clanguage(binty)2008 solved

8/14/2019 clanguage(binty)2008 solved

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Binty, Brinda, Ami F.Y.BCA- (B

SOLUTION OF THE UNIVERCITY

PAPER APRIL 2008

PROGRAMMING IN C LANGUAGE

Time: 3 Hours Marks: 70

[Question-1]

Q-1. Attempt the following (Any 7). Marks-14

(1) Give the differences between compiler and interpreter.Ans: -

Error finding is much easier in Interpreter because it checks and

executes each statement at a time. So wherever it fines some error it

will stop the execution. Where compiler first checks all the statement

for error and provide lists of all the errors in the program.

Interpreter take more time for the execution of a program compared tocompilers because it translated and executes each statements one by

one.

(2) Draw and explain any four symbols used in flowchart.

Ans: - There are five symbols as follows.

(1) Start/End =

Used to display starting and ending point of the program.

It usually contains words start/end.

(2) Action/Process =


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Used to display single step which represents processing

or operation.

(3) Flow line = ()

Used to indicate the sequence of steps and direction of flow.

(4) Input Output =

Used to display information that is entering or leaving the system.

(5) Decision/Condition =

Used to display decision at any point.

(3) Give two features which makes C a very popular language.Ans:-

(i) It is a robust language whose reach set of built in function and operator

can be used to write complex programs.

(ii) C language combines the capabilities of an assembly language with

features of high level language hence it is used for writing system software

and business applications.

(iii) Programs written in C are efficient and fast. It has verity of data types

and powerful operators.

(iv)There are only thirty-two key words and several built in functions whichare used for developing programs.

(v) C is highly portable. This means that C programs written for one

computer can be run on another computer with little or no modification.


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(vi) Demodular structure of C makes program debugging (error checking)

testing and maintained easy.

(vii) An importance feature of C is its ability to extend its self. We can

continuously add our own functions to the C library.

(4) What is an assembler?Ans: -

Which represents certain actions as computer understand only

Machine language instructions a program written in Assembly

language must be translated into Machine languages. Before it can be

executed this translation if done by another program called

ASSEMBLER. This assembler will translate mnemonic codes intoMachine languages.

(5) Explain procedural language and problem-oriented language.

Ans: - (1) Procedural language:-

A computer language that requires

programming discipline, such as C/C++, Java, COBOL, FORTRAN, Perl,JavaScript. Also called an imperative language programmers writing in

such languages must develop a properorder of action in order to solve the

problem based on knowledge of data processing and programming.

(2)Problem-oriented language:-

A computer language designed to handle a

particular class of problem. For example, COBOL was designed for

business. FORTRAN for scientific and GPSS for simulation.

(6) Explain enum data type with an example.

Ans: - enum data type is provided by ANSI standard.


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It is defined as follows,

enum identifier(value1,value2,,valuen);

The identifier is a user-defined enumerated data type which can be

used to declare variables that can have one of the values enclosedwithin the braces(known as enumeration constants). After this

definition, we can declare variables to be of this new type as below:

enum identifier v1,v2,, vn;

The enumerated variables v1, v2,, vn can only have one of the values

value1, value2,,valuen.

The assignments of the following types are valid:

v1 = value3;

v5 = value1;

An example;

enum day{Monday, Tuesday,,Sunday};

enum day week_st, week_end;week_st = Monday;

week_end = Friday;

if(week_st==Tuesday)

week_end=Saturday;

The compiler automatically assigns integer digits beginning with 0 to all the

enumeration constants. This is, the enumeration constants value 1 is assigne

0, value2 is assigned 1, and so on. However, the automatic assignments can

be overridden by assigning values explicitly to the enumeration constants.

(7) Find X, if X= ((-25


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(8) State two features of a higher-level language. Give an example.

Ans: -High level languages are not system specific: the same high

level program can be run on many different systems.

High level languages support the use of complex expressions.

Example:

X+Y*Z/(W+1)

High level supports the use of control structures.

Example:

While(x>0)

{

Total = Total + Item[x];

x=x-1;

}

(9) Classify the basic constants available in C.

Ans: -

Constants in C refer to fixed values that do not change during

execution of a program.

Constants


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Real constants :-

Integer numbers are not efficient to represent quantities

that change continuously like distance, height, temperature, price, etc.

These quantities are represented by numbers containing

fractional parts/Decimal parts. Such numbers are called real or floating poin

constants.

Example, 8.9, -400.36, etc.

(1)Single character constants:-

A single character constant contains a

single character and closed within a pair of single quotation marks.

Example, 5, x, .

(2) String character constants:-

A string constant is a sequence of

characters enclosed in double quotes. Example, x, HELLO,., etc.

The character may be a letters,

numbers, special characters or symbols and blank space.

(10) Give the limitations of lower level languages.Ans: -We cant able to write program with combination of key word

Program written in this language cant be run on a way computer withdifferent architecture with no modification.

This language does not contain set of words and symbols.

[Question-2(A)]


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Q-2(A)Write algorithm for the following (Any 2). Marks-6

(1) To generate first 10 natural number of Fibonacci series, which is

given as 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,

(1)Start

(2)Define t1=1, t2=0, t3, n, i;

(3)Read n;

(4) i =1;

(5) if(i


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(6) Go to (8)

(7) Print a year is not leap year;

(8) Stop.

(4)To read three numbers and find their average.

(1) Start

(2) define a, b, c, Sum, Average;

(3) Read a, b, c;

(4) Sum = a + b + c;

(5) Average = sum/3;

(6) Print average

(7) Stop.

[Question-2(B)]

Q-2(B) Draw flowchart for the following (Any 2). Marks-8


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(1) To read n from the user and compute the sum and average of first nnumbers.

(2)To display the n sum of the series for n terms, where n is read fromthe user and the series is givenas

Sum=1+8+27+64+


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(4) To read principal amount (p), rate of interest(r) and number of

years (n) from the user and compute simple interest. The formula forsimple interest is given as (p*r*n)/100.


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[Question-3(A)]

Q.3(A) Give difference between the following.

(1) Array and Structure

Array Structure

(1) An array is a collection 1) Structure can have

Of related data elements elements of different

of same data type. types.2) An array is derived 2) A structure is a prog-

data type. rammer defined one.

3) An array behaves like 3) In case of structure

a built-in data type. first we have to

All we have to do is design and declare


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declare an array a data structure

variable and use it. before the variable

of that type are

declared and used.

2) Entry controlled loop and exit controlled loop.

Entry controlled loop Exit controlled loop

1) In this loop first condi- 1) In this loop the prog-

tion will be checked ram proceeds to

and if it is true, then evaluate the body ofthe body of loop is the loop first and at

executed. The end of loop the

condition will be

checked.

2) In this loop if conditi- 2) In this loop the body

on is wrong there will of the loop is always

be nothing to display. Executes at least

Once.3) While is an entry cont- 3) Do-While is an exit

rolled loop. Controlled loop.

3) Break and Continue

Break Continue

1) In certain situations 1) In certain situations

We have to break the we have to skip certain

Loop even though the portion inside the loop

Loop is not complete. but we dont want to

Due to same improper exit the loop. In such

Condition. To perform situations we use


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Such kind of operations continues statement.

We have to use break

Statement.

2) When break statement 2) When the continue is

Is encountered inside encountered it will notThe loop will be turmi- break the loop but skip

Nated. The statements that

Are up to the end of

Loop and once again

It will continue with

The next value of the

Loop.

4) Pass by Value and pass by Reference.

Pass by Value Pass by Reference

1) In pass by value, values 1) in pass by reference the addres

of actual parameters of the actual parameter is

are copied to the variable passed to the variable in thein the parameters list parameter list of the called

Of the called function. Function.

2) The called function works 2) in here called function works

On the copy not on origin- on the original value of the

nal value of the actual actual parameters.

Parameters.

3) In a called by value you can 3) in call by reference you can

Return one value at a time. Return more then one value

At a time.

4) In pass by value the 4) in a pass by reference origina

original data in the value can be changed by calle

called function cannot function.

be changed accidentally.


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[Question-3(B)]

Q-3(B) Attempt the following (Any 2). Marks-8

(1) Give the output of the following C code:

int x=10,y=20,sum=0,val=0;

while(sum


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b=comp(a,comp(v,u));

printf(%d%d\n,a,b);

}

int comp(int x,int y){

If(x


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Printf(Digit);

}

(4) Find the error in the following program:

Solution

#include

void MAIN() : void main()

{

int a1,b1;

print(enter 2 numbers); : printf(enter 2 numbers);scanf(%f%s,&a1,&b1); : scanf(%d%d,&a1,&b1);

printf(%2d\n%2d,a1,b1);

}

[Question-4(A)]

Q-4(A) Discuss in detail (Ant 3): Marks-

(1) Explain the following string functions with syntax and example.Strcat(), Stecmp() and Strcpy().

Ans: -

(i)Strcat function:-

The strcat function joins two strings together. It takes the following

form:

Strcat(string1, string2);


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String1 and string2 are character arrays. When the function strcat

is executed, string2 is appended to string1. It does so by removing

the null character at the end ofstring1 and placing string2 from

there. The string at string2 remains unchanged. For example,consider the following three strings:

Part 1= 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1

V E R Y \0

Part 2= 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

G 0 0 D \0

Part 3= 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

B A D \0

Execution of the statement

Strcat(part1,part2);

Will result in:

Part 1= 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

V E R Y G 0 0 D \0

Part 2= 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

G 0 0 D \0

Strcat(part1,part3);

Will result in:

Part 1= 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

V E R Y B A D \0


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Part 3= 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

B A D \0

We must make sure that the size of string1 (to which string2 isappended) is large enough to accommodate the final string.

Strcat function may also append a string constant to a string

variable. The following is valid:

Strcat(part1,GOOD);

C permits nesting of strcat function.

Strcat(strcat(string1,string2),string3);

Is allowed and concatenates all the three strings together. There

results string is stored in string1.

(ii) STRCMP function:-

The strcmp function compares two strings identified by thearguments and has a value 0 if they are equal. If they are not, it ha

the numeric difference between the first nonmatching characters i

the string. It takes the form:

Strcmp(string1,string2);

String1 and string2 may be string variables or string constants. Fo

example are:

Strcmp(name1,name2);

Strcmp(name1,John);

Strcmp(Rom,Ram);


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Our major problem is to determine whether the strings are equal; i

not, which is alphabetically above. The value of the mismatch is

rarely important. For example, the statement

Strcmp(their,there);Will return a value of -9 which is the numeric difference between

ASCII i and ASCII r. That is i minus r in ASCII code is -9.

the value is negative, string1 is alphabetically above string2.

(iii) STRCPY function:-

The srtcpy function works almost like a string-assignment

operator. It takes the form

Strcpy(string1,string2);

And assigns the content of string2 to string1. String2 may be a

character array variable or a string constant. For example, the

statement

Strcpy(city,Delhi);

Will assign the contents of the string variable string2 to the string

variable city1. The size of the array city1 should be large enough to

receive the contents of city2.

(2) Explain singly linked list, doubly linked list and circular linked list.

Ans: - In other word we can say that An Array is a list refers to a set of

items organized sequentially.

We can use the index for accessing and manipulation of array

elements.


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One major problem with the array is that the size of an array must

be specified precisely at the beginning.

A different way to represent a list of structure that made up form

connection with each other (link)is called Link list.

Each structure of the List is called node

Node having two fields one is containing and other is address of

other node( next node)

These fields are connected by address / reference / pointer that are

understand by above figure.

According to the process there are four main types of link list.

Linear list ( simple link list):

Natural link list that is simple

Circular linked list:

A link list that has no beginning and no end is known as

circular link list.


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Two way link list( Doubly link list ):

A link list that use double set of pointer with each nex

/ previous nodes is known as double link list.

A link list is a dynamic data structure

Advantages :-

Link list can grow or shrink in size during the execution of aprogram.(but array cant)

Link list can be made just as long as it required(Array has some fix

size at declare)

Link list does not waste memory space (Array can)

Link list provide very much flexibility to add, insert, delete node in

list(Array cant)

Link list can access by reference (pointer) (Array doesnt need)

Disadvantages :-

Arbitrary items accessing cumbersome and time consuming.

When we know the length of list it is better to use an array then

link list.

Little bit difficult to provide accessing by pointer.

(3) Explain the following file function with syntax and example.Rewind(), fclose( ) and fopen( ).

Ans:- Rewind( fp ):

Rewind takes a file pointer and resets the position to the

start of the file.For examp;e the statement:


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fopen( ):

Where file _name and file _type are strings that representes th

name of the data file and the manner in which the data file will be utilized,

respectively.The name chosen for the file name must be consistent within thrules for naming files, as determined by the computer's operating system.

The file_type must be one of the strings shown in the following table:

FILE _type Meaning

"r" Open an existing file for reading only.

"w" Open a new file for writing only.If the file with

specified

File _name currently exist it will be destroyed and newFile is created in its place.

a Open an existing file for appending.A new file will be

Created if the file with the specific file_name does not

Exist.

r+ Open an existing file for both reading and writing.

w+ Open a new file for both reading and writing.If a file

with

The specified file_name currently exist,it will bedestroyed

And a new file is created in its place.

a+ Open and existing file for reading and writing.A new

file

Will be created if the file with the specified file_name

does

Not exist.

Consider the following statements:FILE *p1 , *p2;

P1 = fopen( data , r);

P2 = fopen( results , w);

We can open and use a number of files at a time. This number however


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depends on the system we use.

(4) What is macro substitution? Explain different types of macrosubstitution.

Ans:- Macro substitution is a process where an indiferent in a program is

replaced by a predefined string composed of one or more tokens.The

preprocessor accomplishes this task under the direction of #define

statements.This statement,usually known as a macro definition (or simply a

macro) takes the following general form:

#define identifier string

If this statement is included in the program at the beginning,then the

preprocessor replaces every occurrence of the identifier in the source code

by the string.The keyword #define is written just as shown (starting from th

first column) followed by the identifier and a string,with at least one blank

space between them.Note that the definition is not terminated by a

semicolon.The string may be any text,while the identifier must be a valid Cname.

There are different forms substitutions.

1. Simple macro substituon.

2. Argumented macro substitution.

3. Nested macro substotuon.

Simple Macro Substituon:

Simple string replacement is commonly used to define constants. Examples

of definition of constants are:

#define COUNT 100

#define FALSE 0

#define SUBJECTS 6

#define PI 3.1445926


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#define CAPITAL "DELHI"

Notice that we have written all macros (identifiers) in capitals.It is a

converntion to write all macros in capitals to identify them as symbolic

constants.A definition, such as

#define M 5

Will replace all occurrences of M with 5, starting from the line of definition

to the end of the program.However, a macro inside a string does not get

replaced. Consider the following two lines:

Total = M * value;

printf(" M = %d\n" , M);

These two lines would be changed during preprocessing as follows:

total = 5 * value;

printf(" M = %d\n" , 5)

Notice that the strings "M=%d\n" is left unchanged.

A macro definition can include more than a simple constant value. It

can include expressions as well.Following are valid definitions:

#define AREA 5 * 12.46

#define SIZE sizeof(int) * 4

#define TWO-PI 2.0 * 3.1415926

Whenever we use expressions for replacement, care should be taken to

prevent an unexpected order of evaluation. Consider the evaluation of the

equaton

Ratio = D/A;

Where D and A are macros defined as follows:

#define D 45 42

#define A 78 + 32


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the token == in logical expressions. Similar is the case with the token &&.

Following are a few definitions that might be useful in building error free

and more readable programs:

#define EQUALS ==#define AND &&

#define OR I I

#define NOT_EQUAL !=

#define START main () {

#define END }

#define MOD %

#define BLANK LINE printf(\n);

#define INCREMENT ++

An example of the use of synthetic replacement is;

START

. .

. .

If(total EQUALS 240 AND average EQUALS 60)INCREMENT count;

. .

.

END

MACROS WITH ARGUMENTS:

The preprocessor permits us to define more complex and more useful form

of replacements.It takes the form:

#define identifier(f1 , f2 . . . . . fn) string

Notice that there is no space between the macro identifier and the left

parentheses.The identifiers f1, f2, .,fn are the formal macro arguments

that are analogous to the formal arguments in a function definition.


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There is a basic difference between the simple replacement discussed

above and the replacement of macros with arguments.Subsequent occurrenc

of a macro with arguments is known as a macro call( similar to a function

call). When a macro is called, the preprocessor substitutes the string,

replacing the formal parameters with the actual parameters.Hence,A stringsbehaves like a template.

A simple example of a macro with arguments is

#define CUBE(x) (x*x*x*)

If the following statement appears later in the program

Volume = CUBE( side );

Then the preprocessor would expand this statement to:

Volume = ( side * side * side );

Concider the following statement:

Volume = CUBE( a+b );

This would expand to:

Volume = (a+b * a+b * a+b);This would obviously not produce the correct results. This is because the

preprocessor performs a blind test substitution of the argument a+b in place

of x. This shortcoming can be corrected by using parentheses for each

occurrence of a formal argument in the string.

Example:

#define CUBE( x ) ( (x) * (x) * (x) )

This would result in correct expansion of CUBE(a+b) as:

Volume = ( (a+b) * (a+b) * (a+b) );

Remember to use parentheses for each occurrence of a formal argument,as

well as the whole string.

Some commonly used definitions are:


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#define MAX(a,b) ((a)>(b)) ? (a) : (b))

#define MIN(a,b) ((a)0) ? (x) :

(-(x)))

#define STREQ(s1,s2) (strcmp( s1,)(s2))==0)

#define STRGT(s1,s2) (strcmp(s1,)

(s2))>0)

The argument supplied to a macro can be any series of characters. For

example,the definition

#define PRINT (variable,format) printf(variable=

%format\n,variable)can be called-in by

PRINT(price * quantity);

Note that the actual paramaters are substituted for formal parameters in a

macro call, although they are within a string. This definition can be used for

printing integers and character strings as well.

Nesting of macros:

We can also use one macro in the definition of another macro. That is, macr

definitions may be nested. For instance, consider the following macro

definitions.

#define M 5

#define N M+1

#define SQUARE(x) ( (x) * (x) )

#define CUBE(x) (SQUARE (x) * (x) )

#define SIXTH (CUBE(x) * CUBE(x) )The preprocessor expands each #define macro, until no more macros

appear in the text. For example, the last definition is expanded into

( (SQUARE(x) * (x) ) * (SQUARE(x) * (x) ) )

Since SQUARE (x) is still a macro,it is further expanded into


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( ( ( (x)*(x) ) * (x) ) * ( ((x) * (x)) * (x)) )

Which is finally evaluated as x6 .

Macro can also be used as parameters of other macros. For example.give

the definitions of M and N, we can define the following macro to given themaximum of these two:

#define MAX(M,N) (( (M)>(N) )? (M) : (N))

Macro calls can be nested in much the same fashion as function calls.

Example:

#define HALF(x) ( (X)/2.0)

#define Y HALF(HALF(x))Similarly, given the definition of MAX (a,b)we can use the following nested

call to give the maximum of the three values x,y, and z:

MAX(x, MAX(y,z) )

Undefining a Macro:

A define macro can be undefined, using the statement

#undef identifier

This is useful when we want to restrict the definition only to a particular par

of the program.

(5) List all the operators available in"C".

Ans:- "C" supports a rich set of operaters.An operator is a symbol that is

computer to perform certain mathematical or logical operations C operators

can classified into following categories.

Arethmatic operators

Relational operators

Logical operators


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Assignment operators

Increment and decrement operators

Conditional operators

Bitwise operators

Special operators

1. Arithmetic operators:-

"C" provides all basic arithmatic operators.This operator

can work on any built in data type.

{+} Addition or unary plus

{-} Substraction or minus

{*} Multiplication

{/} Devidation

{%} Modular or Reminder after integer division

Examples (Suppose A=10 and B=3)

Expression Values

A+B 13a-b 7

A*B 30

A/B 3

A%b 1

2. Relational operators:

There are four relational operators in "c".They are:

< Less than

Grater than

>= Grater than or equal to the associatively of these


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An operator is left-to-right. Closely associated with the relational operators

are the following two equality operators:

== Equal to

! = Not equal to

Suppose that I, j and k integer variable whose values are1,2 and respectively, Seven logical expression involving these variables are shown

below:

Expression Interpretation Value

Ik True 1

(j+k)>(I+5) False 0

K!=3 False 0J=2 True

3. Logical operatoprs:

"C"provides three logical operators.They are:

Operators Meaning

& ANDII OR

! NOT

These operators are reffered to as logical AND logical OR NOT

respectively.

The foiiowing table shows the results of the combined expressions

depending on the value of the

Expression:

Operands Results

Exp1 Exp2 Exp1&Exp2 Exp1 II Exp2

0 0 0 0


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0 Non-zero 0 1

Non-zero 0 0 1

Non-zero Non-zero 1 1

4. Assignment operators:

Assignments are used to assign the result of an expression to a variable.

In addition to equal to (=) operator "C" also supports hand assignment

operators.

Identifier =Expression

a=a+1 a+=1

a=a-1 a- =1

a=a/(n-1) a/=(n-1)a=a%10 a%=10

5. Increment & decrement operators:

++&_ _

C allows two very useful operators :(++&_ _)

The operator (++) adds one to the opernal while operator ( _ _ )

substracts one to the opernal.

Examples:

++a & a++ (writting form)

m=5 m=5

y=+m y=++

In this case value of y and m will be six(6)In this case value of y will be 5 and m will be 6

A prefix operator first adds one to the opernal & them the result

is assign to the variable on left.

A prefix operator first assigns a value to the variable in left &

than increment the opernal.


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6. Conditional operator:

Simple conditional operators can be carried out with the conditional

operator (?:)An expression that makes the use of the conditional operator is

called a conditional expression.Conditional operators are also known as

turnery operators.

Syntax:

(Condition)? true:false

Exp1 ? Exp:Exp 3

Here if condition is evaluated as true then value of exp2 will be return and i

condition is evaluated as false then exp 3 will be return.

Example:

T=(I


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> shift right

7. Special operators-

C supports some special operators of interest such as comma operator,

sizeof operator, pointer operators (& and *) and member selection operators

(. and ->). The comma and sizeof operators are discussed in this section.

The Size operators:

The size of the operator is a compile time operator and when

used with an opernal it returns the number of bytes that the opernal occupie

Eg:-int a[10]

size of (a); 20 bytes

(6) Explain nested if and else-if ladder.

Ans:-

Nested of Ifelse statement:-

When a series of decisions are involved, we may have to

Use more than one if.else statement in nested for Shown

below:

The logic of execution is illustrated in figure. If

The condition-1 is false, the statement-3 will be

Executed; otherwise it continues to perform the

Second test. If the condition-2 is true,


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The statement-1 will be evaluate; otherwise the statement-2 will be

evaluated and then control is transferred to the statement-X.

Example. A commercial bank has introduced an incentive policy of

giving bonus to all its deposit

Holders. The policy is as follows:

A bonus of 2 percentage of the balance held on

31st December is given to everyone, irrespectiveOf their balance, and 5 percentage is given to

Female account holders if their balance is more

Than 5000. Topic logic can be coded as follows:

.

If(sex is female)

{

if(balance>5000)bonus=0.05*balance;

else

bonus=0.02*balance;

}

else


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{

bonus=0.02*balance;

}

balance=balance+bonus;

The Else-If Ladder:-

A multipath. Decision is a chain of ifs in which the

statements associated with each else is an if. It takes thefollowing general form:

This construct is known as the else if ladder. The conditions

are evaluated from the top, downwards.

As soon as a true condition is found, the statement associate

with it is executed and the control is transferred to thestatement-X (skipping the rest of the ladder).

When all the n conditions become false, then the final else

containing the default-statement will be executed.


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Let us consider an example of grading the students in an

academic institution. The grading is done according to the

following rules:

Avarage marks Grades

80 to 100 Honours60 to 79 First division

50 to 59 second division

40 to 49 third division

0 to 39 fail

This grading can be done using the else if ladder as

follows:

if (marks>79)

grade=Honours;else if (marks>59)

grade=First division;

else if (marks>49)

grade=Second class;

else if (marks>39)

grade=Third division;else

grade=fail;

printf(%s\n,grade);

[Question-4(B)]

Q-4(B) Answer in short (Any 5): Marks-5


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(1) Give application area of a linked list.Ans:-create a dynamic list it is very useful in list we can access any elemen

from any position very easily and add, delete and update any information in

a linked list very easily, create a this type of applications linked list is usefu

(2) What is a counter controlled loop?

Ans: - When we know in advance exactly how many times the loop will be

executed, we use a counter controlled loop. This loop is called counter

controlled loop.

(3)List the storage classes available in C.Ans:- A variable in C can have any one of the four storage classes:

(4)What is prototyping?

Ans:-A function declaration is called as a function prototype or function

signature. So, it would be used to reduce the compiling time.

(5)What is scale factor?

Ans:-When we increment a pointer, its value is increased by the length of

the data type that is point to. This length called the scale factor.

Storage class Meaning

Auto Local variable known only to the function in which it is

declared. Default is auto.Static Local variable which exists and retains its value even after

the control is transferred to the calling function.

Extern Global variable known to all functions in the file.

Register Local variable which is stored in the register.


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(6) What is implicit conversion?

Ans:- If the operands are of different types, the lower type is automatically

converted to higher type and the result is of higher type. This automatic

conversion is known as implicit type conversions

(7)What is the output of sizeof () function?

Ans:-In a size of function we can pass datatype or variable in a

function and it will give the size of the datatype or variable.

Ex.sizeof(int) that will give us two as a result. Two bytes is a size o

an integer.

[Question-5(A)]

Q-5(A) Write C program for the following:

(1)Read a number and find out whether it is palindrome or not.

Ans:-

#include

#includevoid main()

{

int num,sum=0;

printf(Enter the number : );

scanf(%d,&num);

while(num>0)

{sum=sum*10+num%10;

num=num\10;

}

If(sum==num)


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{

Printf(the number is palindrome);

}

Else

{Printf(the number is not palindrome);

}

getch();

}

(2)Read a string and find out the following without using any string

function.

(a) Length of string.

Ans:-

#includemain()

{

int len=0;clrscr();

char s[10];

printf(Enter a string);

scanf(%[^\n],s);

while(s[len]!=\0)

{len++;}

printf(Length : %d,len);

}

(b) Number of vowels in the string. (a, e, i, o, u are called vowels)


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Ans:-

#include

#include

main()

{char s[40],ch;

int len=0,I,c=0;

printf(Enter original string :);

scanf(%[^\n],s);

while(s[len]!=\0)len++;

for(i=0;i


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for(i=0;imax)

{Max=num[i];

}

}

Printf(Maximum=%d,max);

getch();

}

(4)Create a structure called emp_data which would have thfollowing member:

Emp_name,which stores name of the employee,

Emp_basic, which stores the basic salary of the employee,

Emp_da, which stores the amount of deaeness allowance paid

to the employee.

Emp_total, which is the sum of employees basic salary and

deaeness allowance.Create an array of 10 such records and read the data for

emp_name and emp_basic from the keyboard. Computer

emp_da, which is 90% of basic salary and emp_total. Display

all records.

#include

#include

struct student{

char name[20];

float basic;

float da;

float total;


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}st[10];

void main()

{

int i;

for(i=1;i


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Ans:-

#include

#include

Void main()

{Int i,j,n=4;

For(i=1;i


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getch();

}

[Question-5(B)]

Q-5(B) Give one word for the following:

(1)A datastructure, which allows storing multiple items of thesamedata type:-Structure

(2) A derived data type, which allows storing the memory addresses:

Pointer.

clanguage(binty)2008 solved

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