 2022. /e(elo-er& "ill ha(e the o-tion of
-artici-ating in the &olar$&-ecific R mechani&m or a(ailing benefit& from the feed$
in tariff. +he R& "ill al&o allo" &tate& "ith relati(ely -oor &olar re&ource& to meet
their R! commitment&. Se(eral e&timate& ha(e been made on &olar -o"er -otential
and mo&t of them ha(e identified the fea&ible &olar -o"er -otential in )ndia to be morethan 100000 M5. +hi& -otential cou-led "ith the thru&t from the go(ernment to
de(elo- &olar -o"er ha& made in(e&tment& in &olar -o"er (ery attracti(e to &olar
de(elo-er&.
)ndia@& geogra-hical location cou-led "ith (ariou& &cheme& and incenti(e& announced
by the go(ernment i& aimed at accelerating the gro"th momentum of the )ndian &olar
-o"er )ndu&try from both ca-acity and generation -er&-ecti(e. +he 'o(ernment of
)ndia #'o)% ha& initiated many &cheme& &uch a& -ro(iding &ub&idy ta: holiday andaccelerated de-reciation for -o"er -roducer& conce&&ional duty on the im-ort& of ra"
material &oft loan elimination of e:ci&e duty on &-ecific de(ice&9&y&tem&etc. to
increa&e the -roduction a& "ell a& u&e of &olar energy in the country.
25
A11"%,a*%&n S$g-$n* Phas$ I Phas$II Phas$ III
/0/0= /0=0 /0
U*%"%*( g%d 1&!$0#//////
MW
?///0/#///
MW/#/// MW
O++ g%d A11"%,a*%&ns // MW 0#/// MW #/// MW
S&"a Th$-a" '&""$,*&s
A$a -%""%&n S- 0@ -%""%&n S-
/ -%""%&n
S-
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.= P&-&*%&na" S,h$-$s
+he +a&* ,orce on Micro$irrigation #+,M)% a--ointed by the Mini&try of ,inance during
200G ha& al&o underlined the fact that dri- irrigation can &a(e enormou& amount of electricity
if ado-ted e:ten&i(ely.
+he entral and State go(ernment& ha(e introduced -romotional &cheme& &ince 1DD0$D1
"hich offer o(er 0 -er cent of &ub&idy on the ca-ital co&t of dri- &et to farmer&.
Recently the 'o(ernment of +amil Nadu al&o announced a &cheme to -romote the ado-tion
of dri- irrigation in the State "ith o(er = -er cent of &ub&idy for marginal and &mall farmer&.
+hough the benefit& are large the ado-tion of dri- method of irrigation ha& not been (ery
a--reciable. A& of today only about t"o million hectare& of area ha& been brought under dri-
irrigation "hich i& only about = -er cent of it& total -otential of 2= million hectare& e&timated
by the +,M).
Be&ide& &a(ing electricity dri- method of irrigation can &ol(e the -roblem of "ater &carcity.
'i(en the looming demand$&u--ly ga- in electricity there "ill be no re&-ite from electricity
&hortage in the immediate future. +herefore concentrated effort& are needed to -er&uade
farmer& to ado-t dri- method of irrigation.
.? F%nan,%ng *h$ s&"a s(s*$-
+he mo&t im-ortant factor that i& holding bac* &olar technology i& it& high initial co&t
e&-ecially "hen com-ared to highly &ub&idi&ed grid electricity. +o change thi& &ituation &ome
form of &u--ort i& nece&&ary to encourage thi& technology.,ortunately the 'o(ernment of
)ndia ha& ta*en many &te-& to reduce the end -rice of (ariou& rene"able energy technologie&
including &olar. Ind%an R$n$!a3"$ En$g( D$)$"&1-$n* Ag$n,( 8IREDA% and M%n%s*(
&+ N$! and R$n$!a3"$ En$g( 8MNRE;are the re&-on&ible agencie& for thi& -ur-o&e.
.?.0 M%n%s*( &+ N$! and R$n$!a3"$ En$g( 8MNRE;
+he Mini&try of Ne" and Rene"able nergy co(er& the entire rene"able energy &ector
namely Solar 5ind 6ydro Bioma&& 'eothermal and +idal nergy &ource&. +he function of
the Mini&try i& to -romote the rene"able energy &ector in )ndia. +he other -rime function& of
the Mini&try include re&earch I de(elo-ment of (ariou& rene"able &ource& of energy a& "ell
a& the -romotion and &ub&idy -rogramme& related to them.
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.?. Ind%an R$n$!a3"$ En$g( D$)$"&1-$n* Ag$n,( L*d. 8IREDA;
)R/A i& a !ublic imited 'o(ernment om-any e&tabli&hed in 1D8= under the
admini&trati(e control of MNS to -romote de(elo- and e:tend financial a&&i&tance
forrene"able energy and energy efficiency9con&er(ation -ro;ect&. )R/A ha& e(ol(ed into agood acti(e financially &ound and inno(ati(e ,inancial /e(elo-ment Agency for the )ndian
rene"able energy &ector.
T(1$ &+ s(s*$- R&"$ &+ IREDA
'rid connected -o"er -ro;ect& " ,inancing of !ro;ect&
Small &olar -o"er -ro;ect& and roofto- &y&tem&
" ,inancing of !ro;ect&
" 'eneration Ba&ed )ncenti(e
" Monitoring
ff$ grid a--lication& " Soft loan& through ban*& by re$financing
" Monitoring of the &y&tem&
Solar thermal &ector$ S56S " Admini&tration of )ntere&t &ub&idy
&cheme through ban*& 9 financial in&titution&
" ,unding of -ro;ect&
" ,unding through intermediarie&
Solar Manufacturing " Soft loan&
" 5or*ing ca-ital
" Re$financing facility a& -er MNR
Ta3"$ . R&"$ &+ IREDA %n 7NNSM
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.?.= Na*%&na" 3an4 +& ua" and ag%,u"*ua" d$)$"&1-$n*8NABARD;
NABAR/i& &et u- a& an a-e: /e(elo-ment Ban* "ith a mandate for facilitating credit flo"
for -romotion and de(elo-ment of agriculture &mall$&cale indu&trie& cottage and (illage
indu&trie& handicraft& and other rural craft&. )t al&o ha& the mandate to &u--ort all other alliedeconomic acti(itie& in rural area& -romote integrated and &u&tainable rural de(elo-ment and
&ecure -ro&-erity of rural area&. )n di&charging it& role a& a facilitator for rural -ro&-erity
NABAR/ i& entru&ted "ith
1. !ro(iding refinance to lending in&titution& in rural area&
2. Bringing about or -romoting in&titutional de(elo-ment and
3. (aluating monitoring and in&-ecting the client ban*&
.@ Su3s%d%$s>
,or !ha&e 1 of the NSM the 'o(ernment of )ndia launched the ff$grid Scheme"ith an
allocated fund of )NR 210 million #X F2.= million% for off$grid a--lication&.+hi& &ub&idy
&cheme com-ri&e& of t"o com-onent&C1. A grant of 30K of the benchmar* ca-ital co&t
2. A &oft loan on 0K of the benchmar* ca-ital co&t "ith an intere&t rate of K -.a.
+hi& benchmar* co&t i& defined annually by the go(ernment. +he benchmar* co&t for off$grid
! -lant& "ith and "ithout &torage &y&tem for the financial year 2012913 i& di&-layed in table
2.3. /e-ending on the category &ho"n in +able 2.G to "hich a &-ecific -ro;ect belong& to
one or both &ub&idy com-onent& can be a--lied.
PV S(s*$- B$n,h-a4 ,&s* /0/:00 Ma. Su3s%d( 8J=/;
W%*h S*&ag$ 300 )NR95- = X95- D0 )NR95- 2.2 X95-
W%*h&u*
S*&ag$ 210 )NR95- .2 X95- =0 )NR95- 1.= X95-
Ta3"$ .=> B$n,h-a4 ,&s* and -a%-u- gan* 3( MNRE
28
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N&
.A11"%,a*%&n S%C$ &+ S(s*$-
A11"%,a3"$
'&-1&n$n*s
1W Ind%)%dua"s
1.
A All a--lication& e:ce-t 1.B Y1 *5- 30K ca-ital &ub&idy-lu& &oft loan #K
-.a.%1.B
!um-& for irrigation and
community drin*ing "ater Y *5-
2W N&n,&--$,%a" $n*%*%$s2.
A All a--lication& e:ce-t 2.B Y 100 *5- -er &ite30K ca-ital &ub&idy
-lu& &oft loan #K
-.a.%2.B
Mini$grid& for rural
electrification Y20 *5- -er &ite
3W Indus*%a":'&--$,%a" $n*%*%$s3.
A All a--lication& e:ce-t 3.B Y 100 *5- -er &ite30K ca-ital &ub&idy
or &oft loan #K
-.a.%3.B
Mini$grid& for rural
electrification Y 20 *5- -er &iteTa3"$ .?> Su3s%d( und$ *h$ O++g%d S,h$-$
ff$grid &y&tem& "hich are im-orted com-letely are not eligible to the funding. Sy&tem
com-onent& ha(e to meet the ) &tandard& or B)S e>ui(alent& gi(en in Anne:ure 3 of the
ff$grid Scheme.
. R$s$a,h M$*h&d&"&g(
2$
F%gu$ . F%nan,%ng Fa-$!&4
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..0 S$,&nda( R$s$a,h
/ecoded NSM did a detailed analy&i& of NNSM by &tudying it& -olicie& to
under&tand the -olicy frame"or* and to e(aluate the (ariou& -ro(i&ion& for &olar
"ater -um-ing in )ndia.
Under&tood the role of MNR )R/A NABAR/ for financing the &olar -um-ing
-ro;ect and to under&tand the mechani&m to a(ail &ub&idy.
Studied the economic condition& agricultural -ractice& to-ology &oil &tructure "ater
re&ource& and "ater le(el in the region of Bundel*hand.
.. P%-a( R$s$a,h>
ontacted -eo-le from MNR )R/A and NABAR/ to get a better under&tanding
of the -olicie& and mechani&m to a(ail &ub&idy and &oft loan.
i&ited field& in bundel*hand #han&i and ad;oining area&% to get -rimary data related
toC
o 5ater head #10$100mt&%
o Soil ty-e #red &oil%
o Agricultural !ractice& # t"o cro-&9year%
o 5ater a(ailability detail&
o 'rid &u--ly -attern#G$Fhr&9day%
+he&e detail& hel-ed u& to cu&tomi?e the &olar "ater -um-ing &y&tem for the &-ecificlocation&.
/id com-arati(e analy&i& of !rimary and &econdary data.
..= E)a"ua*%&n &+ D%++$$n* Bus%n$ss M&d$"s>
+he follo"ing model& "ere ta*en into con&iderationC
!ay$-er$u&e model.
3%
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ea&e bac* model.
Shared channel model.
/irect &ale model.
After e(aluating the (ariou& model& 1a(1$us$ -&d$""a& found to be mo&t (iable and
therefore "a& &elected during the im-lementation &tage.
F%gu$ .= R$s$a,h M$*h&d&"&g(
=. PROSPE'TS FOR SOLAR PUMPING IN BUNDELKHAND REGION
=.0 A3&u* Bund$"4hand>
ften called a& the heartland of )ndia the Bundel*hand Region of central )ndia ha& al"ay&
commanded an eminent -lace all through the )ndian hi&tory. All along it& length and breadth
Bundel*hand i& richly &tudded "ith religiou& centre& hi&torical &ite& monument& fort& etc. )t
boa&t& of a (i(idly dynamic rich and colourful cultural fabric manife&ted by a &-ectacular
di(er&ity in fol* dance& mu&ic &ong& art architecture and of cour&e the fair& and fe&ti(al&.
Bundel*hand lie& bet"een the )ndo$'angetic !lainto the north and theindhya Rangeto the
&outh. )t i& a gently &lo-ing u-land di&tingui&hed by barren hilly terrain "ith &-ar&e(egetation although it "a& hi&torically fore&ted. +he -lain& of Bundel*hand are inter&ected
31
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindhya_Rangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindhya_Rangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindhya_Range -
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by three mountain range& the indhya ,aunaandBanderchain& the highe&t ele(ation not
e:ceeding F00 meter& abo(e &ea$le(el. Beyond the&e range& the country i& further di(er&ified
by i&olated hill& ri&ing abru-tly from a common le(el and -re&enting from their &tee- and
nearly inacce&&ible &car-& eligible &ite& for fort& and &tronghold& of local *ing&. +he general
&lo-e of the country i& to"ard& the northea&t a& indicated by the cour&e of the ri(er& "hich
tra(er&e or bound the territory and finally di&charge them&el(e& into the
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=.0.0 Th$ Bund$"4hand R$g%&n
Admini&trati(ely the region com-ri&e& 13 contiguou& di&trict& (i?. han&i alit-ur alaun
6amir-ur Banda Mahoba and hitra*oot in Uttar !rade&h and Sagar hattar-ur
+i*amgarh !anna /amohand /atia in Madhya !rade&h. A-art from it& rich cultural heritagethe region i& al&o *no"n for it& &ocio$economic bac*"ardne&&. Mo&t of the di&trict& of the
region ha(e been identified a& -oore&t di&trict& of the country by the !lanning ommi&&ion of
the 'o(t. of )ndia.
=.0. T&1&ga1h( and g$&"&g(
Bundel*hand i& an old landma&& com-o&ed of hori?ontal roc*bed& re&ting on a &table
foundation. +he land&ca-e i& rugged featuring undulating terrain "ith lo" roc*y outcro-&narro" (alley& and -lain&. Surface roc*& are -redominantly granite of the o"er !re
ambrian9Archaen -eriod. Some /har"arian and indhayan roc*& -re&ent in the region
contain mineral& of economic (alue. Sand&tone &hale& and lime&tone of high >uality along
"ith /yhe& Sill& and the famou& -in* Archaean gnei&& roc*& are al&o found in -lace&.
=.0.= Na*ua" )$g$*a*%&n and s&%"
+he Bundel*hand region "a& den&ely fore&ted until the late 18
th
century. After the turn of thecentury ri&ing demand& for "ood and agricultural e:-an&ion led to increa&ing le(el& of
defore&tation. !o&t inde-endence -o-ulation gro"th and the emergence of the green
re(olution brought e(en larger tract& of land under the -lough and further increa&ed "ood$
ba&ed energy need&. +he&e factor& combined "ith -oor land management and ruthle&&
go(ernment a--ro(ed commercial logging ha(e dra&tically reduced fore&ted area in the
region. +oday only &mall -atche& of dry mi&cellaneou& and thorn fore&t& com-ri&ed of dha*
tea* mahuachiran;i *hardai dhau *hair thar tree& remain. egetation -rimarily con&i&t& of
&crub fore&t #&iari *atai gun; bel ghout tree&% and &crub bru&h much of it o-en cano-y "ith
large tract& of land cla&&ified a& Z"a&teland&.Z !re(ailing &oil ty-e& are a mi: of blac* and
redL the latter being relati(ely recently formed gra(ely and &hallo" in de-th and thu& unable
to retain moi&ture "ell. Much of the region &uffer& from acute ecological degradation due to
to- &oil ero&ion and defore&tation leading to lo" -roducti(ity of the land. Soil ero&ion i& a
-er&i&tent -roblem that i& aggra(ated by the hilly land&ca-e high "ind& and the -oor >uality
of the &oil& leading to the "ide&-read gro"th of gullie&.
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=.0.? '"%-a*$
+he Bundel*hand Region i& mar*ed by e:treme& of tem-erature reaching the mid to u--er
G0& centigrade during the &ummer month& and dro--ing a& lo" a& 1 degree centigrade in
"inter. /uring the &ummer &ea&on high tem-erature& in the -lain cau&e lo" -re&&ure area&that induce mo(ement of the mon&oon. +he tem-erature begin& to ri&e in ,ebruary and -ea*&
in May$une. 6ot bree?e& *no"n locally a& looare common during thi& -eriod.
+he rainfall di&tribution -attern i& irregular "ith a--ro:imately D0K of all rainfall in the
region cau&ed by the mon&oon falling from une to ctober. A(erage rainfall -er year i& 800$
D00mm but mo&t i& lo&t to runoff. uly and Augu&t are the month& of ma:imum rainfall "hile
No(ember and A-ril are the drie&t month& of the year. +he &cant "inter rainfall i& u&eful for
the culti(ation of OrabiJ cro-& but it i& u&ually inade>uate "ithout acce&& to &u--lementary
irrigation &ource&.
=.0.@ P&1u"a*%&n and hu-an d$)$"&1-$n*
+he Bundel*hand region i& characteri?ed by &ome of the lo"e&t le(el& of -er ca-ita income
and human de(elo-ment in the country. iteracy le(el& are -oor e&-ecially among "omen
and infant mortality i& relati(e