cjnlDat ghL/M lg0f{o g+=*(%@ - Supreme Court of Nepalg]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)&), h]7 154 sDkfp08...

153153153153153

lg0f{o g+=*(%@lg0f{o g+=*(%@lg0f{o g+=*(%@lg0f{o g+=*(%@lg0f{o g+=*(%@

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL

dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL

k'=lg=g+= )^&–NF–)))@km};nf ldltM @)^(.(.!@.%

d'2fM n]gb]g hfn;fh .

lgj]bs jfbLM df ]/Ë lhNnf, lj/f6gu/pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !$ a:g]sfzL/fd cu|jfnsf] d'=;= ug]{ b'uf{jtLcu|jfn v]l/of

lj?4ljkIfL k|ltjfbLM df]/Ë lhNnf, lj/f6gu/

pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !& a:g]lu/L/fh sfsL{ ;d]t

o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df km};nf ug]{M–df=Gof=>L rGb|k|;fb k/fh'nLdf=Gof=>L an/fd s]=;L=

§ kl5 ePsf lnvtx¿df cl3Nnf ]lnvtsf] Jojxf/nfO{ ;d]t v'nfO{ ;Dk"0f{lx;fa lstfa ldnfg ul/Psf] eGg] Joxf]/fkf/L sfuh ePkl5 cl3Nnf] lnvtsf]cl:tTj sfod} /lx/x]sf] dfGg plrt /sfg"g;+ut x'g g;Sg] .

-k|s/0f g+=%_

jfbLsf] tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L dxfb]j kl08tk|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf zDe' yfkf

/ clwjQmf s[i0f yfkf

cjnlDat ghL/M;Da4 sfg"gM§ d'n'sL P]g, c+za08fsf] !* g+=§ ;fx" c;fdLsf] ! g+=

km};nfGof=sNof0f >]i7M o; cbfntsf] ldlt

@)^@.!.!@ sf] km};nfpk/ jfbL kIfaf6 k/]sf]lgj]bgdf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !!sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd k'g/fnf]sgu/L x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg eO{ k]z ePsf] k|:t'td'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / lg0f{o o; k|sf/ 5M–

ljkIfLx¿n] daf6 ?=(,%),))).–-gf}nfv krf; xhf/_ ¿k}ofF shf{ lnO{ @)$&;fn sflQs d;fGt;Dddf ;fFjf Jofh Psd'i6a'emfpg] efvf u/L ldlt @)$&.%.!% ut] skfnLtd;'s u/]sfdf efvfpk|fGt ljkIfLx¿nfO{ tfs]tfubf{ klg /sd ga'emfPsfn] n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] $g+=adf]lhd ;fFjf / el/e/fp x' Fbf;Ddsf]Jofh;d]t e/fO{ kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf]lkm/fb kq .

xfdL / ljkIfLsf] 5f]/f uf]ljGb/fd;d]tn]@)$&.!.!* df ns8Lsf] ;fem]bf/ eO{ sfd ug{s/f/ u/]sf lyof}+ . uf]ljGb/fdn] xfdLnfO{lr/fgs6fg ug{ ;xof]usf nflu ?=^ nfv lbg]/ ;f] ¿k}ofF lbPafkt ns8L laqmL u/L?=!,%),))).– cfufdL $% lbgdf xfdLn] ljgfzt{ lbg], ?=^ nfv lbPafktdf uh]Gb|h+usfgfdsf] h=lj= *–!–* hUuf ;'/If0fafkt lwtf]/fVg] u/L df]/Ë dfnkf]t sfof{nodf ldlt@)$&.*.^ df b[li6aGws kf; u/]sf] / ldlt@)$&.(.!@ df ?=$,)),))).– r'Qmf u/L b[li6aGws a'jf uh]Gb|h+un] lgvGg' ePsf] xf] . of]sfuh ;DaGwdf ljkIfL df}g eO{ gfln; u/Lcfpg' ePklg uf]ljGb/fdn] @$)) kmL6 ;fv'lr/fg / $^( kmL6 s'sf7 lr/fg cfkm\gf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)&), h]7&), h]7&), h]7&), h]7&), h]7

154154154154154

sDkfp08 uf]bfddf / ̂ l6«k ns8L a}+sdf /x]sf]lr/fg sf7 ;d]t x'Fbf / Jojxf/ ldnfpg' eGbfgdfgL gfln; u/]sf] xf] . c=j+= !#( g+= adf]lhduh]Gb|h+unfO{ lemsfO{ a'emL em"7f bfjLaf6 km';{bkfpmF eGg] ;d]t k|ltpQ/kq .

@)$&.%.!% sf] ?=(,%),))) sf];Ssn sfuh x]/]F, b]v]F . To;sf] ldlt aGbdfk/]sf] ;lx5fk xfd|f x'g\ . ;f] ¿k}ofF xfdLn]ltg'{ a'emfpg afFsL 5}g . o;} nufpsf] d'2fnfO{k|df0f nufO{ kfpmF eGg];d]t k|ltjfbLsf] jf/];n]u/]sf] aofg .

k|ltjfbLx¿n] ns8Lsf] sf/f]af/ ug{d;Fu shf{ dfUbf @)$&.%.!% df ?=(,%),))).–shf{ lbO{ skfnL td;'s ul/lbPsf] xf] .ljkIfLx¿sf] egfO{ ab\lgotk"0f { ePsfn]bfjLadf]lhd ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t jfbLsf] jf/];n]u/]sf] aofg .

k|ltjfbLx¿n] d]/f] a'jfaf6 lnPsf] shf{kf6{g/;Lksf] nflu sfd ug{ lnPsf] eGg] Joxf]/fem "7f xf ] . em"7f aofgaf6 km';{b u/fO{k|ltjfbLx¿nfO{ g} ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg];d]tJoxf]/fsf] hfn;fhtkm{ k|ltjfbL sfod ePsfuf]ljGb/fd cu|jfnsf] jf/];n] u/]sf] aofg .

jfbLaf6 lnPsf] /sddf ;xdlt ePkl5;f] sfuhn] jfbLnfO{ /sd lbg' gkg]{ eGg]b]vfpFb}g . bfjLadf]lhdsf] ;fFjf Jofh jfbLn]k|ltjfbLaf6 e/L kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]df]/Ë lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%@.%.!% sf]km};nf .

z'?sf] km};nfdf lrQ a'em]g . n]gb]gJojxf/sf] %-!_ g+=adf]lhd lnvt km§f ePsf]k|i6 x'Fbfx'Fb} hfn;fhtkm{sf] bfjLdfly ljrf/}gu/L u/]sf] z'?sf] q'l6k"0f{ km};nf ab/ u/Lk|ltpQ/ lhsL/adf]lhd ul/kfpFm eGg];d]tk|ltjfbLx¿sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/dfk/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .

k|ToyL{ lkm/fbL sfzL/fdn] bfjL u/]sf]¿k}ofF shf{s} ¿kdf afFsL /x]sf] eGg] bfjLljrf/0fLo b]lvPsf]n] 5nkmnsf] lgldQ k|ToyL{lemsfO k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntlj/f6gu/sf] cfb]z .

k|ltjfbLn] jfbLnfO{ ldlt @)$&.%.!%df ul/lbPsf] skfnL td;'ssf] sfg"gL cl:tTjoyfjt sfod /x]sf] / ;f] lnvtnfO{ k|ltjfbLx¿n]cGoyf eGg g;s]sf], lnvtcg';f/sf] ;fFjfJofh k|ltjfbLn] jfbLnfO{ lt/] a'emfPsf]sfg"gcg';f/sf] ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug{ g;s]sf]cj:yf / l:yltdf jfbL bfjLadf]lhdsf] ;fFjfJofh k|ltjfbLn] jfbLnfO{ ltg{ a'emfpg kg]{7x¥ofPsf] z'? km};nf dgfl;j b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g]7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/af6 ldlt@)%$.!@.^ df ePsf] km};nf .

jfbL sfzL/fd cu|jfn / uf]ljGb/fdcu|jfn Psf;uf]nsf afa'5f]/f ePsf]df s'g}ljjfb 5}g . c+za08fsf] !* g+=adf]lhdPsf;uf]ndf hf]h;sf tkm{af6 cfh{g u/] klgC0f shf{ lnP klg ;f] ;uf]nsf] g} x'g] ePsf]n]ljkIfLsf 5f]/f uf]ljGb/fd / xfdLaLrdf ePsf]@)$&.%.@! sf] ;fem]bf/L lnvtadf]lhd x'g]gfkmf gf]S;fg;d]t ;uf]ns} x'g] b]lvG5 .@)$&.%.!% sf] skfnL td;'ssf] cl:tTj@)$&.%.@! df g} z"Go ePsf] k|df0f xfdLn]k|ltpQ/ aofg ;fy k]z bfv]n u/]sf 5f}+ .To;sf] d"NofÍg ePg . bfjLsf] lnvtaf6Jofkfl/s sf/f]af/sf] nflu ¿k}ofF lnPsf] eGg]:ki6 b]lvbf n]gb]gsf] $) g+= adf]lhd gfln;ug'{kg]{ egL ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt;d]tsf] jlv{nfk x'Fbf d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]/L OG;fkmkfpFm eGg] k|ltjfbLx¿sf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf]lgj]bg kq .

o;df ljjfbsf] ldlt @)$&.%.!% sf]lnvtsf] ¿k}ofFaf6 ns8Lsf] Jofkf/ ug{

155155155155155

lnPsf], ;f]xL ¿k}ofFdf log} jfbL sfzL/fdcu|jfnsf 5f]/f uf]ljGb/fd cu|jfnn] xfdLb'j} hgf;Fu ldnL kf6{g/;Lk /xL ;fem]bf/LeO{ ns8Lsf] Jofkf/ 7]Ssf u/L gfkmf gf]S;fgcfwLcfwL Joxf]g]{ eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/Lldlt @)$&.%.#! df u/]sf] s/f/sf] sfuhnfO{oL jfbLn] cGoyf eGg ;s]sf] kfOb}g . jfbLs}5f]/f uf]ljGb/fd cu|jfn jfbL ePsf] nufpsf]lg=g+= ^$!* sf] n]gb]g d'2fdf bfjL lnPsf]/sdsf] lnvtdf ;d]t cufl8 ns8Lsf]sf/f]af/ ubf{ ltg{ afFsL ePsf] eGg] Joxf]/fpNn]v u/L lnvt ePsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . k|:t'td'2fsf] bfjLsf] @)$&.%.!% sf] lnvtdf kfgLk/]sf] / cIf/ ;d]t km'nL ga'em\g] / lnvt;d]t RoftL rf/ 7fpFdf 6]k nufO{ 6fF;]sf]cj:yf ;d]t b]lvPsf], pQm lnvtsf] ¿k}ofFldlt @)$&.%.@! sf] kf6{g/;Lksf] lnvtdfpNn ]v eO { j fb Lsf ] 5 f ] / fn fO { ;d ]tkf6{g/;Lkdf /fvL ns8Lsf] sf/f]jf/ u/LcfPsf], ;f] s/f/sf] lnvtnfO{ oL jfbLn]cGoyf eGg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf pQm ldlt@)$&.%.!% sf] lnvtdf k'gM bfjL lnO{ cfPsf]hfn;fhL Joxf]/fsf] x'Fbf ¿k}ofF ltg'{kg]{ xf]OgeGg] k|ltjfbLsf] lhsL/ ;d]t ePsf] To:tf]lnvtsf] ¿k}ofF jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6 e/L kfpg]7x¥ofPsf] z'?sf] ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntlj/f6gu/sf] km};nfdf g]sfk @)#&, k [i7!)(, lg=g+= !#*# df o; cbfntaf6k|ltkflbt l;4fGtsf] k|lts"n b]lvFbf Gofok|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_ sf] v08-v_ sf] cfwf/df bf]xf]¥ofpg] lg:;f k|bfgul/Psf] 5, lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug'{ eGg]o; cbfnt ; +o 'Q m Ohnf;sf ] ld lt@)%&.#.!% sf] cfb]z .

k|ltjfbLx¿n] jfbL sfzL/fd;Fu lnPsf]shf{ /sd ;d]t nufgL u/L Psf;uf]nsf 5f]/f

uf]ljGb/fdn] ;f] Joxf]/f ldlt @)$&.%.@! sf]lnvtd} :ki6;Fu pNn]v u/L ;fem]bf/Ldfns8Lsf] sf/f]af/ u/]af6 ljjfblbt ldlt@)$&.%.!% sf] skfnL td;'ssf] c:tLTj sfod/x]sf] dfGg ldn]g . jfbLsf Psf;uf]nsf 5f]/fuf]ljGb/fd / k|ltjfbLx¿aLr ldlt @)$(.&.$df k|ltjfbL lu/L/fh sfsL{ / s[i0f sfsL{n]cfhsf ldlt cl3 ns8Lsf] sfdsf/jfxL ubf{k6sk6s lnPsf] ;Dk"0f{ lx;fa lstfa ldnfgu/L ca pk|fGt a'emfpg afFsL 7x/ x'g cfPsf]/sd ?=$,%!,))).–egL to u/L 5'§} sfuhePsf] tYo nufpsf] d'2faf6 ;d]t b]lvFbf jfbLbfjLadf]lhdsf] lnvtsf] ¿k}ofF jfbLnfO{k|ltjfbLx¿n] a'emfpg' kg]{ cj:yf gb]lvbfbfjLadf]lhdsf] /sd jfbLn] e/L kfpg] 7x¥ofPsf]z'?sf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntlj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)%$.!@.^ sf] km};nf ldn]sf]b]lvPg . t;y{ pQm km};nf pN6L eO{ jfbLsf]bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x5{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt@)^@.!.!@ sf] km};nf .

ldlt @)$&.%.!% df lnvt ePsf]s'/fnfO{ cGoyf eGg g;s]sf], ;f] lnvtdfplNnlvt /sd lt/]a'emfPsf] /Ltk"j{ssf] ekf{O{k]z x'g g;s]sf] tyf ldlt @)^@.!.!@ sf]km};nfdf 7x/ ug'{kg]{ k|Zg;Fu ;dfg k|s[ltsf]ljifo /x]sf] d'2fx¿df o; cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbtghL/x¿;Fu aflemg] u/L km};nf ePsf] x'gfn]Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !! adf]lhdk'g/fnf]sg u/L x]l/kfpmF eGg] jfbLsf] lgj]bgkq .

o;df ldlt @)$&.%.!% df oL jfbL /k|ltjfbLx¿aLr ePsf] skfnL td;'sdf ;fx"oL jfbLnfO{ /sd a'emfPsf] s'g} k|df0f k]zbflvn x'g gcfPsf] cj:yfdf jfbLsf 5f]/fuf]ljGb/fd cu|jfn / k|ltjfbLx¿ aLr ePsf]elgPsf] ldlt @)$&.%.@! df] kf6{g/;Lksf]

*(%@ –*(%@ –*(%@ –*(%@ –*(%@ – sfzL/fd cu|jfnsf] d'=;=ug]{ b'uf{jtL cu|jfn v]l/of lj=lu/L/fh sfsL{ ;d]t


156156156156156

sfuhsf] cfwf/df ldlt @)$&.%.!% sf] skfnLtd;'ssf] cl:tTj g} sfod g/x]sf] eGg]lgisif{df k'u]sf] kfOof] . skfnL td;'ssf;fx" oL jfbLsf] s'g} k|sf/sf] ;+nUgtf gb]lvPsf]kf6{g/;Lksf] sfuhnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ jfbLbfjL k'Ug g;Sg] u/L ePsf] o; cbfntsf];+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^@.!.!@ sf] km};nfg]qaxfb'/ s+zfsf/ lj?4 uf]a4{gbf; df8af/LePsf] n]gb]g d'2f -b]=k'm=g++ #*@_ df o;cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 sfod ePsf] l;4fGt;d]tsf] k|lts"nsf] b]lvFbf Gofo k|zf;g P]g,@)$* sf] bkmf !! sf] -!_ sf] v08 -v_adf]lhd k|:t't d'2f k'g/fnf]sg u/L x]g]{ lg:;fk|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt@)^%.$.!$ sf] cfb]z .

lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]zx'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bs jfbLsf] tkm{af6pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L dxfb]j kl08tn]ldlt @)$&.%.!% df lnvt u/L ¿k}ofF lnPsf]eGg] s'/fnfO{ ljkIfLn] :jLsf/ ug'{ePsf] /pQm /sd r'Qmf u/]sf] s'/f k|dfl0ft ug{ ;s]sf]cj:yf 5}g . cGo JolQm;Fu ePsf] s/f/ jflnvtsf] cfwf/df k|:t't d'2fsf] lnvtnfO{cdfGo ug{ ldNg] xf]Og . 5'§f5'§} cl:tTj ePsflnvt ePsf] x'Fbf o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nfpN6L ab/ x'g'k5{ egL ax; ug'{eof] . ljkIfLk|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg jl/i7clwjQmf >L zDe' yfkf / clwjQmf s[i0fyfkfn] sfzL/fd / uf]ljGb/fd Psf;uf]ndf/x]sf afa'5f]/f ePsf]df ldlt @)$&.%.!% dfskfnL td;'s ePkl5 uf]ljGb/fd;Fu ldlt@)$&.%.@! df kf6{g/;Lksf] sfuh ePsf],ldlt @)$(.&.$ df ePsf] lnvtdf cfhsf]ldlt cl3 ns8Lsf] sfd sf/f ]jf/ ubf{k6sk6s lnPsf] ;Dk"0f{ lx;fa lstfa ldnfgul/Psf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] x'Fbf 5'§} lnvt xf]

egL eGg ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . o; cbfntaf6k'g/fnf]sgsf] lg:;f k|bfg ul/bf pNn]v ul/Psf]ghL/ k|:t't d'2fdf csflif{t x'g]] cj:yfg/x]sfn] o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] km};nf;b/ xf];\ egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;'lgof] .

k]z ePsf] ldl;n sfuh cWoog u/Lljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿sf] ax; lhsL/nfO{b[li6ut ubf{ o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf]km};nf ldn]sf] 5, 5}g < o; cbfntaf6k'g/fnf ]sg lg:;f k|bfg ubf { lnOPsf ]cfwf/;Fu ;xdt x'g ;Sg] cj:yf 5, 5}g <eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf]5 .

@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|ltjfbLx¿n]ld lt @)$& .% .!% d f lnvt u/ L?=(%),))).–lnPsf / efvfleq ga'emfPsfn];fFjf Jofh e/fO{ kfpmF eGg] jfbL bfjL ePsf]dfjfbLnfO{ a'emfpg'kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ /sd a'emfO{sf/f]af/ ldnfO{ ;s]sf] eGg] k|ltpQ/ lhsL//x]5 . z'? lhNnf cbfntn] jfbL bfjLadf]lhd;fFjfJofh e/fOkfpg] 7x/ u/]sf] km};nfk'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ;d]t ;b/ ePsf]dfo; cbfntaf6 d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]/L k'g/fj]bgcbfntsf] km};nf pN6L x'g] 7x/ ePpk/k'g/fnf]sgsf] lg:;f k|bfg eO cfPsf] kfOof] .o; cbfnt ;+oQm Ohnf;n] skfnL td;'ssf;fx" oL jfbLsf] s'g} k|sf/sf] ;+nUgtfgb]lvPsf] ldlt @)$&.%.@! sf] kf6{g/;Lksf]sfuh ;d]tnfO{ cfwf/lnO{ jfbL bfjL gk'Ug]egL km};nf u/]sf] kfOFbf k|:t't d'2fsf] ldlt@)$&.%.!% sf] skfnL td;'ssf] :jtGqcl:tTj 5 5}g < pQm lnvtsf] sf/f]jf/nfO{kl5 ul/Psf] kf6{g/;Lknufotsf cGo lnvt/ sf/f]jf/;Fu hf]l8Psf] jf ldnfg ul/Psf]b]lvG5 b]lvFb}g eGg] ;DaGwdf x]g'{kg]{ b]lvgcfPsf] 5 .

157157157157157

#= jfb L sfzL/ fd cu |j fn; Fuk|ltjfbLx¿ lu/L/fh sfsL{ / s[i0f sfsL{n]ldlt @)$&.%.!% df ns8Lsf] sf/f]jf/ ug{egL ?=(,%),))).– lnO{ lnvt ul/lbPsf]s'/fdf ljjfb b]lvFb}g . To;/L lnvt ePsf]s]xL lbg kl5 ldlt @)$&.%.@! df jfbLsfzL/fd cu|jfnsf 5f]/f uf]ljGb/fd cu|jfn/ oL k|ltjfbLx¿sf aLrdf ns8Lsf] sf/f]jf/ug]{ u/L kf6{g/;Lksf] sfuh ePsf] / To;sfuhdf klxn] lnPsf] ?=(,%),))).– lr/fgns8Lsf] v/Lb ug{df nufpg] tyf sf/f]jf/af6x'g] nfe / xflg a/fa/L Joxf]g]{ eGg] ;d]tsf]Joxf]/f pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOof] . To;/L sfuheO{ sf/f]jf/;d]t ug]{ u/]sf] tYonfO{ jfbLsfzL/fd cu|jfnn] cGoyf eGg ;s]sf] kfOb}g .tt\kZrft\ ldlt @)$(.&.$ df uf]ljGb/fdcu|jfn / oL k|ltjfbLx¿sf aLrdf sfuhx'Fbf cfh;Dd ePsf] sf/f]jf/sf] lx;fa lstfaubf{ ns8Lsf] sf/f]jf/sf] qmddf k6sk6slnPsf] ;Dk"0f{ lx;fa lstfa ldnfg u/L capk|fGt a'emfpg afFsL /sd ?=$,%!,))).–7x/ x'g cfPsf] / pQm /sd @)$( d+l;/d;fGt;Dddf a'emfpg] eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v eO{sfuh ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;/L ePsf] pQmkl5Nnf] lnvtsf] ;DaGwdf ;d]t d'2f k/LjfbLn] ;fFjf Jofh e/fO{ kfpg] 7x/ km};nf eO{clGtd eP/ a;]sf] ;+nUg k|df0f ldl;naf6b]lvPsf] 5 .

$= oL jfbL sfzL/fdn] cfkm" / 5f]/fuf]ljGb/fd aLr @)#& ;fndf g} c+za08f e}j]Unfj]Un} aGbJofkf/ / Jojxf/ u/L cfPsf] /5f]/fn] k|ltjfbLx¿;Fu ;fem]bf/L ns8Lsf]sf/f]jf/ u/L cfPtfklg To;df cfˆgf] s'g};/f]sf/ g/x]sf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOof] .jfbLn] pQmadf ]lhd bfjL lnPsf] ldlt@)#&.!@.( sf] a08fkqsf] lnvt /flhi6]«zg

kf; x'g ;s]sf] gb]lvFbf To;nfO{ sfg"gcg'¿ksf]a08fkqsf] dfGotf lbg ldNg] ePg . o;cj:yfdf sfzL/fd / uf]ljGb/fd Psf;uf]nd}a;L ;uf]nd} jGb Jofkf/ / Jojxf/ u/L cfPsfegL dfGg'kg]{ x'g cfp5 . c+za08fsf] !*g+=n] dfgf] g5'l§O{ ;uf]nd} a;]sf] c+lzof/n];uf]nsf] ;DklQaf6 jf ;uf]nsf] v]tL, pBf]u,Jofkf/ Joj;foaf6 a9]a9fPsf] ;uf]nsf] cfh{g;a} c+lzof/nfO{ efu nfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf]kfOG5 .

%= o; k|sf/ jfbL sfzL/fd / lghsf]5f]/f uf]ljGb/fd cu|jfn Psf;uf]nsf /xLaGbJofkf/ u/L /x]sf, k|ltjfbLx¿ s[i0f sfsL{ /lu/L/fh sfsL{]n] jfbL sfzL/fd;Fu lnPsf]/sd;d]t nufgL u/L 5f]/f uf]ljGb/fd;Fukf6{g/;Lkdf ns8Lsf] sf/f]af/ u/L cfPsf /jfbLsf 5f]/f uf]ljGb/fd;Fu ePsf kl5Nnfldltsf lnvtdf cl3sf] sf/f]jf/ / n]gb]gsf];Gbe{;d]t pNn]v u/L k6sk6ssf] lx;falstfa ldnfg ul/Psf] eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf]b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf o; d'2fdf ljjflbt /x]sf]ldlt @)$&.%.!% sf] lnvtnfO{ 5'§} cl:tTj/x]sf] lnvt egL dfGg ldNg] b]lvPg . kl5ePsf lnvtx¿df cl3Nnf] lnvtsf] Jojxf/nfO{;d]t v'nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ lx;fa lstfa ldnfg ul/Psf]eGg] Joxf]/f kf/L sfuh eP kl5 cl3Nnf]lnvtsf] cl:tTj sfod} /xL /x]sf] dfGg plrt/ sfg"g;+ut x'g ;Sb}g .

^= o; cbfntaf6 k'g/fnf]sgsf]lg:;f k|bfg x'Fbf g]qaxfb'/ s+;fsf/ lj?4uf]j4{g bf; df8jf/L ePsf] n]gb]g d'2f -b]=km'=g+ + #(@_ df :yflkt ePsf] l;4fGt;d]tsf] k|lts"n b]lvPsf] egL cfwf/ lnPsf]kfOFbf ;f] ;DaGwdf ;d]t x]g'{kg]{ x'g cfPsf]5 . ;fljssf] d'n'sL P]g ;fx" c;fdLsf] g+=! cGtu{tsf] ljjfbsf] ;Gbe{ /x]sf] pQm d'2fdf

*(%@ –*(%@ –*(%@ –*(%@ –*(%@ – sfzL/fd cu|jfnsf] d'=;=ug]{ b'uf{jtL cu|jfn v]l/of lj=lu/L/fh sfsL{ ;d]t


158158158158158

ldlt @)@@.(.!^ df o; cbfntaf6 km};nfePsf] b]lvG5 . ;dfg lsl;dsf] tYo /x]sf]d'2fdf pxL sfg"gsf] JofVofsf] k|Zgdf cl3s'g} dxTjk"0f{ l;4fGt :yflkt /x]sf] 5 eg]kl5sf] To:t} lsl;dsf d'2fx¿df cjnDagul/g' k5{ eGg] dfGotf ghL/sf] l;4fGtdf/x]sf] x'G5 . xfd|f] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf / o;cbfntn] cËfnL cfPsf] dfGotf klg ToxL g}xf] . k|:t't d'2fdf d'n'sL P]g n]gb]g Jojxf/sf]dxncGtu{tsf] ljjfb /x]sf] / d'2fsf] tYo;d]t p:t} k|s[ltsf] /x]sf] gkfO{bf plNnlvtghL/ o; d'2fdf cfslif{t x'g ;Sg] cj:yf/x]sf] kfOPg .

&= ctM dfly ljj]rgf ul/Psf cfwf// k|df0fx¿af6 oL jfbL k|ltjfbLx¿sf aLrdfePsf] ldlt @)$&.%.!% sf] lnvtsf] 5'§}cl:tTj sfod /x]sf] cj:yf b]lvg gcfPsfn]o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^%.$.!$ df lbOPsf]k'g/fnf]sgsf] lg:;f;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .t;y{ pQm lg:;f sfod /xg g;Sg] ePsf]n]o; cbfnt ; +o 'Q m Ohnf;sf ] ld lt@)^@.!.!@ sf] km};nf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ .8fo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/a'emfO{ lbg' .

pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .

k|=Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLGof=k|sfz j:tL

Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn k'; !@ ut] /f]h % z'ed\Ohnf; clws[tM 6Lsf/fd cfrfo{

lg0f{o g+=*(%#lg0f{o g+=*(%#lg0f{o g+=*(%#lg0f{o g+=*(%#lg0f{o g+=*(%#

;jf{]Rr cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;;DdfggLo sf=d'=k|wfg GofofwLz >L

bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{dfggLo GofofwLz >L j}Bgfy pkfWofodfggLo GofofwLz >L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{

k'=lg=g+=)^& -NF-)))(cfb]z ldltM @)&).!.%.%

d'2f M– pTk|]if0f ;d]t .

lgj]bs k|ToyL{M e=k'=lh=,e=k'=g=kf=j8f g+=!)a:g] s[i0fdfg af;'snf

lj?4ljkIfL lgj]bsM e=k'=lh=,e=k'=g=kf=j8f g+= ^

a:g] /fds'df/ jgdfnf

o;cl3 lg0f{o ug]{ M–;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf; M–

df=Gof=>L dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemLdf=Gof=>L sNof0f >]i7

§ df]xL xs sfg"gadf]lhd dfq k|fKt /;dfKt x'g] xs xf] eGg]df ljjfb 5}g .s'g} klg JolQmsf gfddf sfod ePsf]df]xLsf] nut s§f ug{sf] nflu e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! / e"ld ;DaGwLlgodfjnL, @)@! df lglb{i6 cj:yf /cfwf/x¿sf] ljBdfgtf ckl/xfo{tf x'g] .

§ u'7L sfof{nonfO{ u'7L hUufsf] k|zf;g/ Joj:yfkg ug]{ clwsf/ u'7L ;+:yfgP]g, @)## n] k|bfg u/]sf] ePklg df]xLsf]xs ;dfKt x'g] u/L df]xL nut s§f ug]{&&&&&

159159159159159

clwsf/ k|bfg gu/]sfn] df]xL nuts§f ug]{ u/L u'7L ;+:yfgaf6 / ;f]adf]lhd ;|]:tf k"hf{ agfpg n]vL k7fpg]u/L u'7L ;+:yfg zfvf sfof{noaf6ul/Psf lg0f{o u}/sfg"gL x'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=^_§ df]xLsf] xs k|flKt / ;dflKt;Fu hf]l8Psf

k|df0fx¿sf] ljZn]if0f u/L df]xLsf]ljjfbdf lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ u'7L;+:yfgnfO{ gePsf]n] ;DalGwt e"ld;'wf/sfof{noaf6} lg0f{o lg¿k0f x'g'kg]{ .

-k|s/0f g+=*_

lgj]bssf tkm{jf6M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf/fdk|;fb e08f/L ';+ej'

ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf j;Gt/fde08f/L, clwjQmf 1fg]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]n

cjnlDat ghL/M§ g]sfk @)%#, lg=g+=&!&!, k[=@*&

;Da4 sfg"gM§ e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@!§ e"ld;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)@!

cfb]zGof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{M Gofo k|zf;g P]g,

@)$* sf] bkmf !!-!_ sf] b]xfo v08 -v_adf]lhd o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;jf6 ldlt@)^$.(.@% df ePsf] cfb]z k'g/fnf]sg ul/kfpFmegL k|ToyL{ s[i0fdfg af;'snfsf] lgj]bg k/Lo; cbfntjf6 ldlt @)^&.%.$ df k'g/fnf]sgsf]lg:;f k|bfg eO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL,@)$( sf] lgod ̂ -!_ adf]lhd o; Ohnf;;dIfk]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo /cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 M–

u'7L nut tyf clen]v zfvf eb|sfnLsf7df8f}+df nut ;|]:tf sfod /x]sf] @ g+=

a|Dxfo0fL n=g+=@#& df]xL e}/jaxfb'/ agdfnfOgfrf] sfod /x]sf] eQmk'/ gjb'uf{ ejfgLsf]lr/fu afNg] u'7L ;+:yfg clwg:y 5"6 u'7LhUuf, ;e]{ gfk gS;f x'Fbf eQmk'/ lhNnf eQmk'/gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !-u_ lsQf g+= ! If]qkmn@–!%–)–) sfod e} e}/jnfn eGg] e}/jaxfb'/agdfnfsf] a'xf/L lgj]bssf] aHo} las'dfofsf]gfpFdf df]xL hlgPsf] .

pQm hUufsf] vf; hf]tfxf df]xL aHo}ljs'dfof / hUufwgLdf gjb'uf{ ejfgLsf] lr/fuafNg] u'7Lsf] /sdL gfOs] /tgs'df/sf] gfdhlgPsf] 5 . u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## n]/sdL vfGuLjfnfsf] ;a} xsflwsf/ ;DffKtu/L u'7L hUufdf vf; hf]tfxf df]xLsf] xs/xg] Joj:yf u/]sf]n] plNnlvt hUufdf aHo}ljs'dfofsf] Psnf}6L df]xL xs sfod /x]sf]k|i6 5 .

u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## sf] bkmf $*cg';f/ e"dL ;'wf/ sfof{noaf6 aHo} ljs'dfofn]df]lxofgL xssf] hf]tfxf c:yfoL lg:;f;d]tk|fKt u/L aHo}n] df]xLsf] x}l;otn] hf]t sdf]bu/L cfPsf] cj:yf aHo}sf] xssf] ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQd]/f] cfdf ljs'nIdLnfO{ ldlt @)$@.^.* dfz]ifkl5sf] as;kq lnvt kfl/t u/L lbg'ePsf] 5 . aHo} ljs'dfofsf] ldlt @)$@.&.&df k/nf]s ePsf]n] lghsf] z]ifkl5 plNnlvthUuf cfdf ljs'nIdL tyf lgj]bs ;d]tn]hf]tef]u ub}{ cfPsf]df ljs'nIdLsf] klg ldlt@)%@.!).* df k/nf]s e};s]sf] 5 . tTkZrft\pQm hUuf lgj]bsn] df]xLsf] x}l;otn] hf]tsdf]bub}{ cfPsf] 5' . ljs'dfofn] kfl/t u/L lbPsf]z]ifkl5sf] as;kq lnvtcg';f/ ljs'nIdLsfgfp+df gfd;f/L ug{;Dd afFsL /x]sf] / cfdfljs'nIdLsf] klg d[To' ePsf]n] lgj]bssf] gfpFdfdf]xL gfd;f/L ug{;Dd afFsL /x]sf] hUuf xf] .plNnlvt hUufsf] /sdL gfO{s] /tgs'df/

*(%# –*(%# –*(%# –*(%# –*(%# – s[i0fdfg jf;'snf lj=/fds'df/ jgdfnf


160160160160160

x'g'ePsf]n] gfkLdf ls;fgsf] Joxf ]/fdf/tgs'df/sf] gfd hlgPsf] xf] .

ljs'dfofsf] z]ifkl5 cfdf ljs'nIdLn]sdfO{ cfPsf] / df]xL gfd;f/L ug{;Dd afFsL/x]sf] pQm hUuf ljkIfLdWo]sf s[i0fdfgjf;'snfn] sdfO{ cfPsf] eGb} gjb'uf{ lr/fuafNg] 5"6 u'7L eb|sfnLsf gfpFdf l;kmfl/zkfpmF egL @)$^ ;fndf eQmk'/ gu/k~rfotdflgj]bg lbPsf / ;f] gu/kflnsfaf6 ldlt@)$&.(.@* df ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sflzteO{ tTsfn ljs'nIdLn] lnlvt hjfkm lbO{tfl/vdf a;L cfpg' ePsf]df pxfFsf] d[To'kl5lgj]bsn] d'2f ;sf/ u/L tfl/vdf a;L cfPsf]lyPF . s[i0fdfgn] lbPsf] lgj]bg / ldlt@)$&.(.!% sf] ;h{ldg em"7f xf] . hf]tfxfdf]xL ljs'dfofsf] d[To' cufl8 lghn] / lghsf]d[To'kZrft\ xsvfg] d[ts 5f]/Ln] hUuf hf]tsdf]b u/L afnL a'emL lnPsf] eGg] Joxf]/fpNn]v u/L pQm hUufsf] /sdL gfO{s] /tgs'df/jgdfnfn] eQmk '/ gu/kflnsfdf ldlt@)$&.!!.!% df lgj]bg ug'{ ePsf] 5 .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfaf6 sf/jfxL;DaGwLsfuhft eQmk'/ u'7L tx;Ln tyf vr{sfof{nodf k7fPkZrft\ ;f] sfof{noaf6 sf/jfxLcufl8 a9fO{ s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] ldlt @)%#.!).!#sf] kq cg';f/ pQm hUufsf] df]xLsf] k/nf]s e}xsbf/ gePsf] cj:yfdf u'7L t}gfyL tkm{ btf{ug'{kg]{ x'G5 egL n]vL cfPsf]n] ;|]:tfdf sfod;fljs df]xLsf] nut s§f u/L u'7L ;+:yfgsf]gfddf df]xL / hUufwgL ;d]t sfod ug{ u'7L;+:yfgsf] cfb]z cfjZos kg]{ ePsf]n] ;f] cg';f/n]vL k7fpg cfjZos lgsf;sf] nflu k]zu/]sf] 5' eGg] l6Kk0fL ;b/ ul/Psf] /x]5 .

u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 dfueO{ cfPcg';f/ df]xL dxndf u'7L ;+:yfg,hUufwgLdf u'7L ;+:yfg >L gjb'uf{sf] lr/fu

afNg] u'7L, lz/df u'7L t}gfyL hUuf hgfO{gfkLsf] df]xL dxndf n]lvPsf] s6fO{ hUufbtf{ u/L pQm hUuf s'g} Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsfnflu lnhdf hfg] hUuf xf] xf]Og, geP v'nflnnfd u/L laqmL ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 x'Fb}g ;f]osLg v'nfO{ k"hf{sf] k|ltlnlk ;fy kf7fpg'eGg] ldlt @)%(.!@.@) df lg0f{o u/L kmfOnu'7L ;+:yfg zfvf sfof{no eQmk'/df k7fPsf]df;f] sfof{noaf6 s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] cfb]zadf]lhd df]xLsf] nut s§f u/L u'7L t}gfyLk"hf{ dfu ug]{ egL ldlt @)^).!.!@ df lg0f{ocfb]z ePsf] s'/f hfgsf/L ePsf]n] ljkIfLx¿sf]plNnlvt u}/sfg"gL sfd sf/jfxL / lg0f{ocfb]z jb/sf nflu lgj]bg lnO{ pkl:yt ePsf]5' .

;fljsb]lv ljs'dfofsf] gfddf vf;hf]tfxf df]xL nut sfod /x]sf] u'7L clwg:yhUuf z]ifkl5sf] lnvtaf6 gfd;f/L x'g afFsL/x]sf] / u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## sf] bkmf @& /#) cg';f/ xsjfnfdf hfg] k|fjwfg ljk/Ltlgj]bsn] df]xL gfd;f/Lsf] dfu u/L /x]sf]cj:yfdf ;f] hUuf u'7L t}gfyLtkm{ btf{ ug{ldNb}g . ljkIfL s[i0fdfg jf;'snfn] gfd;f/Lug{ sf/jfxL rnfPsf] ljifodf u'7L ;+:yfgzfvf sfof{no, eQmk'/n] l6Kk0fL p7fpg] / s]Gb|Losfof{non] df]xLsf] nuts§f u/L u'7L t}gfyLhgfpg] egL u/]sf] cgflws[t / u}/sfg"gL lg0f{ou'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## sf] bkmf @-6_ Pj+ bkmf@& / #) ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt 5 . cfk"mnfO{ k|fKtclwsf/If]q eGbf aflx/ uO{ ljkIfL u'7L ;+:yfgzfvf sfof{no eQmk'/n] l6Kk0fL k]z ug]{ /s]Gb|Lo sfof{non] ldlt @)%(.!@.@) df df]lxofgLnut s§f ug]{ / t}gfyLdf k"hf{ dfu ug]{ egLu/]sf] u}/sfg"gL lg0f{o Pj+ ;f] lg0f{osf cfwf/dfzfvf sfof{no, eQmk'/n] u/]sf] ldlt @)^).!.!@sf] lg0f{o tyf ;f] lg0f{osf cfwf/df eP u/]sf]

161161161161161

;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxLn] lgj]bssf] ;+j}wflgs xddfcf3ft k/]sf] x'Fbf plNnlvt lg0f{ox¿ pTk|]if0fsf]cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L aHo}sf] gfdsf] df]lxofgLhUuf lgj]bssf] gfddf gfd;f/L btf{ u/L lbg'egL k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm . ;fy} ;f]hUuf u'7L ;+:yfgn] s'g} klg a]nf lgj]bsnfO{c;/ kg]{ u/L laqmL ug]{ ;d]tsf sfd sf/jfxLug{ ;Sg] x'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] 6'Ëf] gnfu];Ddlgj]bssf] xs lxt ljk/Lt s'g} klg sfd sf/jfxLgug"{ gu/fpg" egL ljkIfLsf gfpFdf cGtl/dcfb]z;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]lgj]bg kq .

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] <of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf Dofbafx]s !% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm lnO{ cfkm}+ jfcfˆgf] k|ltlglwåf/f pkl:yt x'g' egL l/6lgj]bgsf] ! k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfLx¿nfO{;"rgf k7fO{ lbg" . lnlvt hjfkm cfP jf cjlwgf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z ug{" . ;fy} cGtl/dcfb]zsf] ;d]t dfu x'Fbf of] l/6 lgj]bgsf] 6'Ëf]gnfu];Dd ldlt @)%(.!@.@) / ldlt @)^).!.!@sf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog gug["{ gu/fpg" egLljkIfLx¿sf] gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/LlbPsf] 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf]cfb]z .

eQmk'/ gjb'uf{sf] lr/fu afNg] u'7Ldf/Tgs'df/ jgdfnfsf gfpFdf btf{ ePsf] ;fljsa|Dxfo0fL g=g+=!#! xfn gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !-u_ lsQf g+= ! sf] @–!%–) hUufsf] hf]tfxfljs'dfof jgdfnf ePsf] / lgh a[4 e} @)$@;fndf cfˆg} sfnultn] k/nf]s eO{ xs vfg]sf]xL gePsf], @)$) ;fnb]lv g} dnfO{ sdfpglbPsf], ldlt @)$^.@.# df s[i0fdfgn]/Tgs'df/;Fu hUuf sdfpg] sj'lnot sfuhu/fO{ lnPsf] x'Fbf df]xL nutdf gfd bflvnf

ul/kfpFm egL s[i0fdfg jf;'snfsf] ldlt@)$*.!@.^ df lgj]bg kg{ cfPsf] . s[i0fdfgsf]egfO{ em"7f xf] . ;f] hUuf cfdf ljs'dfof hLljt5p~h]n cfdfn] / z]ifkl5 d}n] hf]tsdf]b u/LafnL a'emfpb} cfPsL x'Fbf d]/f] gfpFdf sfodul/kfpFm egL ljs'nIdL jgdfnfn] sfuh u/]sf] .@)$) b]lvsf] lt/f] u'7Lsf gfO{s]nfO{ a'emfO{cfPsf] x'Fbf hf]tfxf df]xL d]f/f] gfddf sfodul/kfpFm egL s[i0fdfg jf;'snfn] u/]sf] sfuh .

plNnlvt hUuf !(@% dfu{ !$ df >L% dflxnL dxf/fgL ;'j0f{k|ef b]jLsf] gflt rf}tl/ofzdz]/ h+u zfxn] gjb'uf{ ejfgLsf] lr/fu afNg]u'7Lsf] nflu /fv]sf] 5"6 u'7L xf] eGg] /Tgs'df/jgdfnfsf] lgj]bg .

u '7L hUufdf @)#) ;fn r}qd;fGtkZrft\ dfq df]lxofgL xs k|bfg u/]sf]x'Fbf tTsfn hUuf sdfpg] ljs'dfofnfO{ df]xLxs k|fKt ePs} lyPg . u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)@(n] btf{jfnf df]xLsf] xs ;dfKt u/L ;s]sf] x'Fbfvf; hf]tfxsf] gftfn] d]/f] gfpFdf df]xL sfodul/kfpFm eGg] /fds'df/ jgdfnfsf] lgj]bg k/]sf] .5f]/f5f]/L sf]xL gePsL btf{jfnf ljs'dfofn]@)$) ;fndf hUufwgL /Tgs'df/nfO{ sfuhu/L 5f]8L lbPsf]n] sj'lnot u/L e/kfO{ lnO{hf]tL cfPsf] egL k'gM s[i0fdfg jf;'snfsf]lgj]bg kg{cfO{ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfaf6 @)$);fnb]lv s[i0fdfgn] hf]tsdf]b u/L cfPsf] eGg]l;kmfl/z eO{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . gu/kflnsfaf6ePsf] l;kmfl/z tyf ;h{ldg d'r'Nsf;d]taf6of] hUuf ljs'dfofn] gsdfPsf] eGg] b]lvPsf],lgh ljs'dfof @)$@ ;fndf k/nf]s eO{ lghsf]gfddf df]lxofgL gfd;f/L gePsf] hUUffdf df]xLsfod ul/kfpFm eGg] s[i0fdfg / vf; hf]tfxf dx'F eGg] /fds'df/ jgdfnf e} t]/f] d]/f];d]t x'Fbfu'7L sfof{non] s;}nfO{ df]xL sfod ug{ ;Sg]cj:yf ePg .



162162162162162

hUufwgL;Dd gjb'uf{ ejfgLsf] lr/fuafNg] u'7L hgfO{ gfkLdf df]xL n]lvPsf] JolQmk/fnf]]s e};s]sf]n] lghsf] gfd s§f u/L k"hf{dfu ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] xf] . df]xL xs ;DaGwdft]/f] d]/f] ePsf] cj:yfdf clwsf/k|fKt lgsfodfguO{ u'7L ;+:yfgdf lgj]bg ug{ kfpg] xssfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g . ljs'dfof lgj]bssLcfdfsL cfdf ePsf]n] lgj]bssf gfpFdf df]xLxscfpg ;Sg] s'g} sfg"gL cfwf/ 5}g . cfdfsfgfpFdf df]xL xs sfod ge} 5f]/fsf gfpFdfcfpg] cj:yf x'Fb}g . ljs'dfof g} of] hUUffsf]sfg"gadf]lhdsf] df]xL xf]Ogg\ . lghn] k]z u/]sf]hf]tfxf c:yfoL lg:;fdf hUufwgL dxndfgjb'uf{ u'7Lsf] gfd n]lvPsf] geO{ /Tgs'df/sf]gfd n]lvPsf] 5 . pgfp JolQm hUufwgLb]vfPsf] hf]tfx c:yfoL lg:;f, k|df0f nfUg]gx'Fbf lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ldNb}g, lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'k5{, eGg] ;d]tJoxf]/fsf] ljkIfL u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no/ u'7L zfvf sfof{no eQmk'/sf] tkm{af6 k/]sf];+o'Qm lnlvt hjfkm .

>L gjb'uf{ ejfgLsf] lr/fu afNg] u'7Lsfnutdf btf{ ePsf] ;fljs a|Dxfo0fL df}hfsf]g=g+= !#! sf] nutcGtu{tsf] eQmk'/ lhNnf,eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !u= ls=g+= ! sf]@–!%–) hUufsf] hf]tfxf df]xL ljs'dfof jgdfoftyf 5"6jfnf u'l7of/ /Tgs'df/ jgdfnf eO{hf]tfxfn] pQm hUuf sdfO{ cfPsf] cj:yfdflghsf] 5f]/f tyf klt ;d]t gePsf] / pQmhUuf sdfpg g;Sg] dgf;o JoQm u/L @)$);fnb]lv 5'6jfnfO{ lhDdf lbg' ePsf]n] 5"6jfnfu'l7of/sf] d~h"/Ln] @)$) ;fnsf] afnLb]lv g}d}n] hf]t sdf]b u/L s'tafnL a'emfpb} cfPsf] /;f]xL d~h"/Lsf cfwf/df ldlt @)$^.@.# dfbf]xf]/f] s't sa'lnot;d]t u/L df]xLsf] x}l;otn]hUuf sdfO{ cfPsf] . ;fljssf hf]tfxf ljs'dfof

jgdfnf @)$@ ;fndf k/nf]s ePkl5 d}n] g}sdfO{ cfPsf] / hf]t sfod ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflul;kmfl/z kfpg ldlt @)$^.!.@) dfgu/kflnsfdf lgj]bg u/]sf] x'F . pQm hUuf d}n]g} sdfO{ cfPsf] s'/f ldlt @)$&.(.@% tyfldlt @)%^.%.@( sf] ;h{ldgaf6 ;d]t :ki6ePsf] 5 . ljkIfLsf] aHo}n] cfˆgf] hLjgsfndfg} xs 5f]l8;s]sf] ljjfbsf] hUufsf ;DaGwdfz]=j=;d]t gePsf] / ePs} eP klg k|fKtstf{n]gkfPsf] cj:yfdf lgj]bsn] kfpg] cj:yf 5}g .u'7L ;+:yfgsf] u'7L t}gfyL sfod ug]{ lg0f{o;d]tdf lrQ ga'emL ljkIfL ;d]tsf pk/ lg0f{oab/ xs sfod d'2f eQmk'/ lhNnf cbfntdfbtf{ u/L ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]xL d'2faf6}af]lng] ljifodf l/6 If]qaf6 x]g{ ldNb}g . ljjfbsf]hUuf @)$) ;fnb]lv ljs'dfofn] sdfpg5f8]kl5 lgj]bs tyf lghsf] cfdfn] sdfPsf]eGg] k|df0f klg b]vfpg ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g .ljs'dfofn] g} df]xL 5f]8L d}n] sdfO{ cfPsf]hUufsf ;DaGwdf u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## sf]bkmf #) tyf ck'tfnLsf] @ g+=sf] cfwf/ lnO{bfjL ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]h /ul/kfpFmeGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL s[i0fdfg jf;'snfsf]lnlvt hjfkm .

u'7L ;+:yfgsf] ldlt @)^).!.!@ sf]hUuf btf{ ug]{ lg0f{o;lxtsf] kmfOn u'7L ;+:yfgzfvf sfof{no eQmk'/af6 lemsfO{ k]zLsf] ;"rgf;d]t lbO{ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .

lgj]bgdf ab/sf] dfu /x]sf] / u'7L;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)%(.!@.@)df ePsf] lg0f{o ;lxtsf] ;Ssn kmfO{n u'7L;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .

k|:t't lgj]bgdf lg0f{o ab/ ul/kfpFmegL bfjL lnPsf] lg0f{osf ;DaGwdf eQmk'/lhNnf cbfntdf ljkIfL s[i0fdfg jf;'snfn]

163163163163163

u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, sf7df8f}+ ;d]tpk/lg0f{o ab/ xs sfodsf] d'2f k/L d'NtaLdf/x]sf] eGg] x'Fbf pQm ldl;n eQmk'/ lhNnfcbfntaf6 lemsfO{ cfPkl5 lgodadf]lhd k]zug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .

ljjfbsf] hUufsf] hUufwgLsf] ;DaGwdfljjfb geO{ hf]tfxf df]xLsf] ;DaGwdf;Dd ljjfbb]lvPsf] 5 . ;+nUg lkmN8a'ssf] k|ltlnlkdfdf]xL ljs'dfof jgfdfnf, ls;fgsf] Joxf]/fdf/Tgs'df/sf] hUuf hf]tLvfO{ cfPsf] eGg] pNn]vePsf] / ;f]xL cg';f/ u'7Lsf] nutdf btf{sfod x'g' gkg]{ eP bfjL lj/f]w ug{ cfpg'egL eQmk'/ u'7L tx;Ln tyf vr{ sfof{non]ldlt @)%#.*.& df ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]sf]b]lvFbf ;f] hUufsf] ;fljs df]xL ljs'dfofjgdfnf b]lvPsf] s'/fnfO{ cGoyf eGg ;Sg]l:ylt /x]g . ljjfbsf] hUufsf] e'=;'=$ g+=kmf/fd hf]tfxfsf] c:yfoL lg:;fdf ljs'dfofjgdfnfsf] gfd pNn]v ePsf]n] To;/L sfodePsf] df]xLn] cfk\mgf] xs sfg"gadf]lhd kl/Tofuu/]df afx]s s'g} sf/0fn] To:tf] df]lxofgL xslgnlDjt jf vf/]h x'g] l:ylt /xGg . ljjfbsf]hUuf ljs'dfof jgdfnfn] sdfpg 5f8]sf]n]@)$) ;fnb]lv 5"6jfnf /Tgs'df/ jgdfnfsf]d~h"/Ln] cfk"mn] hf]tLsdfO{ cfPsf] eGg] ljkIfLs[i0fdfg af;'snfsf] lnlvt hjfkm b]lvG5 .t/ lgh jf:tljs df]xL ePsf] eGg] s'/fsf];j'b k|df0faf6 k'li6 ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g .ljkIfLdWo]sf s[i0fdfgn] df]xL ljs'dfofsf]xsbf/ sf]xL gePsf] eGg] cfwf/df cfk\mgf]gfddf df]lxofgL dfu u/L b/vf:t lbPsf]b]lvP klg df]xL ljs'dfofn] z]ifkl5sf] js;kqu/L 5f]/LnfO{ lbPsf] cj:yfdf xsbf/ gePsf]eGg] g} p7fpg] cj:yf b]lvFb}g .

ctM s'g} :yflkt clen]v / sfg"gLcfwf/ a]u/ Psfsf] gfddf lkmN8a's nufotdf

hlgPsf] df]lxofgL;DaGwL tYosf] ljk/Lt u'7Lt}gfyL sfod dfgL cfk\mgf] gfddf hUufwgLk"hf{ dfu ug]{ u/]sf] lg0f{o u}/sfg"gL b]lvPsf]n]u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 ljjfbsf] hUufsf]df]xL dxndf u'7L ;+:yfg hgfpg] egL u/]sf]ldlt @)%(.!@.@) sf] lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{osfcfwf/df u'7L ;+:yfg zfvf sfof{no, eQmk'/af6df]xLsf] nut s§f u/L u'7L t}gfyL k"hf{ dfuug]{ u/L ldlt @)^).!.!@ df ePsf] lg0f{opTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g] 7x5{ . ljjfbsf]hUufsf ] ;fljs df ]xL ljs'dfofn] 5f ]/Lljs'nIdLnfO{ z]=j=ul/lbPsf] eGg] ldl;naf6b]lvFbf lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd df]xL gfd;f/Lk|lqmofsf] nflu ;DalGwt lgsfodf n]vL k7fO{lbg' egL ljkIfL u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no;d]tsf gfpFdf k/dfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6ldlt @)^$.(.@% sf] cfb]z .

ljjfbsf] ls=g+=! hUufsf] hUufwgL u'7L;+:yfgcGtu{t >L gjb'uf{ ejfgLsf] lr/fuafNg] u'7L / ;fljs df]xL ljs'dfof jgdfnfePsf]df @)$) ;fnsf afnLb]lv g} pQm hUuflghn] sdfpg 5f]8L 5"6jfnf /Tgs'df/nfO{lhDdf lbg' ePsf] xf] . lgh 5'6jfnfaf6 @)$);fnb]lv g} d}n] sdfpg lnO{ ;fn;fnsf]s'tafnL a'emfpFb} cfPsf], l;kmfl/z / :yfgLo;h{ldgaf6 ;d]t d]/f] ef]u b]lvO{ df]xLdf t]/f]d]/f]k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . To:tf] hUufnfO{ u'7L t}gfyLsfod ug]{ u'7L ;+:yfg zfvf sfof{nosf] ldlt@)^).!.!@ sf] lg0f{opk/ d}n] lg0f{o ab/ xssfod d'2f lbO{ sf/jfxLo'Qm /x]s} cj:yfdf;f] d'2fdf c;/ kg]{ u/L cbfnt :jo+n] afbLsf]:yfg u|x0f u/L ePsf] ldlt @)^$.(.@% sf]cfb]z q'l6k"0f{ 5 . l/6 If]qaf6 x]g}{ gldNg]ljifodf k|df0fsf] unt d"NofÍg u/L ePsf]o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] lg0f{o g]sfk



164164164164164

@)%#, lg=g+=^!&! df k|ltkflbt l;4fGt;d]tsf]7f8f] alv{nfk x'Fbf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*sf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -v_adf]lhd ;f] q'l6k"0f{ cfb]z k'g/fnf]sg u/Ld]/f] lnlvt hjfkmadf]lhd ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]tAoxf ] / fsf ] s [ i 0 fdfg af; 'snfsf ] o;cbfnt;dIfsf] lgj]bgkq .

o;df jfbL log} lgj]bs s[i0fdfgaf;'snf k|ltjfbL u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no;d]t ePsf] lg0f{o ab/ xs sfod d'2fsf] ldl;nlemsfO{ cfPkl5 k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.#.!( sf] cfb]z .

o;df eQmk'/ u'7L tx;Ln tyf vr{sfof{nosf] lg0f{o kmfOn x]bf{ ljjfbsf] ls=g+=!sf] hUuf lkmN8a'sdf hf]tfxfaf6 z]=j=lnvtkfPsf] cfwf/df bf=vf=dfu u/L ljs'nIdLjgdfnfn] o;} sf/jfxLdf bfjL lnPsf] eGg]Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] 5 eg] pQm hUuf ef]uug]{ s[i0fdfg af;'snfaf6 u'l7of/n] afnLa'em]sf] / ef]uklg lghn] g} u/]sf] ;h{ldgaf6b]lvg cfpF5 ;d]t elgPsf] 5 . To;/L df]xLxsdf g} ljjfb p7L df]xL t]/f]d]/f]sf] k|Zgpkl:yt ePsf] cj:yfdf ;fljs df ]xLljs'dfofn] 5f]/L ljs'nIdLnfO{ z]=j=u/L lbPsf]eGg] ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] eGg] ;d]tsf]cfwf/df df]xL gfd;f/L k|lqmofsf] nflu;DalGwt lgsfodf n]vL k7fOlbg' egL u'7L;+:yfgsf gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]thf/L x'g] u/L o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6km};nf ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . o:t} u'7L hUufdfdf]lxofgL xssf] t]/f]d]/f]sf] k|ZglgxLt /x]sf]d'2fdf o; cbfnt k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 u'7LhUufsf] df]lxofgL xssf] t]/f]d]/f] ;DaGwLljjfbsf] lg?k0f ug]{ clwsf/ u'7L ;+:yfgnfO{ePsf] b]lvg cfPg egL u'7L hUufsf] xsdf;d]t ;a'b k|df0f a'emL df]xL ;DaGwL t]/f]d]/f]

k |Zgdf lg0f {o ug] { clwsf/ e" ld;'wf/clwsf/LnfO{ ePsf] dfGg'kg]{ egL dx]Gb|gfypkfWofo ;d]t lj=u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no;d]t g]sfk @)%#, lg=g+=^!&!, k[=@*& dfl;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] kfOG5 . plNnlvt;Gbe{df o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ldlt@)^$.(.@% df ePsf km};nf pQm l;4fGt;d]tsf] k|lts"n b]lvFbf Gofo k|zf;g P]g,@)$* sf]s bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf]v08 -v_ jdf]lhd k|:t't d'2f k'g/fnf]sgu/L x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg ul/lbPsf] 5 eGg] ;d]tJoxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] ldlt@)^&.%.$ sf] cfb]z .

o;df u'7L ;+:yfgsf] lg0f{opk/ eQmk'/lhnf cbfntdf k/]sf] lg0f{o ab/ xs sfodd'2fdf ePsf] km};nfpk/ oL lgj]bsn] k'g/fj]bgcbfnt, kf6gdf bfo/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg xfnpQm cbfntsf] ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] eGg] ax;sfl;nl;nfdf hfgsf/L x'g cfPsf] / ;f] d'2fdfp7fOPsf] ljifo k|:t't d'2f;Fu ;d]t ;DalGwtb]lvFbf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gaf6 pQm ldl;nlemsfO{ k|fKt ePkl5 lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug"{ .

lgodjdf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t'tlgj]bgdf lgj]bssf tkm{jf6 pkl:yt ljåfgjl/i7 clwjQmf >L /fdk|;fb e08f/L ';+ej' n]ljjflbt u'7L hUufsf] ;fljs df]xL ljs'dfofePklg lghn] @)$) ;fnb]lv g} hUuf sdfpg5f]8]sf] sf/0f 5"6jfnf /Tgs'df/n] lgj]bsnfO{bf]xf]/f] sa'lnot u/L df]xLdf sdfpg lbPsfx'g\ . ;f] adf]lhd 5 jif{sf] afnL ;d]t a'emfPsf]cj:yf 5 . g=kf=sf] l;kmfl/z / :yfgLo;h{ldgaf6 ;d]t ljjflbt hUufdf lgj]bss}ef]u b]lvPsf] cj:yf 5 . lgj]bssf] df]xLxssf]hUufdf cl3 g} df]xL xs 5fl8;s]sL ljs'dfofaf6z]=j=kfPsf] egL ljkIfLn] df]xLdf bfjL u/]sf]sf/0f k|i6 ¿kdf df]xL t]/f]d]/f] k/]sf] xf] . o:tf]

165165165165165

ljifodf u'7L ;+:yfgn] geO{ e"ld;'wf/ sfof{non]lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ egL g]sfk @)%#, k[=@*& dfk|ltkflbt l;4fGt ljk/Lt ljkIfLsf gfddf df]xLgfd;f/Lsf nflu n]vL k7fpg' egL ;+o'QmOhnf;af6 ePsf] cfb]z q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ;f] cfb]zk'g/fnf]sg x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t jx; k|:t'tug'{eof] .

ljkIfL /fds'df/ jgdfnfsf] tkm{af6/xg' ePsf ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L a;Gt/fde08f/Ln] df]xL t]/f]d]/f]sf] ljjfb g} 5}g .hUufwgL u'7L / df]xL l/6 lgj]bssf] ah}ljs'dfof ePsf] s'/f lglj{jfb 5 . ljs'dfofn]@)$@ ;fndf lghsf] df]xLxs lgj]bssf] cfdfljs'nIdLnfO{ z]=j=dfkm{t\ xs x:tfGt/0ful/lbPsf] / @)$% ;fndf lghsf] d[To' ePsf]x'Fbf dfuadf]lhd df]xL gfd;f/L;Dd x'g' kg]{cj:yf 5 . ljs'dfofn] df]xL xs 5f8]s} 5}g .@ g+= cg';"rL / $ g+= hf]tfxf c:yfoL lg:;fljs'dfof s} gfpFdf sfod 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf/Tgs'df/nfO{ ljs'dfofsf] df]xLxs ljkIfLnfO{lbg ;Sg] clwsf/ g} 5}g . lbPsf] klg xf]Og .ljkIfL :jo+ unt af6f] cjnDag u/L lg0f{oab/ d'2f lnP/ hfg' ePsf] x'Fbf k|:t't l/6lgj]bgaf6 lghsf] xs sfod x'g ;Sb}g .k'g/fnf]sgsf] lg:;fdf pNn]v ePsf] ghL/cfslif{t x'g ;Sg] cj:yf gePsf]n] ;+o'QmOhnf;sf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt x'Fbf cGoyf ug'{kg]{cj:yf 5}g eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'{eof] .

u'7L ;+:yfgsf tkm{jf6 pkl:yt ljåfgclwjQmf >L 1fg]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]nn] df]xLsf] bfjLug]{ b'j} JolQm df]xL sfod x'g ;Sg] cj:yfgePsf]n] u'7Lsf gfddf sfod ug]{ u/L u'7L;+:yfgaf6 lg0f{o ePsf] xf] . ;f] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt\ePsf] / u'7L ;+:yfgsf lj?4df k/dfb]z hf/Lx'g g;Sg] x'Fbf ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ePsf] cfb]zab/ x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'{eof] .

kIf ljkIfsf ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿n]ug'{ ePsf] plNnlvt ax; lhls/ dgg\ u/L k]zx'g cfPsf] ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n sfuhft cWoogul/x]bf{ o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;jf6 ePsf]cfb]z k'g/fnf]sg u/L x]g'{kg]{ xf], xf]Og eGg]laifodf s]lGb|t /lx lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf]5 .

@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ;j]{ gfkLdfgjb'uf{ ejfgLsf] lr/fu afNg] u'7L hUufwgL /hf]tfxf df]xL ljs'dfof hlgPsf] eQmk'/ g=kf=j8fg+=!-u_ ls=g+=! If]qkmn @–!%–) sf] ljjflbtu'7L clwg:y 5"6 hUufsf] hUufwgL u'7L ;+:yfgeGg] hlgPsf] kfOG5 . ;f] hUufsf] 5"6jfnfu'l7of/ /tgs'df/ / ;fljs hf]tfxf df]xLljs'dfof ePsf] tYodf klg vf;} ljjfb /x]sf]kfOFb}g . hf]tfxf df]xL ljs'dfofsf] klt tyf5f]/f gePsf] / lghsf] a[4fj:yf ePsf]n] pQmhUuf @)$) ;fnb]lv g} sdfpg 5f8L5"6jfnfsf] lhDdfdf lbPsf]n] 5"6jfnf u'l7of/sf]d~h"/Ln] @)$) ;fnb]lv g} hf]tsdf]b u/L;fn;fnsf] s"t a'emfpFb} cfPsf] tyf ldlt@)$^.@.# df bf]xf]/f] s"t sj'lnot ;d]t u/Ldf]xLsf] x}l;ot k|fKt u/]sf]n] cfk\mgf] gfddfdf]xL sfod x'g'kg]{ eGg] lgj]bs s[i0fdfgaf;'snfsf] lgj]bg bfjL /x]sf] kfOG5 . t/ pQmhUufsf] ;fljs df]xL ljs'dfofn] lghsf] df]xLxs ldlt @)$@.^.* df 5f]/L ljs'nIdLnfO{z]ifkl5sf] as;kq u/L lbPsf]df aHo} ljs'dfoftyf cfdf ljs'nIdLsf] ;d]t b'j}sf] k/nf]sePsf] sf/0f cfk\mgf] xs ePsf] / gfd;f/L;Ddug{ afFsL /x]sf] eGb} ljs'nIdLsf] 5f]/f ljkIfLl/6 lgj]bs /fds'df/ jgdfnfn] df]xL gfd;f/Lsf]bfjL u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

#= pk/f]Qm df]xL sfod;DaGwL ljjfbdfeQmk'/ u'7L tx;Ln tyf vr{ sfof{noaf6sf/jfxL x'Fb} hfFbf df]xL t]/f]d]/f]sf] l:ylt k/L



166166166166166

u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf k/fdz{sf] nfluk7fOPsf]df df]xLsf] k/nf]s eO{ xsbf/ gePsf]cj:yfdf u'7L t}gfyLtkm{ btf{ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 egL/fo k|fKt ePsf] / k'gM ;f]xL adf]lhd lgsf;fsf]nflu n]vL k7fOPsf]df ldlt @)%(.!@.@) dfdf]xLsf] nut s§f u/L df]xL / hUufwgL dxndfu'7L ;+:yfg n]vL u'7L t}gfyL hgfO{ btf{ ug]{tkm{sf/jfxL ug{' eGg] ;d]t lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvof] .u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] pQm lg0f{o /ldlt @)%(.!@.@% sf] kqfrf/ -cfb]z_ adf]lhdljjflbt hUufsf] df]xLsf] nut s§f u/L u'7Lt}gfyL k"hf{ dfu ug]{ u/L u'7L ;+:yfg zfvfsfof{no eQmk'/af6 ldlt @)^).!.!@ df lg0f{oePsf] / ;f] b'j} lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/u/L df]xL gfd;f/L u/L lbg' egL k/dfb]z ;d]tdfu u/L l/6 lgj]bs /fds'df/ jgdfnfn] k|:t'tl/6 lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 .

$= ;fljsb]lv sfod /x]sf] btf{jfndf]xL ljs'dfofn] xs 5f8]sf] k|df0fsf cefjdfcGo JolQmnfO{ bf]xf]/f] s't sa'˜lnot u/L lbg]tyf ;f]sf] cfwf/df df]xL bfjL ug]{ clwsf/u'l7of/ tyf u'l7of/af6 sfuh u/fpg] s[i0fdfgaf;'snfnfO{ gx'g] / ;fljs df]xLsf] df]xL xs;dfKt x'g] u/L df]xL nut s§f u/]sf] u}/sfg"gLx'g] egL df]xL nut s§f u/L u'7L ;+:yfgs}gfddf t}gfyL sfod u/]sf] / ;f] adf]lhdhUufwgL k|df0f k"hf{ agfpg n]vL k7fpg] pk/f]Qmldlt @)%(.!@.@) / @)^).!.!@ sf] lg0f{opTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L lgjb]ssf]dfuadf]lhd df]xL gfd;f/L k|lqmofsf] nflu;DalGwt lgsfodf n]vL k7fO{ lbg" egL o;cbfntaf6 ljkIfL u'7L ;+:yfgsf gfddfk/dfb]z hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 .

%= e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{opk/cfk"mn] lg0f{o ab/ d'2f lbO{ ljrf/fwLg /x]s}cj:yfdf pQm d'2fnfO{ ;d]t c;/ kg]{ u/L

df]xL t]/f]d]/f]sf] ljjfbdf e"ld;'wf/ sfof{noaf6lg0f{o x'g'kg]{ eGg] l;4fGt ;d]tsf] k+|lts"nkIfsf] :yfg u|x0f u/L l/6 lgj]bssf gfddfdf]xL gfd;f/Lsf] nflu n]vL k7fpg" egL k/dfb]zhf/L u/]sf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{/x]sf]n] k'g/fnf]sg ul/kfpFm eGg] k|ToyL{ s[i0fdfgaf;'snfsf] lgj]bg k/L ;f]xL cfwf/df lg:;fk|bfg ePsf] /x]5 .

^= k|ydtM df]xL xs sfg"gadf]lhd dfqk|fKt / ;dfKt x'g] xs xf] eGg]df ljjfb 5}g .s'g} klg JolQmsf gfddf sfod ePsf] df]xLsf]nut s§f ug{sf] nflu e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@!/ e"ld ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)@! df lglb{i6cj:yf / cfwf/x¿sf] ljBdfgtf ckl/xfo{tfx'G5 . u'7L sfof{nonfO{ u'7L hUufsf] k|zf;g /Joj:yfkg ug]{ clwsf/ u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)##n] k|bfg u/]sf] ePklg df]xLsf] xs ;dfKt x'g]u/L df]xL nut s§f ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf]b]lvFb}g . t;y{ ljs'dfofsf] df]xL nut s§f ug]{u/L u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 ldlt@)%(.!@.@) df / ;f] adf]lhd ;|]:tf k"hf{agfpg n]vL k7fpg] u/L u'7L ;+:yfg zfvfsfof{no, eQmk'/af6 ldlt @)^).!.!@ df ul/Psflg0f{o u}/sfg"gL b]lvPsf]n] pQm lg0f{ox¿pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ x'g] 7x¥ofPsf] ;+o'QmOhnf;sf] cfb]z cGoyf b]lvg cfpFb}g .

&= hxfF;Dd l/6 lgj]bssf gfpFdf df]xLgfd;f/Lsf] nflu n]vL k7fpg" egL k/dfb]zhf/L ePsf] gldn]sf] eGg] ljifo 5, ljjflbtls=g+=! hUufsf] ;fljs hf]tfxf df]xL ljs'dfofx'g\ eGg] tYodf ljjfb geP klg @)$);fnkl5 lghn] hUuf sdfpg 5f8]sf sf/0f5"6 u'l7of/n] bf]xf]/f] sa"lnot ;d]t ul/lbPaf6cfk"m df]xL ePsf] egL s[i0fdfg af;'snfn]df]xL bfjL u/]sf] sf/0f df]xLdf t]/f]d]/f] k/Lljjfb pTkGg ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; l:yltdf

167167167167167

;fljs hf]tfxf df]xL ljs'dfofn] /Ltk"j{s df]xLxs 5f8]sf] cj:yf xf] xf]Og, df]xL xs 5f8]sf]eP ljjfbsf] hUuf xfn s] s'g JolQmn]hf]tsdf]b u/]sf] cj:yf 5 / df]xL xs g5f8]sf]eP lghn] ul/lbPsf] elgPsf] z]ifkl5sf]js;kqadf]lhd lghsL 5f]/L ljs'nIdL tyflghsf 5f]/f l/6 lgj]bs /fds'df/ agdfnfsf]gfddf df]xL xs sfod x'g ;Sg] xf] xf]Og eGg]cfwf/e"t k|Zg Psftkm{ pkl:yt ePsf] kfOG5 .To:t} hf]tfxf df]xLn] @)$) ;fnb]lv hUufsdfpg 5f8]sf sf/0f 5"6 u'l7of/n] lbPsf]elgPsf] s't sj'lnot / ekf{O{adf]lhd df]xLsf]x}l;otn] hUuf hf]tsdf]b u/]sf] eGg] lgj]bss[i0fdfg af;'snfsf] l:ylt s] x'g] xf], lghnfO{lbOPsf] elgPsf] bf]xf]/f] s't sj'lnot / ekf{O{sfuhx¿sf] cj:yf s] s:tf] /x]sf] 5 ;f]sf]cfwf/df lghsf gfddf df]xL sfod x'g ;Sg]xf] xf]Og eGg] ljifox¿ klg lg0ff{os k|Zgsf]¿kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

*= df]xLsf] xs k|flKt / ;dflKt;Fuhf]l8Psf pk/f]Qm k|df0fx¿sf] ljZn]if0f u/Ldf]xLsf] ljjfbdf lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ u'7L;+:yfgnfO{ gePsf]n] ;DalGwt e"ld;'wf/sfof{noaf6} lg0f{o lg¿k0f x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . u'7LhUufdf df]lxofgL xssf] t]/f]d]/f]sf] k|Zg lgxLt/x]sf] o:t} k|s[ltsf] dx]Gb|gfy pkfWofo ;d]tlj=u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;d]t ePsf]d'2fdf o; cbfnt k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 u'7L hUufsf]df]lxofgL xssf] t]/f]d]/f] ;DaGwL ljjfbsf] lg?k0fug]{ clwsf/ u'7L ;+:yfgnfO{ geO{ k|df0f a'emLdf]xL ;DaGwL t]/f]d]/f] k|Zgdf lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/LnfO{ ePsf] egL g]sfk @)%#,lg=g+=^!&!, k[=@*& df l;4fGt ;d]t k|ltkfbgePsf] b]lvFbf k|:t't df]xL t]/f]d]/f]sf] ljjfbsf]klg ;DalGwt e"ld;'wf/ sfof{noaf6} 6'+uf] nfUg'kg]{ b]lvof] .

*= t;y{M plNnlvt k|ltkflbt l;4fGt;d]tsf] cfwf/ sf/0faf6 ljs'dfofsf] df]xL xsl/6 lgj]bs /fds'df/ jgdfnfsf] gfddf gfd;f/Lug{ ;DalGwt sfof{nodf n]vL k7fpg" egL u'7L;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;d]tsf gfpFdf k/dfb]zhf/L u/]sf] xb;Dd o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf]ldlt @)^$.(.@% sf] cfb]z q'l6k"0f{ b]lvPsf]n];f]xb;Dd k'g/fnf]sg eO{ df]xL t]/f]d]/f]sf] ljifodflg0f{o ug{ b'j} kIfnfO{ ;DalGwt e"ld;'wf/sfof{nodf k7fO{ lbg" egL ljkIfL u'7L ;+:yfgzfvf sfof{no, eQmk'/sf gfddf k/dfb]z hf/Lx'g] 7x5{ . ;f]sf] hfgsf/L ljkIfLnfO{ u/fO{bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/u/L a'emfO{lbg' .

pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f}+ .

Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofoGof=1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{

Olt ;+jt\ @)&) ;fn j}zfv % ut] /f]h % z'ed\=Ohnf; clws[tM—gf/fo0f ;'j]bL

lg0f{o g+=*(%$ lg0f{o g+=*(%$ lg0f{o g+=*(%$ lg0f{o g+=*(%$ lg0f{o g+=*(%$

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]È Ohnf;dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{

dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0F >]i7dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL

l/6 g+=)^*–WS–))%@cfb]z ldltM@)^(.*.@*.%

ljÈoM– pTk|]if0f;d]t .

*(%$ –*(%$ –*(%$ –*(%$ –*(%$ – x's'dl;+x yfkf lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t


168168168168168

lgj]bsM lh=;Kt/L, xlb{of uf=lj=;=j8f g+= #a:g] x's'dl;+x yfkf

lj?4ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/Èb\sf] sfof{no

;d]t

§ ljb]zL ljlgdo -lgoldt ug]{_ P]g,ljb]zL ljlgdo -lgoldt ug]{_ P]g,ljb]zL ljlgdo -lgoldt ug]{_ P]g,ljb]zL ljlgdo -lgoldt ug]{_ P]g,ljb]zL ljlgdo -lgoldt ug]{_ P]g,@)!( sf] bkmf % n] s'g} k|sf/sf]@)!( sf] bkmf % n] s'g} k|sf/sf]@)!( sf] bkmf % n] s'g} k|sf/sf]@)!( sf] bkmf % n] s'g} k|sf/sf]@)!( sf] bkmf % n] s'g} k|sf/sf]ljb]zL d'b|fnfO{ g]kfnleq Nofpg,ljb]zL d'b|fnfO{ g]kfnleq Nofpg,ljb]zL d'b|fnfO{ g]kfnleq Nofpg,ljb]zL d'b|fnfO{ g]kfnleq Nofpg,ljb]zL d'b|fnfO{ g]kfnleq Nofpg,aflx/ n}hfg jf a}+lsª sf/f]jf/;d]taflx/ n}hfg jf a}+lsª sf/f]jf/;d]taflx/ n}hfg jf a}+lsª sf/f]jf/;d]taflx/ n}hfg jf a}+lsª sf/f]jf/;d]taflx/ n}hfg jf a}+lsª sf/f]jf/;d]tug{ gkfpg] u/L lgÈ]w ug]{ u/L ;"rgfug{ gkfpg] u/L lgÈ]w ug]{ u/L ;"rgfug{ gkfpg] u/L lgÈ]w ug]{ u/L ;"rgfug{ gkfpg] u/L lgÈ]w ug]{ u/L ;"rgfug{ gkfpg] u/L lgÈ]w ug]{ u/L ;"rgfk|sflzt ug{;Sg] clwsf/ g]kfnk|sflzt ug{;Sg] clwsf/ g]kfnk|sflzt ug{;Sg] clwsf/ g]kfnk|sflzt ug{;Sg] clwsf/ g]kfnk|sflzt ug{;Sg] clwsf/ g]kfn;/sf/nfO{ lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u;/sf/nfO{ lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u;/sf/nfO{ lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u;/sf/nfO{ lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u;/sf/nfO{ lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]uu/L cy{ dGqfnon] ;"rgf k|sflztu/L cy{ dGqfnon] ;"rgf k|sflztu/L cy{ dGqfnon] ;"rgf k|sflztu/L cy{ dGqfnon] ;"rgf k|sflztu/L cy{ dGqfnon] ;"rgf k|sflztu/L ef=?=%)). b/sf gf ]6sf ]u/L ef=?=%)). b/sf gf ]6sf ]u/L ef=?=%)). b/sf gf ]6sf ]u/L ef=?=%)). b/sf gf ]6sf ]u/L ef=?=%)). b/sf gf ]6sf ]sf/f ]jf/df nufPsf] k|ltaGwnfO{sf/f ]jf/df nufPsf] k|ltaGwnfO{sf/f ]jf/df nufPsf] k|ltaGwnfO{sf/f ]jf/df nufPsf] k|ltaGwnfO{sf/f ]jf/df nufPsf] k|ltaGwnfO{sfg"gljk/Lt eGg gldNg] .sfg"gljk/Lt eGg gldNg] .sfg"gljk/Lt eGg gldNg] .sfg"gljk/Lt eGg gldNg] .sfg"gljk/Lt eGg gldNg] .

§ ;6xL jf sf/f]jf/ ug{ jf g]kfndf;6xL jf sf/f]jf/ ug{ jf g]kfndf;6xL jf sf/f]jf/ ug{ jf g]kfndf;6xL jf sf/f]jf/ ug{ jf g]kfndf;6xL jf sf/f]jf/ ug{ jf g]kfndfNofpg n}hfg;d]t lgÈ]lwt gf]6x¿Nofpg n}hfg;d]t lgÈ]lwt gf]6x¿Nofpg n}hfg;d]t lgÈ]lwt gf]6x¿Nofpg n}hfg;d]t lgÈ]lwt gf]6x¿Nofpg n}hfg;d]t lgÈ]lwt gf]6x¿;fydf lnO{ lx8\g ] sfo{ :jo+df;fydf lnO{ lx8\g ] sfo{ :jo+df;fydf lnO{ lx8\g ] sfo{ :jo+df;fydf lnO{ lx8\g ] sfo{ :jo+df;fydf lnO{ lx8\g ] sfo{ :jo+dfs;"/hGo sfo{ ePsfn] ;f] s;"/dfs;"/hGo sfo{ ePsfn] ;f] s;"/dfs;"/hGo sfo{ ePsfn] ;f] s;"/dfs;"/hGo sfo{ ePsfn] ;f] s;"/dfs;"/hGo sfo{ ePsfn] ;f] s;"/dfcg ';Gwfg / sf/jfxL ug {cg ';Gwfg / sf/jfxL ug {cg ';Gwfg / sf/jfxL ug {cg ';Gwfg / sf/jfxL ug {cg ';Gwfg / sf/jfxL ug {clwsf/k | f Kt lgsfo /fhZjclwsf/k | f Kt lgsfo /fhZjclwsf/k | f Kt lgsfo /fhZjclwsf/k | f Kt lgsfo /fhZjclwsf/k | f Kt lgsfo /fhZjcg';Gwfg ljefun ] k |rlntcg';Gwfg ljefun ] k |rlntcg';Gwfg ljefun ] k |rlntcg';Gwfg ljefun ] k |rlntcg';Gwfg ljefun ] k |rlntsfg"gadf]hd w/f}6L dfuL d'2fsf]sfg"gadf]hd w/f}6L dfuL d'2fsf]sfg"gadf]hd w/f}6L dfuL d'2fsf]sfg"gadf]hd w/f}6L dfuL d'2fsf]sfg"gadf]hd w/f}6L dfuL d'2fsf]sf/jfxL ug]{ u/L ePsf] cfb]znfO{sf/jfxL ug]{ u/L ePsf] cfb]znfO{sf/jfxL ug]{ u/L ePsf] cfb]znfO{sf/jfxL ug]{ u/L ePsf] cfb]znfO{sf/jfxL ug]{ u/L ePsf] cfb]znfO{sfg"gljk/Lt eGg jf dfGg g;lsg] .sfg"gljk/Lt eGg jf dfGg g;lsg] .sfg"gljk/Lt eGg jf dfGg g;lsg] .sfg"gljk/Lt eGg jf dfGg g;lsg] .sfg"gljk/Lt eGg jf dfGg g;lsg] .

-k|s/0f g+=%_

lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf /fdxl/ lqkf7LljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf xl/k|;fb

/]UdLcjnlDat ghL/M;Da4 sfg"gM

cfb]zGof=bfdf ]b/k |;fb zdf { MGof=bfdf ]b/k |;fb zdf { MGof=bfdf ]b/k |;fb zdf { MGof=bfdf ]b/k |;fb zdf { MGof=bfdf ]b/k |;fb zdf { M g]kfnsf ]

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f-!_ / -@_ cGtu{t o; cbfntdf btf{ eO{ k]zePsf] k|:t't l/6lgj]bgsf] tYo Pj+ lg0F{oo;k|sf/ 5M

d lgj]bs g]kfnsf] gful/s x'" . dhb"/Lug{ d ef/t uO{ dhb"/L u/L ldlt @)^*.(.$df af"s]sf] ¿k}l8of gfsfaf6 g]kfn k|j]z u/]sf]dfdnfO{ Toxf" t}gfy k|x/Lx¿n] vfgtnf;L u/Ld}n] ef/tdf dhb"/L u/L sdfO{ NofPsf]ef=?=%)). / !))). b/sf gf]6x¿;d]t vf];Lhkmt u/] . ef=?=%)). / !))). b/sf gf]6x¿g]kfndf rngrNtLdf cfp"b}gg\ eGg] af/]df dnfO{yfxf hfgsf/L;d]t lyPg . To:tf gf]6x¿g]kfndf cj}w dflgG5g\ egL s'g} ;"rgf, af]8{,jf krf{ klg lgsflnPsf] dnfO{ hfgsf/L lyPg .;lhnf]sf] nflu dfq d}n] ef=?=!)). sf gf]6x¿ef/td} ;f6L ef=?=%)). / !))). sf gf]6x¿NofPsf] lyP" . o;/L daf6 ef=?=%)). / !))).sf gf]6x¿ ;fydf NofPsf] eGg] cleof]udfk|x/Ln] kqmfp u/L ldlt @)^*.(.% df /fhZjcg';Gwfg ljefudf a'́ fPkl5 ;f] ljefuaf6a/fdb ePsf ef=?=%)). b/sf yfg #($ /!)). b/sf yfg $% ;d ]t hDdfef=?=@,$@,))). sf] ;6xL b/adf]lhdsf] x'g]g]=?=#,*&,%^#. ljuf] sfod u/L ljuf]adf]lhdw/f}6L dfu ug]{ egL cfb]z ePsf]df d}n] ;f]w/f}6L a'́ fO{ xfn y'gfd'Qm ePsf] 5' .

ef=?=%)). / !))). sf gf]6x¿g]kfndf k|ltalGwt ug{ s'g} sfg"gL cfwf/ /x]ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . To;}n] /fhZj cg';Gwfgljefuaf6 dnfO{ w/f}6L dfuL sf/jfxL ug]{ u/LePsf] cfb]zdf sfg"gL cfwf/ 5}g . t;y{ ;f]ljefusf] ldlt @)^*.(.% sf] cfb]zkrf{ ab/efuL

169169169169169

x'+bf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm . ;fy}d]/f] ;fyaf6 a/fdb u/L hkmt u/]sf] ef=?=%))./ !))). sf gf]6x¿ lagfzt{ lkmtf{ lbg' lbnfpg'egL k/dfb]z;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm .

tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/ cy{dGqfnoaf6 @)%&.#.!@ df g]kfn /fhkqdfk|sflzt ;"rgfsf] klxnf] a' +bf -s_ sf]k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf t/ ef=?=%)). b/sfgf]6 g]kfn clw/fHodf a}+lsª sf/f]jf/ / ;6xLgx'g] ePsf]n] o:tf d'b|fx¿ g]kfn clw/fHoleqNofpg jf aflx/ k7fpg ;d]t kfOg] 5}g egL;"rgf hf/L ePsf] /x]5 . ;f] ;"rgf ljb]zLljlgdo -lgoldt ug]{_ P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf %sf] ckJofVof u/L hf/L ul/Psf] /x]5 . g]kfnef/taLr hg:t/df ;DaGw /x]sf] cj:yf x'+bfnfvf}+ g]kfnL gful/sx¿ /f]huf/Lsf] nflu ef/tdfhfg] / dhb"/L u/L sdfPsf] gub;d]t g]kfnNofO{ hLljsf]kfh{g ug]{ oyfy{nfO{ /fHon] cgb]vfug{ ldNb}g . dhb"/L u/L NofPsf] ef=?=%)). /!))). sf gf]6x¿ cj}w egL hkmt ug]{ / pN6};hfo ug]{ jt{dfg Joj:yf lj8Dagfk"0F{ 5 .ctM oL ;a} tYonfO{ dgg\ u/L ef=?=%)). /!))). sf gf]6x¿sf] ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L pko'Qmsfg"gL Joj:yf ug'{ egL ljkÔLx¿sf] gfp"dfk/dfb]znufot cGo pko'Qm cf1f cfb]z jfk"hL{ hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt@)^*.!!.!% sf] l/6 lgj]bg .

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]dfuadf]lhdsf] lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] < cfb]zk|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf] Dofbafx]s !% lbgleqlnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL ljkÔLx¿nfO{ ;"rgflbg' eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^*.!!.!^ sf]cfb]z .

g]kfn /fhkq v08 %), ;+Vof–!!, ldlt@)%&.@.!@ df k|sflzt ;"rgf;DaGwL ljÈoljb]zL ljlgdo -lgoldt ug]{_ P]g, @)!( sf]

bkmf % ;"u afl´Psf] egL lgj]bsn] bfjL lng;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . ;f] P]gsf] bkmf %-!_ df s'g}JolQm kmd{, sDkgL jf ;+:yfn] a}+saf6 OhfhtkqglnO{ s'g} vf; lsl;dsf] g]kfnL d'b|f jf ljb]zLd'b|f g]kfn /fHosf] ;a} jf s'g} vf; OnfsfleqNofpg jf k7fpg gkfpg] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n]g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L cfb]z hf/Lug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . ;f]xL Joj:yfcg';f/ g]kfn;/sf/af6 ef/tLo d'b|fsf ;DaGwdf hf/L ePsf]ldlt @)%&.#.!@ sf] ;"rgfnfO{ cGoyf eGg;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . ;f] ;"rgf s] s;/L;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@, !* / !( ;"u afl´Psf] xf]/ To;af6 lgj]bssf] xsdf s] s;/L cf3ftk'u]sf] xf] eGg] af/]df lgj]bgdf s'g} s'/f pNn]vePsf] 5}g . ctM cfwf/xLg bfjL lnO{ btf{ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]tk|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/Èb\sf] sfof{nosf] tkm{af6k]z ePsf] lnlvthjfkm .

cy{ dGqfnosf] ldlt @)%&.#.!@ sf]g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgfsf] a'"bf g+=-s_sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zsf] t/ ef=?=%)).b/sf gf]6x¿ g]kfn clw/fHoe/df a}+lsª sf/f]jf// ;6xL gx'g] ePsf]n] o:tf d'b|fx¿ g]kfnclw/fHoleq Nofpg jf aflx/ k7fpg;d]t kfOg]5}g eGg] Joxf]/f ljb]zL ljlgdo -lgoldt ug]{_P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf % ;"u gafl´Psf] eGg]s'/fnfO{ lgj]bs :jo+dn] l/6df g} :jLsf/ u/]sf]b]lv"bf /fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefun] cfkm"nfO{ k|fKtP]g, lgodadf]lhdsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L u/]sf]sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ sfg"g;Ddt\ g} dfGg'kg]{ ePsf]n]k|:t't l/6lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t cy{dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvthjfkm .

ljb]zL ljlgdo -lgodlt ug]{_ P]g @)!(sf] bkmf %-@_ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/Lg]kfn ;/sf/n] @)%&.#.!@ sf] /fhkqdf ;"rgfk|sflzt u/L ef=?=%)). / !))). sf gf]6x¿



170170170170170

g]kfndf Nofpg / aflx/ k7fpg aGb]h nufPsf]5 . ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !@ n] lbPsf] clwsf/k|of]u u/L g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ldlt @)%(.(.!(/ P]= ljb]zL ljlgdo Joj:yfkg ljefusf] kl/kq;+Vof $@) ldlt @)^#.!@.!! af6 ef=?=t:%)). / !))). sf gf]6x¿ v/Lb laqmLdfaGb]h nufOPsf] 5 . o;/L k|rlnt P]gn] lbPsf]clwsf/cGtu{t ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L sf/f]jf/ug{ k|ltaGw nufOPsf ef=?=%)). / !))).sf gf]6x¿ lgj]bssf] ;fyaf6 a/fdb ePsf]n]lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, af"s]n] a/fdb ef=?=;lxtlgj]bsnfO{ o; ljefudf pkl:yt u/fPsf] /ljb]zL ljlgdo -lgoldt ug]{_ P]g, @)!(cGtu{tsf] s;"/df cg';Gwfg ug]{ clwsf/ o;ljefusf] dxflgb] {zs jf lghn] tf]s]sf]pkdxflgb]{zs jf lgb]{zsnfO{ ldlt @)%(.^.!sf] /fhkqaf6 k|bfg ePcg'¿k o; ljefusf]dxflgb]{zsaf6 lghnfO{ aofg u/fO{ P]gsf] bkmf!&-!)_ adf]lhd d'2f cg';Gwfgsf] nflu w/f}6Ldfu ePsf] xf] . o; ljefuaf6 ePsf] cfb]znfO{:jLsf/ u/L w/f}6 a'́ fO{ lgj]bs y'gfd'Qm ePkl5k|:t't l/6 lbPsf] x'+bf l/6 vf/]h x'g'kb{5 .k|rlnt P]gn] lbPsf] clwsf/cGtu{t hf/L ePsf;"rgf / kl/kqsf] pNn3+g ub}{ sfg"gljk/Ltsf]s;"/ ug]{ lgj]bsnfO{ ;DdfgLt cbfntsf]c;fwf/0F clwsf/Ô]qaf6 pkrf/ dfu ug]{ xsg/x]sf] x'+bf k|:t't l/6lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'kb{5eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefusf]tkm{af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvthjfkm .

lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L lg0F{ofy{k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf tkm{af6ljåfg clwjQmf /fdxl/ lqkf7Ln] lgj]bs ;fdfGog]kfnL gufl/s x'g\.ef/tdf dhb"/L u/L :j]bzkms{bf cfkm"n] sdfPsf] ef=?=%)). / !))).sf gf]6x¿ lnO{ cfPsf]df TolQs} cfwf/df /fhZjcg';Gwfg ljefun] ef=?=hkmt u/L sf/jfxL

rnfPsf] 5 . hg:t/df ;DaGw ePsf] ef/tdfg]kfnL gful/sx¿ hfg] / cfpg] qmd :jfefljs¿kdf rln/xg] x' +bf cJofjxfl/s ¿kdfef=?=%)). / !))). sf gf]6x¿dfly k|ltaGwnufpg] / sf/jfxL rnfPsf] sf/0Fn] lgj]bssf]/f]huf/Lsf] xsdf g} cf3ft k'u]sf] 5 . ctM/fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefusf] ldlt @)^*.(.% sf]cfb]z krf{;d]t ab/ u/L lgj]bsaf6 a/fdbePsf d'b|fx¿ lgj]sbnfO{ g} lkmtf{ lbg' eGg]k/dfb]z;d]t hf/L x'g'kb{5 egL / ljkÔLk|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/Èb\sf] sfof{no;d]tsf]tkm{af6 ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf xl/k|;fb /]UdLn]ljb]zL ljlgdo lgoldt ug]{ P]gn] lbPsf] clwsf/k|of]u u/L cy{ dGqfnoaf6 /fhkqdf ;"rgfk|sflzt u/L ef=?=%)). / !))). sf gf]6x¿g]kfndf Nofpg / g]kfn aflx/ n}hfg jf sf/f]jf/ug{df k|ltaGw nufOPsf] xf] . lgj]bsn] To:tf]k|ltalGwt gf]6x¿ ;fydf lnO{ cfPsf] cj:yfdfk|x/Ln] gf]6;lxt kqmfp u/L clwsf/k|fKt lgsfo/fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 sf/jfxLrnfOPsf]df s'g} sfg"gL q'l6 5}g . ctM l/6lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t ax; ug'{eof] .

pko'Qm adf]lhdsf] ax;;d]t ;'gLldl;n cWoog u/L lg0F{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t'tl/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]zhf/L x'g ;Sg] xf] xf]Og eGg] ljÈodf lg0F{oug'{kg]{ b]lvof] .

@= ef/tdf dhb"/L u/L g]kfn kms]{/cfp"bf ;fydf NofPsf] ef=?= %)). / !))).sf gf]6x¿ k|x/Ln] a/fdb u/L /fhZj cg';Gwfgljefudf a'́ fPsf] / ;f] ljefun] ;f] ;DaGwdfcg';Gwfg ubf{ w/f}6L dfUg] u/L cfb]z u/]sf]eGb} /fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefusf] ldlt @)^*.(.%sf] cfb]znfO{ ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] dfubfjL /fvLk|:t't l/6 lgj]bg btf{ ePsf] b]lvof] . ljb]zLljlgdo -lgoldt ug]{_ P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf %

171171171171171

sf] pkbkmf -!_ df s'g} JolQm, kmd{, sDkgL jf;+:yfn] a}+saf6 Ohfhtkq glnO{ s'g} vf;lsl;dsf] g]kfnL d'b|f jf ljb]zL d'b|f g]kfnsf];a} jf s'g} vf; Onfsfleq Nofpg jf k7fpggkfpg] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf;"rgf k|sfzg u/L cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg]Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} bkmf !& df P]g jfo; P]gcGtu{t ag]sf] lgod jf ;f]cGtu{thf/L ePsf] cfb]z jf lgb]{zg jf kl/kq jf;"rgf jf a}+sn] tf]lslbPsf] s'g} k|lqmofljk/Lts'g} JolQmn] s'g} sfd u/]df ;f] sfd u/]afktePsf] s;"/;"u ;DalGwt ljb]zL ljlgdo hkmtu/L To:tf] JolQmnfO{ ljuf]adf]lhdsf] h/Ljfgfb]lvljuf]sf] tLg u'0Ff;Dd yk h/Ljfgf x'g]5 eGg];hfo;DaGwL Joj:yf klg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .

#= P]gsf] bkmf %-!_ sf] clwsf/ k|of]uu/L tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/, xfn g]kfn;/sf/, cy{ dGqfnoaf6 ldlt @)%&.#.!@ sf]g]kfn /fhkq v08 %), ;+Vof !! df k|sflzt;"rgfsf] a'"bf g+= -s_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdft/ ef=?= %)). b/sf gf]6 g]kfn clw/fHodfa}+lsª sf/f]jf/ / ;6xL gx'g] ePsf]n] o:tfd'b|fx¿ g]kfn clw/fHoleq Nofpg jf aflx/k7fpg;d]t kfOg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf u/Lef=?=%)). b/sf] gf]6nfO{ g]kfnleq sf/f]jf/ug{, leq\ofpg / g]kfnaf6 aflx/ k7fpg;d]tgkfOg] u/L lgÈ]lwt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL P]gsf]bkmf !@ df ;f] P]gdf n]lvPsf s'/fx¿ sfof{lGjtug{sf] nflu cfjZostfcg';f/ ;do ;dodfg]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] lgb]{zgx¿ lbg jf ljlgodagfpg jf cfb]z jf ;"rgf hf/L ug{ ;Sg] ykJoj:yf /x]sf] / ;f]xL clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn/fi6« a}+s, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, ljb]zL ljlgdoJoj:yfkg ljefusf] kl/kq ;+Vof–$@) ldlt@)^#.!@.!! sf] kl/kqaf6 ef=?=%)). / !))).b/sf gf]6x¿sf] v/Lb laqmLdf aGb]h nufPsf]

eGg] b]lvG5 . o;/L lgj]bssf] ;fyaf6 a/fdbePsf ef=?=%)). / !))). b/sf gf]6x¿ ljb]zLljlgdo -lgoldt ug]{_ P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf %-!_ / bkmf !@ cGtu{t g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{dGqfnoaf6 k|sflzt ;"rgf tyf g]kfn /fi6«a}+ssf] kl/kq;d]t adf]lhd g]kfnleq sf/f]jf/ug{, ;6xL ug{ jf Nofpg jf n}hfg;d]t gkfpg]u/L k|ltalGwt ul//x]sf] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfbb]lv"b}g . lgj]bsn] cfkm\gf] l/6 lgj]bgdfef=?=%)). / !,))). b/sf afx]s cGoef=?=;d]t a/fdb u/L hkmt u/]sf] eGg ;s]sf]kfO"b}g .

$= ljb]zL ljlgdo -lgoldt ug]{_ P]g,@)!( cGtu{t s;"/ dflgg] sfo{sf] cg';Gwfgug{ /fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ clwsf/;'lDkPsf] s'/f ldlt @)%(.^.! sf] /fhkqaf6b]lvG5 . ;f]xL clwsf/cGtu{t lgj]bssf] ;fyaf6a/fdb ePsf ef=?=%)). / !))). b/sf cj}wgf]6x¿sf] af/]df /fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6cg';Gwfg eO{ sf/jfxL rNbf ldlt @)^*.(.%df ;f] ljefusf] dxflgb]{zsn] lgj]bsaf6 a/fdbePsf] ef=?=%)). b/sf #($ yfg / !))).b/sf $% yfg;d]t hDdf ef=?=@,$@,))). sf];6xL b/n] x'g] g]=?=#,*&,%^#. ljuf] sfod u/Lljuf] a/fj/sf] w/f}6L dfu ug]{ u/L cfb]z u/]sf]ldl;n ;+nUg cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlkaf6 b]lvG5 .;f] cfb]znfO{ :jLsf/ u/L w/f}6L;d]t a'́ fO{y'gfd'Qm ePkl5 lgj]bsn] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdfkm{t\/fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefusf] pQm ldlt @)^*.(.%sf] cfb]z tyf cy{ dGqfnoaf6 ldlt @)%&.#.!@df k|sflzt ;"rgf;d]t ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg]bfjL lnPsf] b]lvG5 .

%= ljb]zL ljlgdo -lgoldt ug]{_ P]g,@)!( sf] bkmf %n] s'g} k|sf/sf] ljb]zL d'b|fnfO{g]kfnleq Nofpg, aflx/ n}hfg jf a}+lsªsf/f]jf/;d]t ug{ gkfpg] u/L lgÈ]w ug]{ u/L



172172172172172

;"rgf k|sflzt ug{;Sg] clwsf/ g]kfn;/sf/nfO{ lbPsf]5 eg] bkmf !@n] g]kfn /fi6«a}+snfO{;d]t ;f]xL k|s[ltsf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf]b]lvPsf] 5 . ;f]xL clwsf/ k|of]u u/L cy{dGqfnon] ldlt @)%&.#.!@ df ;"rgf k|sflztu/L ef=?=%)). b/sf gf]6sf] sf/f]jf/df nufPsf]k|ltaGwnfO{ sfg"gljk/Lt eGg ldn]g . ;fy}g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ldlt @)^#.!@.!! sf] kl/kqaf6klg ef=? %)). / !))). b/sf gf]6x¿ ;6xLjf sf/f]jf/ ug{ jf g]kfndf Nofpg n}hfg;d]tlgÈ]lwt u/]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf lgÈ]lwt gf]6x¿;fydf lnO{ lx8\g] sfo{ :joddf s;"/hGo sfo{eGg] b]lvG5 . ctM ;f] s;"/df cg';Gwfg /sf/jfxL ug{ clwsf/k|fKt lgsfo /fhZjcg';Gwfg ljefusf] dxflgb]{zsn] k|rlntsfg"gadf]hd lgj]bs;"u w/f}6L dfuL d'2fsf]sf/jfxL ug]{ u/L ePsf] cfb]znfO{ sfg"gljk/LteGg jf dfGg ;lsb}g .

^= t;y{ dfly ljj]rgf ul/Psf cfwf/sf/0F;d]taf6 cy{ dGqfnoaf6 ldlt@)%&.#.!@sf] g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgftyf /fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefuaf6 @)^*.(.%df ePsf] cfb]z;d]t ab/ x'g;Sg] cj:yf gb]lv"bfk|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf]nut s6[f u/L ldl;n lgodadf]lhd a'́ fO{lbg" .

pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .

Gof=sNof0f >]i7Gof=k|sfz j:tL

Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn d+l;/ @* ut] /f]h % z'ed\====Ohnf; clws[t -pk ;lrj_M ljb'/ sf]O/fnf

lg0f{o g+=*(%% lg0f{o g+=*(%% lg0f{o g+=*(%% lg0f{o g+=*(%% lg0f{o g+=*(%%

;jf{]Rr cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfxdfggLo GofofwLz >L j}Bgfy pkfWofodfggLo GofofwLz >L sdngf/fo0f bf;

d'2f g+=)^&–CF–))@), ))@!km};nf ldltM @)^(.%.@!.%

d'2f M— st{Jo Hofg .

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM sf7df8f}F lhNnf, sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+=#) sdnfIfL c;g j:g] pk]Gb| zfSo

lj?4ljkIfL jfbLM;Dk"0f{/Tg t'nfw/sf] hfx]/Ln] g]kfn

;/sf/

k'g/fj]bs jfbLM ;Dk"0f{/Tg t'nfw/sf] hfx]/Ln]g]kfn ;/sf/

lj?4ljkIfL k|ltjfbLM sf7df8f}F lhNnf, sf=d=g=kf=j8f

g+=#) sdnfIfL c;g j:g] pk]Gb| zfSo

;+o'Qm Ohnf;df km};nf ug]{ M–df=Gof=>L tflx/ cnL cG;f/Ldf=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL

§ s'¿k cg'xf/sf] 5fnf ldnfpgsf nfluul/Psf ] ck/ ]zgl;t ;DalGwtPg]:y]l;of ;d]tsf] cf}iflwx¿sf sf/0fd[To' ePsf] cj:yfdf To;nfO{ Psdlxgfcufl8 P;L8 kmfn]sf] jf/bft;Fuhf]8L ;f]xL hl/ofaf6 d[To' ePsf] eGg]lgisif{df k'Ug g;lsg] .

-k|s/0f g+=^_&&&&&

173173173173173

§ s'¿ktfnfO{ 7Ls kfg]{ p2]Zon] u/]u/fPsf] ck/]zgsf] qmddf ePsf] d[To'sf];DaGw d[To' x'g' eGbf Ps dlxgf cufj}P;L8 kmflnPsf] 36gf;Fu hf]8]/ bf]ifL/ d[To'sf] sf/s agfpg' cf}lrTok"0f{,ts{;+ut, sfg"g;Ddt / Gofok"0f{ gx'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=*_§ P;L8sf] k|efj jf sf/0faf6 d[To' ePsf]

geO{ ck/]zgsf] qmddf k|of]u ePsf]"ljleGg cf}iflwsf] Side Effect jf ToxicEffect tyf e]lG6n]6/n] :jf; gnLdf;'hg ePsf] sf/0f ;d]taf6 d[To' ePsf]ÆeGg] ljz]if1 lrlsT;sx¿sf] k|ltj]bg/ cbfntdf ePsf] askq ;d]taf6b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !$g+= cg';f/ ;hfo ug{ gldNg] .

-k|s/0f g+=!)_§ ;fwf/0f nf7L, 9'Ëf, nft d'Ssfsf] k|xf/

gu/L P;L8 cg'xf/df kmfn]sf] / lghpkrf/ u/L lgsf] eO{ l8:rfh{ e};s]kl5cg'xf/sf] hn]sf] efu k"j{ ¿kdf Nofpg]k|of;:j¿k ck/]zg ubf{ P]gn] tf]s]sf];dofjlw @! lbgkl5 d[To' ePsfn]Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !$ g+= cg';f/s'6kL6sf] 36gfaf6 ynf k/]sf] gePdfjf P]gn] tf]s]sf] @! lbgkl5 d/]sf]cj:yfdf Hofg ;DaGwL dxncGtu{tHofg df/]sf] egL ;hfo ug{ sfg"gcg's"ngx'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=!!_

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljåfg jl/i7clwjQmf zDe' yfkf tyf ljåfgclwjQmfx¿ 1fg/Tg zfSo tyf jNnej:g]t

k'g/fj]bs jfbL tk{maf6M ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmfxl/k|;fb /]UdL

cjnlDat ghL/M;Da4 sfg"gM§ Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] *, (, !), !!,

!@, !#-#_, !$ g++=§ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL @)$( sf]

lgod #-!_-s_

km};nfGof=/fds'df/ k|;fb zfxM o; cbfntsf]

;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 /fojfemL km};nf eO{ ;jf]{Rrcbfnt lgodfjnL @)$( sf] lgod #-!_-s_adf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf]] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKttYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M

;[hg jL/ s+;fsf/nfO{ pk]Gb| zfSon]ldlt @)%(.!!.^ ut] k"j{ l/;OjL lnO{ cg'xf/dfP;L8 vGofO{ s'¿k agfO{ pkrf/sf] l;nl;nfdfck/]zg ug{sf nflu ;jf{Ë :jf:Yo s]Gb| nu]sf]dfck/]zg x'g gkfO{ ;f]xL rf]6 kL8fsf] sf/0faf6d[To' ePsf]n] sfg"gadf]lhd Hofg;DaGwLdxncg';f/ xb};Dd sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm eGg];Dk"0f{/Tg t'nfw/sf] hfx]/L b/vf:t .

nfzsf] 6fpsf]df skfn geO{ k"/}vf}l/Psf], d[tssf] sGr6 tkm{ b'O{ O~rL nfdf]bfu ePsf], 6fpsf]sf] efudf ! O~r nfdf] 3fpePsf], afofF ufnfdf cfFvfd'lg 5fnf k"/} sfnf]ePsf], 5ftLb]lv 3fF6L lrpF8f];Ddsf] efu k"/}5fnf hnL sfnf] ePsf] 5ftLsf] 5fnf hn]sf] //ut cfPsf], lt3|fdfly k"/} 5fnf sfnf] ePsf]eGg] nf; k|s[lt d'r'Nsf .

d]/f] Zj]tf t'nfw/;Fu k|]d ;DaGw e}ljjfx k|foM lglZrt\ e} Zj]tfsf] cfdfj'jfn];[hg jL/ s+;fsf/;Fu lghsf] ljjfx kSsf u/Llbg' ePsf] s'/f yfxf kfO{ ;[hgjL/nfO{ ;DemfO{a'emfO{ ubf{ klg lghn] jf:tf gu/]sf] x'Fbf lghnfO{

*(%% –*(%% –*(%% –*(%% –*(%% – pk]Gb| zfSo lj=g]kfn ;/sf/


174174174174174

st{Jo u/L dfg{] of]hgf agfO{ ldlt @)%(.!!.^df lghnfO{ Zj]tfsf] af/]df s'/f 5 egL af]nfO{sf]7fdf n'sfO{ /fv]sf] ;'g, rfFbL agfpg k|of]ux'g] t]hfa -P;L8_ sf] lzzLn] lghsf] cg'xf/df5\ofkL s'6kL6 u/L tTsfn gd/L 3fO{t] dfqeO{ jL/ c:ktfndf pkrf/ u/fO{ kl5 pkrf/sf]qmddf ;jf{Ë gl;{ª xf]ddf egf{ ePsf]df ;f]xLrf]6 kL8fn] d[To' ePsf] eGg] ;d]t pk]Gb| zfSosf]cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf aofg .

pk]Gb| zfSon] 5\ofk]sf] P;L8sf] rf]6kL8fn] ;[hg jL/ s+;fsf/sf] d[To' ePsf] s'/fdfljZjf; nfU5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] nId0fjh|frfo{sf] sfuh .

k"j{ l/;OjLn] 3fts t]hfa 5\ofkL ;Vt3fO{t] agfO{ jL/ c:ktfndf pkrf/ eO{ k'gM;jf{Ë :jf:Yo ;bgdf egf{ ul/Psf]df lghsf];f]xL lbg t]hfasf] rf]6 kL8fn] d[To' ePsf] s'/f;'gL yfxf kfPsf] ljZjf; nfU5 eGg] ;d]tj'lemPsf k|of >]i7, kjg >]i7sf] sfuh .

k|ltjfbL pk]Gb| zfSon] Hofg dfg{] p2]Zon]P;L8 -t]hfa_ vGofPsf] / s'6kL6 ;d]t u/]sf];f]xL rf]6 kL8faf6 ;+j]bgzLn cËdf uDeL/ c;/k/L ynf k/L pkrf/fy{ jL/ c:ktfn Pj+ ;jf{Ëgl;{ª xf]ddf pkrf/sf] qmddf d[To' ePsf] x'FbfHofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] * g+=jlv{nfk P]=sf] ! g++=tyf !#-#_ sf] s;"/ u/]sf] b]lv+bf xb};Dd ;hfFoul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cleof]u kq .

d}n] d[tsnfO{ P;L8 5sL{ s'6kL6 u/]sf]xf]Og dnfO{ xfg]sf] P;L8 d}n] 5]Sbf d]/f] xftdf/ jf]tnaf6 pl5l§P/ d[tsnfO{ nfUg uPsf] xf]eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL pk]Gb| zfSon]cbfntdf u/]sf]] aofg .

kLl8tsf] 3fF6L / 5ftLsf 3fpx¿ lgsf]gePsf]n] j]xf]z e} pkrf/sf] qmddf d[To' ePsf]xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;jf{Ë :jf:Yo ;bgsf8f=gf/fo0f uf]ljGb cdfTosf] askq .

pk]Gb|sf] st{Joaf6 d[To' ePsf] eP cl3g} d[To' x'g' kb{Yof] eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf;fIfL pd]z dx{hgsf] askq .

;[hg jL/ s+;fsf/nfO{ pk]Gb| zfSon]P;L8 5s{]sf]n] d[To'' ePsf] xf] egL hfx]/jfnf;Dk"0f{ /Tg t'nfw/sf] askq .

d[tsnfO{ /fd|f] cj:yfdf gcfO{ l8:rfh{ul/Fb}g . l8:rfh{ ubf{ lghsf] cj:yf /fd|f] lyof]eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jL/ c:ktfnsf] 8f=s]zjbf; hf]zLsf] askq .

k | :t 't d '2 fdf d [tssf ] d [ To ' 'Hofg;DaGwLsf] * g++= df pNn]v ePcg';f/d[tsnfO{ k|ltjfbLn] s'g} cË efRg] l5Gg] u/Lxfg] s'6]sf] cj:yf / To;af6 3fO{t] eO{ ynfk/L lgsf] geO{ d[To' ePsf] cj:yf ljBdfg/x]sf] kfO{b}g . jL/ c:ktfnaf6 l8:rfh{ ePkl5P;L8af6 hn]/ v'lDrPsf] 5fnfx¿sf] ck/]zgu/L ldnfpg] qmddf lgh a]xf]z ul/Fbfsf] cj:yfdfldlt @)%(.!@.* df d[To' ePsf] k|df0fx¿af6k|dfl0ft ePsf]n] Hofg;DaGwLsf] * g+= sf] cj:yfk/L d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] gx'Fbf k|ltjfbLn] cleof]ubfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]sf7df8f}F+ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^).!!.@*sf] km};nf .

d[ts ;[hgnfO{ dfg{] p2]Zon] d[tssf]z/L/df t]hfa xfnL 8f]/Ln] 3fF6Ldf s;L dfg{vf]Hbf d[ts ToxFfaf6 efuL hfx]/jfnfsf] k;ndfk'uL ToxFfaf6 pkrf/sf] nflu jL/ c:ktfndfpkrf/ ;d]t eO;s]kl5 l8:rfh{ eO{k'''gMpkrf/sf] nflu ;jf{Ë :jf:Yo ;bgdf pkrf/ubf{ ub{} d[To' ePsf] k|i6 x'Fbf klg z'?n] ;kmfOlbPsf] ldn]g, cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd ;hfoul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbL g]kfn;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bgkq .

d[tsnfO{ cg'xf/df t]hfa 5\ofkL dfg{]of]hgf agfPsf] egL clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L

175175175175175

;dIf ;fljt eO{ aofg u/]sf] / P;L8 t]hfasf]hngsf] pkrf/ x'Fbfx'Fb}sf] cj:yfdf c:ktfndfd[To' ePsf] eGg] b]lvg cfPsf] l:yltdfk|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbg] 7x¥ofPsf] z'? sf7df8f}+lhNnf cbfntsf] O{G;fkm km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lvFbfk|ToyL{nfO{ 5nkmnsf] nflu ljkIfLnfO{ lemsfO{cfP kl5 jf Dofb gf3]kl5 k]z ug'{ eGg]k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] cfb]z .

Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !#-#_ g+= adf]lhdsf]cleof]u bfjL cfslif{t geO{ P]=sf] !$ g+= cfslif{tx'g] x'Fbf k|ltjfbL pk]Gb| zfSonfO{ d'n'sL P]gHofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] !$ g+= adf]lhd !) jif{s}b x'g] 7x5{ . cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO lbg]7x¥ofPsf] z'? sf7df8f}+ lhNNff cbfntsf] ldlt@)^).!!.@* sf] km};nf pN6L x'G5 eGg] ;d]tsf]k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] @)^$.#.#@ sf]km};nf .

k|ltjfbLn] cfˆgf] k|]ldsfsf] ljjfxd[ts;Fu x'g] lglZrt\ ePkl5 ;f]xL l/;OjLsfsf/0f d[tsnfO{ dfg{] p2]Zo lnO{ cfkm"n] n'sfO{/fv]sf] P;L8 d[tssf] z/L/df 5\ofk]sf] /To;kl5 s'6kL6 ;d]t u/]sf] tYodf ;xdteO{ aofg u/]sf 5g\ . jf/bft k|ltjfbLs} 3/sf]7fdf ePsf] / t]hfa h:tf] kbfYf{ ;lhnf] ;Fu;a}n] b]Vg 5'g ;lsg] 7fpFdf g/flvg] ePsf] t/d[tsnfO{ pQm t]hfaaf6} 3fO{t] agfO{ k6sk6sk|xf/ u/L s'6kL6 u/]sf]] tYo 3fO{t]sf] hfFr s]zkmf/fd , t]hfa a/fdb ePsf] a/fdbL d'r'Nsfaf6;d]t k'li6 eO{ k|ltjfbLsf] dfg{] dg;fo :ki6tMb]lvO/x]sf] cj:yfdf dfg{] dg;fo gePsf] egLcfTdut ¿kdf lnOPsf] cfwf/ :jLsf/ of]Uo5}g\ . k|ltjfbLn] n'sfO{ l5kfO{ /fv]sf] P;L8n]5\ofk]sf] tYodf ljjfb x'g] cj:yf 5}g . o:tf]cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u bfjL adf]lhd;hfo gu/L Hofg;DaGwLsf] !$ g+= adf]lhdsf]s:f"/ 7x/ u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf]

km};nf q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] pQm km};nf ;f] xb;Ddab/ u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf] jfbL g]kfn;/sf/sf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .

ldlt @)%(.!!.^ df ePsf ]jf/bftkZrft\ P]gsf] Dofb @! lbgleq d[To'geO{ @% cf}+ lbg ldlt @)%(.!!.#) df lgh;[hgjL/ s+zfsf/ jL/ c:ktfnaf6 l8:rfh{eO{ 3/ uPsf] / To;kl5 & lbg 3/df a;Lcf7f}+ lbgsf lbg ljxfg ;jf{Ë :jf:Yo ;bgdfcfˆgf] v'zLn] egf{ ePsf] ldl;n ;+nUgsfuhftx¿af6 b]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf SulfuricAcid sf] hngs} sf/0faf6 P]gsf] Dofbleq lghsf]d[To' ePsf] geO{ ck/]zgsf] qmddf d[To' ePsf]eGg] ;jf{Ë :jf:Yo ;bgsf] ldlt @)%(.!@.*sf ] Admission and summary / k |x/Ln ]cg';Gwfgsf qmddf ;f]w]sf k|Zgsf hjfkmdflbPsf] ldlt @)^).!.!& r=g+=@)# sf] kqaf6:ki6 ePsf] 5 eg] ;f] c:ktfnsf cWoIf8f=uf]ljGb cdfTon] sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntdfu/]sf] askqsf] ;jfn hjfkmaf6 ;d]t ;f]tYo k'li6 ePsf] 5 . cfˆgf] v'zLn] pkrf/u/fpFbf 8fS6/sf] nfk/jfxLn] d[To' eO{ d[To'sf]hfFrdf Cause of Death g} km/s kg{ uPsf]cj:yfdf eljtJo e} lgh ;[hg jL/ s+;fsf/sf]d[To' ePsf] ;+nUg ldl;ndf /x]sf] k|df0fn] k|ToIf¿kdf af]ln/x]sf] cj:yfdf d k'g/fj]bsk|ltjfbLnfO{ sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntaf6 ;kmfOlbg] u/L ePsf] z'? sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntsf]km};nf pN6L u/L d'n'sL P]g Hofg ;DaGwLdxnsf] !$ g+=adf]lhd s}b x'g] 7x¥ofO{ k'g/fj]bgcbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf tYo, sfg"g /l;4fGtsf cfwf/df q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ab/ u/L sf7df8f}FlhNnf cbfntsf] z'? km};nf ;b/ ul/kfpFmeGg] k|ltjfbLsf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgkq .



176176176176176

k|:t't d'2fdf b'j} kIfaf6 k'g/fj]bgk/]sf] b]lv+bf jfbLaf6 k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg ;DaGwdfk|ltjfbLnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fO{ / k|ltjfbLaf6 k/]sf]k 'g/fj]bg ;DaGwdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf ]sfof{nonfO{ hfgsf/L lbO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{eGg]]] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.!.^ sf] cfb]z .k|ltjfbLn] P;L8 kmfn]sf] tYo;Dd :yflkt ePsf]ePklg P;L8 kmfn]af6 ePsf] zf/Ll/s Ifltsf];Gbe{df bfjL geO{ ;f]xL jf/bftnfO{ st{AoHofgsf] jf/bftsf] ;+1f lbO{ k|:t't cleof]ukqbflvn ul/Psf] kfOG5 . t/ P;L8sf] sf/0f dg]{;[hgjL/sf] d[To' gePsf] / oL k|ltjfbLn] Hofgdfg]{ s;"/ u/]sf] k|dfl0ft x'g g;s]sf]n] lghnfO{bfjLcg';f/ jf Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !$ g+= cg';f/;hfo ug{ klg ldn]g . t;y{ Hofg ;DaGwLsf]!$g+= cg'';f/ k|ltjfbL pk]Gb| zfSonfO{ !) jif{s}b ;hfo ug{] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf]km};nf gldn]sf]n] pN6L eO{ k|ltjfbLn] ;kmfOkfpg] 7x5{ eGg] dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/cnL cG;f/Lsf] /fo .oL k|ltjfbLn] d[tssf] d'vdf t]hfa (Acid) kmfn]sf]tYo :yflkt ePsf] / d[tsnfO{ dg;fok"j{st]hfa (Acid) d'vdf xfn]sf] sf/0f ;f]xL 3fprf]6nfO{ pkrf/ ug]{ qmddf d[To' ePsf]36gfqmdx¿n] l;nl;n]jf/ ¿kdf k'li6 u/L/x]sf] x'Fbf k|ltjfbLn] tTsfn p7]sf] l/;sf]cfj]udf t]hfa -Acid_ d'vdf 5\ofk]sf] sf/0fn];f]xL rf]6sf] kL8faf6 d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] b]lvbfHofg ;DaGwL dxnsf]] !$ g+= adf]lhd !) jif{s}b x'g] 7x¥ofO{ ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf]km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] dfggLoGofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|]tLsf] /fo .lgodadf]lhd cfhsf] k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z x'gcfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] tkm{af6pkl:yt ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf zDe' yfkf tyfclwjQmfx¿ 1fg/Tg zfSo tyf jNne j:g]tn]

ldlt @)%(.!!.^ sf] jf/bftkZrft\ d[ts jL/c:ktfndf egf{ eO{ pkrf/ u/fO{ @)%(.!!.#)df jL/ c:ktfnaf6 l8:rfh{ ePsf] b]lvG5 .jL/ c:ktfnn] yk pkrf/sf] nflu cGoc:ktfndf l;kmfl/z u/]sf] cj:yf geO{ 8«]l;Ëug{ ;f]xL c:ktfndf cfpg] eg]sf] cj:yf 5 .t/ d[tssf] d[To' lghL c:ktfndf ck/]zgubf{ub{}sf] cj:yfdf ldlt @)%(.!@.* df ePsf]: kfOG5 . lghsf] d[To'sf] sf/0f klg P;L8geO{ km/s kg{ uPsf] cj:yf 5 ;f] s'/f ;DalGwt8fS6/x¿sf] askqaf6 klg k'li6 ePsf] 5 .o; l:yltdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo ug]{ u/]sf]k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x' Fbfk|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO lbg] u/]sf]dfggLo GofofwLz tflx/ cln cG;f/Lsf] /fo;b/ x'g'k5{ egL ax; ug'{eof] . csf{ k'g/fj]bsjfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tk{maf6 pkl:yt ljåfgpkGofoflwjQmf xl/k|;fb /]UdLn] k|ltjfbLn]d[tsnfO{ dfg{] p2]]Zo /fvL P;L8 xfnL s'¿kagfPsf] tYodf ljjfb 5}g . k|ltjfbLn] P;L8xfg]sf] sf/0faf6 kLl8t c:ktfndf pkrf/fy{egf{ ePsf] / k"0f{ :j:y x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdflghsf] d[To' ePsf]n] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf;b/ ug]{ u/]sf] dfggLo GofofwLz e/t/fhpk|]tLsf] /fo ;b/ x'g' k5{ egL jx; ug'{eof] .ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿sf] jx; ;'gLk'g/fj]bgkq;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L o;cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLztflx/ cnL cG;f/L tyf dfggLo GofofwLze/t/fh pk|]tLdWo] s;sf] /fo ;b/ x'g] xf] jfsfg"gadf]lhd s] x'g'kg]{ xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{olbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .

jfbLn] ;[hgjL/ s+;fsf/nfO{ pk]Gb|zfSon] ldlt @)%(.!!.^ ut] k"j{ l/;OjL lnO{cg'xf/df P;L8 vGofO{ s'¿k agfO{ pkrf/sf]l;nl;nfdf ck/]zg ug{sf nflu ;jf{Ë :jf:Yo

177177177177177

;bg nu]sf]df ck/]zg x'g gkfO{ ;f]xL rf]6kL8fsf] sf/0faf6 d[To' ePsf]n] sfg"gadf]lhdsf/jfxL ul/kfpFm eGg] hfx]/L b/vf:tsf] cfwf/dfcg';Gwfg x'Fbf k|ltjfbL pk]Gb| zfSon] d[tsnfO{Hofg dfg{] p2]Zon] P;L8 -t]hfa_ vGofPsf] /s'6kL6 ;d]t u/]sf]n] ;f]xL rf]6 kL8faf6 ynfk/L jL/ c:ktfn Pj+ ;jf{Ë :jf:Yo ;bgdfpkrf/sf] qmddf d[To' ePsf] x'Fbf Hofg ;DaGwLdxnsf] * g+=alv{nfk !#-#_ g+= sf] s;"/ u/]sf]b]lvPsf] egL ;f]xL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+= cg';f/;hfosf] dfu bfjL lnO{ cleof]u kq bfo/ePsf] b]lvG5 .

k|ltjfbL pk]Gb| zfSon] cfˆgf] k|]ldsfZj]tf t'nfw/sf] ljjfx ;[hgjL/;Fu x'g] ePkl5lghnfO{ ;DemfO{ a'emfO{ ubf{ jf:tf gu/]sf]n]of]hgf jgfO{ lghsf] cg'xf/df cfkm"n] P;L8vGofO{ s'6kL6 ;d]t u/]sf] t/ lgh tTsfngd/L jL/ c:ktfndf pkrf/ u/fO{ kl5 ;jf{Ë:jf:Yo ;bgdf pkrf/ u/fpFbf d[To' ePsf] egLcg';Gwfg clws[t ;dIf s;"/hGo s'/fdf ;flatePsf] t/ cbfntdf jofg ubf{ lgh d[ts;[hgjL/nfO{ cfkm"n] P;L8 5\ofkL s'6kL6 u/]sf]xf]Og . lghn] dnfO{ xfg]sf] P;L8 d}n] 5]Sbfd]/f] xftdf / jf]tnaf6 pl5l§P/ d[tsnfO{nfUg uPsf] xf] egL s;"/df OGsf/ /xL aofgu/]sf] 5 .

z'? lhNnf cbfntn] d[ts jL/c:ktfnaf6 l8:rfh{ ePkl5 P;L8af6 hn]/v'lDrPsf] 5fnfx¿sf] ck/]zg u/L ldnfpg]qmddf a]xf]; ul/Fbfsf] cj:yfdf d[To' ePsf]k|dfl0ft ePsf]n] Hofg ;DaGwLsf] * g+= sf]cj:yf k/L d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] gb]lvPsf] egLcleof]u bfjLaf6 lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbg]7x5{ egL km};nf u/] pk/ jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf]k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gn];f] km};nf pN6L u/L k|ltjfbL pk]Gb| zfSonfO{

d'n'sL P]g Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !$g+=adf]lhd!) jif{ s}b x'g] 7x/ u/]sf]df jfbL tyf k|ltjfbLb'j}sf] o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg k/L ;+o'QmOhnf;df k]z x'Fbf dfggLo GofofwLz tflx/cnL cG;f/Ln] k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbg] /foJoQm u/]sf] / dfggLo GofofwLz e/t/fh pk|]tLn]k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ ug]{ /fo JoQmu/L b'O{hgf dfggLo GofofwLzx¿sf] km/s km/s/fo sfod ePsf]n] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL,@)$( sf] lgod #-!_-s_ adf]lhd o; k"0f{Ohnf;df k]z x'g cfPsf] b]lvG5 .

@= k|:t't d'2fdf Zj]tf t'nfw/sf];[hgjL/ s+;fsf/;Fu ljjfx x'g] kSsf ePkl5Zj]tf;Fu k|]d ug]{ k|ltjfbL pk]Gb| zfSon] d[ts;[hgjL/ s+;fsf/nfO{ cfkm\gf] 3/ sf]7fdf af]nfO{ldlt @)%(.!!.^ ut]sf lbg lghsf] cg'xf/dft]hfa -Acid_ xfn]sf] / lghnfO{ s'6kL6 u/]sf]af6lghsf] d[To' ePsf] eGg] ;d]t cleof]u bfjL/x]sf] kfOG5 . ;f] jf/bftkZrft\ d[ts ;[hgjL/k|ltjfbLsf] 3/af6 efuL lg:s]kl5 pkrf/sf]nflu jL/ c:ktfndf egf{ ePsf] eGg] tYonfO{oL k|ltjfbLn] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf cg';Gwfgclwsf/L ;dIf tyf cbfntdf aofg ubf{ ;d]t:jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

#= ;fy} d[ts ;[hgjL/ g} pQm P;L8lnO{ cfPsf] / cfkm"pk/ kmfn]sf]df ;f] t]hfaaf6cfkm" aRg vf]Hbf cfˆgf] cg'xf/, hLpdf k/]sf]egL cbfntdf lgh k|ltjfbLn] aofg u/]sf]b]lvG5 . t/ k|ltjfbLsf] 3/df cfpFbf d[tsn] g}cfˆgf] ;fydf t]hfa -Acid) lnO{ cfPsf] lyof]eGg] s'/f ldl;n ;+nUg s'g} klg tYo / ;Da4k|df0fx¿ ;d]taf6 b]lvb}g . k|ltjfbLnfO{ dfg]{u/L d[tsn] g} t]hfa -Acid) Nofpg' kg]{ / ;f]sf]k|xf/ k|ltjfbLdfly ug'{kg]{;Ddsf] s'g} j:t'lgi7sf/0f klg ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0faf6 b]lvb}g . olbk|ltjfbLn] aofgdf pNn]v u/] h:tf] dg]{n] g}



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klxnf t]hfa k|ltjfbL dfly k|xf/ u/]sf] ePTo;nfO{ 5Ng] sfddf t]hfa h:tf] t/n kbfy{pN6f] ;f] kmfNg]sf] cg'xf/df kg]{ cj:yf / ;Defjgf/xFb}g . o;sf/0f d[tsn] kmfn]sf] t]hfaaf6 aRgvf]Hbf lghs} cg'xf/ / hLpdf ;f] t]hfa k/L lgh3fOt] ePsf] egL k|ltjfbLn] cbfnt;dIf u/]sf]aofg tYo;+ut Pj+ ljZjf;k|b b]lvg cfpFb}g .k|ltjfbLsf] aofg / ;Dk"0f{ 36gfqmdnfO{ ;dli6ut¿kn] ljrf/ ubf{ d[ts ;[hgjL/ k|ltjfbLsf]3/df cfPkl5 oL b'O{ hgfaLr jfb–ljjfb emu8fx'Fbf cfˆg} 3/df /x]sf] t]hfa -Acid) k|ltjfbLn]d[tssf] d'v, cg'xf/ dfly xfn]sf] eGg] tYots{;+ut Pj+ tYok/s /x]sf] b]lvFbf k|ltjfbLsf]cbfntdf ePsf] aofgdf ;Totf b]lvg cfPg .36gf:yn k|ltjfbLsf] jf;:yfg /x]sf] / lghn]k|]d ;DaGw :yflkt u/]sf] Zj]tf;Fu d[tssf] ljjfxx'g] lglZrt\ ePkl5 d[ts / k|ltjfbLaLr ;f];DaGwdf jfbljjfb ePsf] / ;f]xL sf/0f lghk|ltjfbLsf] 3/ sf]7fdf /x]sf] t]hfj -Acid_ lghn]d[tspk/ kmfn]sf] sf/0faf6 lgh d[ts 3fOt]ePsf] eGg] tYo ts{;+ut ¿kdf :yflkt ePsf]n]lgh k|ltjfbLsf] k|x/Lsf] jofg ;dly{t ePsf] 5 .

$= ca k|ltjfbLn] k|xf/ u/]sf] t]hfas}sf/0faf6 d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] xf] jf xf]Og eGg];Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{ d[ts dfly k|ltjfbLn]t]hfa -Acid) kmfn]sf] jf/bft @)%(.!!.^ df36]sf] / ;f]xL ldltdf lgh ;[hgjL/nfO{ jL/c:ktfndf egf{ ul/Psf] eGg] jL/ c:ktfnsf]egf{ / l8:rfh{sf] sfuhaf6 b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLjL/ c:ktfndf egf{ /xFbfs} cj:yfdf ldlt@)%(.!!.@^ df 36gfsf] ;DaGwdf lghsf] sfuhu/fOPsf] / pkrf/kl5 ldlt @)%(.!!.#) dflghnfO{ ;f] c:ktfnaf6 l8:rfh{ ul/Psf]b]lvG5 . l8:rfh{ ubf{ lghsf] cj:yf d/0ff;Gg/x]sf] jf egf{ x'Fbfsf] cj:yf eGbf lau|]kl5Onfh ug}{ g;lsg] cj:yfdf l8:rfh{ ul/Psf]

eGg] cj:yf geO{ jL/ c:ktfnaf6 @)%(.!!.#)df l8:rfh{ x'Fbf lghsf] cj:yfdf kof{Kt ;'wf/ePsf] / 8«]l;+u u/fpg c:ktfn cfO/xg egLlgb]{zg;lxt k7fOPsf] b]lvG5 . jL/ c:ktfnaf6l8:rfh{ ePsf] gjf}+ lbg cs}{ c:ktfn, ;jf{Ë:jf:Yo ;bgdf lghnfO{ egf{ ul/Psf] / ;f]xLc:ktfndf P;L8af6 hn]sf] 5fnf ldnfpgsfnflu ck/]zg ug]{ qmddf kLl8tsf] d[To' ePsf]eGg] tYodf ljjfb b]lvFb}g .

%= o;/L d[ts ;[hgjL/ s+;fsf/pk/k|ltjfbLn] t]hfa xfn]sf] / t]hfa -Acid) xfn]sf]sf/0faf6 3fOt] eO{ lghsf] cg'xf/ s'¿k ePsf]eGg];Dd b]lvG5 . jL/ c:ktfndf pkrf/kZrft\ToxfFaf6 l8:rfh{ ePkl5 csf]{ c:ktfndfpkrf/fy{ ck/]zg u/fpFbf ldlt @)%(.!@.*df lghsf] d[To' ePsf] / d[To'sf] sf/0fPULMONARY OEDEMA ePsf] eGg] zj k/LIf0fk|ltj]bg -Post Mortem Report) af6 b]lvG5 .zj k/LIf0f ug{] ljz]if1 8f= xl/x/ j:tL /8f=uf]ljGb gf/fo0fn] cbfntdf jskq ubf{"d[tssf] d[To' d'6'sf] rfnsf] u8j8L / d[tsdf/flvPsf] e]lG6n]6/n] :jfF; gnLdf ;'hg ePsf]sf/0f ePsf] x'g'kb{5Æ "t]hfasf] hngaf6 d'6'sf]rfnsf] u8j8L t]hfaaf6 rf]6 kg{] lalQs} x'g;Sg], lgsf] e};s]sf] t]hfasf] vtaf6 d'6'sf]rfndf u8j8L gx'g], d[To'sf] sf/0f ck/]zgsf]qmddf k|of]u ePsf] ljleGg cf}iflwsf] Side Effectjf Toxic Effect af6 ePsf] x'g'kb{5Æ egL cfˆgf]askqdf pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .

^= To:t} lrlsT;f lj1fg /fli6«o k|lti7fg-jL/ c:ktfn_ af6 u7g ePsf] 8fS6/x¿sf]af]8{n] d[To'sf] ;Defljt sf/0fdf "ck/]zg ug'{eGbf cufl8 k|of]u ul/g] Pg]:y]l;ofdf u8a8Ln]x'g ;Sg]Æ atfPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L lkl8t tyfd[ts ;[hgjL/ pkrf/kZrft\ jL/ c:ktfnaf6l8:rfh{ x'g' / lgh ;[hgjL/sf] ;jf{Ë :jf:Yo

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;bgdf ck/]zg x'g' aLr s'g} cGt/;DaGw/x]sf] b]lvFb}g . jL/ c:ktfndf pkrf/ u/fO{lj/fdLsf] xfntdf ;'wf/ eO{ lgsf] ePkl5l8:rfh{ ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . ;jf{Ë :jf:Yo ;bgdfs'¿k cg'xf/sf] 5fnf ldnfpgsf nflu ul/Psf]ck/]zgl;t ;DalGwt Pg]:y]l;of ;d]tsf]cf}iflwx¿sf sf/0f d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] eGg]b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf To;nfO{ Ps dlxgf cufl8P;L8 kmfn]sf] jf/bft;Fu hf]8L ;f]xL hl/ofaf6;[hgjL/sf] d[To' ePsf] eGg] lg:sif{df k'Ug ;lsg]s'g} lrlsT;sLo / sfg"gL cfwf/ b]lvg cfpFb}g .

&= oL k|ltjfbLpk/ Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf]* g+= sf] cleof]u bfjL lnPsf] 5 . t/Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] * g+= sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfx]bf{ eljtJo 7xg]{ afx]s s'g} cË efFRg] l5Gg]u/L xfg] s'6]df Tof] ynf k/L lgsf] geP hlt;'s};dokl5 d/] klg Hofgdf/fsf] aft nfU5 eGg]Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] sfg"gLJoj:yfadf]lhd d[tssf] cË efFRg] l5Gg] u/Lk|ltjfbLn] xfg] s'6]sf] cj:yf 5}g . o;} u/LHofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] ( g+= df Hofg} dfg{sfnflu s'g} cË efFRg] l5Gg] u/L xfg] s'6]df afx]sdf/f}+ egL u}x| dg]{ s'/f ubf{ p;} avt Hofggd/L ToxLF df/f}+ egL u/]sf rf]6 kL/n] p7\gg;sL ynfk/L PSsfO; lbgleq, c? ;f:tL;f;gf hf]/ h'n'd u/]df tLg lbgleq / ljif u}x|v'jfPdf ;ft lbgleq d¥of] eg] Hofgdf/f 7x5{eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . plNnlvtsfg"gL Joj:yfsf] k[i7e"lddf x]bf{ k|ltjfbLn]d[tsnfO{ s'g} cË efFRg] l5Gg] u/L xfg]sf] s'6]sf]geO{ ;f] jfx]s t]hfa kmfnL 3fOt] jgfPsf]b]lvP klg lgh k|ltjfbLn] xfn]sf] t]hfasf] rf]6kL/n] p7\g g;sL ynf k/L d[tssf] d[To' ePsf]cj:yf b]lvFb}g . lgh jL/ c:ktfndf pkrf/u/fO{ lgsf] eO l8:rfh{ eO{ 3/ uPsf] b]lvPsf]n]lgh ynf k/]sf] b]lvFb}g . To:t} sfg"gdf pNn]v

ePadf]lhd jf/bft ePsf] PSsfO; lbgleqd[tssf] d[To' ePsf] klg gb]lvPsf], k|ltjfbLn]xfn]sf] t]hfasf] sf/0f d[ts ynf k/L lgsf]geP/ d[To' ePsf] eGg] klg gb]lvPsf] / lghpkrf/ u/fP/ c:ktfnaf6 l8:rfh{ ePsf] ;d]tcj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ k|ltjfbLn] xfn]sf]t]hfasf] hl/ofaf6} d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] cj:yfklg b]lvg cfPg .

*= o;sf cltl/Qm t]hfasf] k|efjaf6lghsf] cg'xf/df ljleGg bfu eO{ s'¿k;DdePsf] b]lvPsf] / ;jf{Ë :jf:Yo ;bgdf;[hgjL/sf]] ;f]xL s'¿ktfnfO{ 7Ls kfg]{ p2]Zon]ck/]zg u/] u/fPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL ck/]zgsf]qmddf ePsf] d[To'sf] ;DaGw d[To' x'g' eGbf Psdlxgf cufj} P;L8 kmflnPsf] 36gf;Fu hf]8]/k|ltjfbLnfO{ bf]ifL / d[To'sf] sf/s agfpg'cf}lrTok"0f{, ts{;+ut, sfg"g;Ddt / Gofok"0f{x'g] b]lvb}g . ;du| kl/l:ylt Pj+ 36gfqmdsf]ljZn]if0f tyf ;Dk"0f{ k|df0fx¿sf] d"NofÍg ubf{dg]{ ;[hgjL/ s+;fsf/ pk/ oL k|ltjfbLn] Hofglng] dg;fon] geO{ cfˆgf] k|]ldsf;Fu ljjfxsf]k|;+u rn]sf] sf/0faf6 på]lnt eO{ zf/Ll/sIflt k'¥ofpg] / s'¿k agfpg] lgotn] P;L8;Ddkmfn]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 .

(= o; l:yltdf d[tspk/ P;L8 kmfn]sf]36gf 36]sf] Ps dlxgfkl5 / jL/ c:ktfnaf6pkrf/ u/fO l8:rfh{ ePsf] cf7 lbgkl5 P;L8k|xf/af6 hnL lau|]sf] cg'xf/sf] 5fnf ldnfpg]qmddf ck/]zg ubf{ ub}{sf] cj:yfdf ePsf]d[tssf] d[To'nfO{ oL k|ltjfbLn] dg;fok"j{sHofg df/]sf] eGg] cy{ nufO{ Hofg;DaGwLdxnsf] ( g+= df tf]lsPsf] @! lbg JotLtePkl5 d[To' ePsf] cj:yf / / l:yltdf ;f]xLP;L8 kmfn]sf] jf/bftsf] lg/Gt/tfdf d[To' ePsf]5 eGg] cy{ u/L Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !#-#_ cg';f/sf]cleof]u bfjL k|dfl0ft x'g cfpFb}g .



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!)= csf]{tkm{ ldlt @)%(.!!.^ df P;L8kmfn]sf] jf/bftsf ;DaGwdf ldlt @)%(.!!.*df oL k|ltjfbL pk/ Hofg dfg]{ pBf]udf hfx]/Lb/vf:t k/]sf]df ;f]sf] Ps dlxgfkl5 ;[hgjL/s+;fsf/sf] ldlt @)%(.!@.* df d[To' ePkZrft\;f]xL ldltdf oL k|ltjfbLpk/ st{Jo Hofgtk{mhfx]/L b/vf:t k/]sf] b]lvG5 . P;L8 kmfn]sf]sf/0faf6 ePsf] zf/Ll/s Iflttkm{ geO{ ;f]xLjf/bftnfO{ st{Ao Hofgsf] jf/bftsf] ;+1f lbO{k|:t't cleof]ukq bfo/ ePsf] kfOG5 . t/P;L8sf] k|efj jf sf/0faf6 ;[hgjL/sf] d[To'ePsf] geO{ ck/]zgsf] qmddf k|of]u ePsf]"ljleGg cf}iflwsf] Side Effect jf Toxic Effecttyf e]lG6n]6/n] :jfF; gnLdf ;'hg ePsf]sf/0f ;d]taf6 d[To' ePsf]Æ eGg] ljz]if1lrlsT;sx¿sf] k|ltj]bg / cbfntdf ePsf]askq ;d]taf6 b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf oLk|ltjfbLnfO{ Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !$ g+= cg';f/;hfo ug{ ldNg] cj:yf klg b]lvPg .

!!= Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !$ g+= cg';f/Hofg dfg]{ lgot gePsf], tTsfn p7]sf] l/;yfDg g;sL hf]lvdL xltof/ afx]s ;fwf/0fnf7f, 9'Ëf, nft, d'Ssf OToflbn] xfGbf d[To'ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f] !$ g+= sf] s;"/ :yflktx'g ;S5 . t/ k|:t't jf/bftdf To:tf] ePsf]geO{ k|ltjfbLn] ;fwf/0f nf7L, 9'Ëf, nft d'Ssfsf]k|xf/ gu/L P;L8 cg'xf/df kmfn]sf] / lgh jL/c:ktfndf pkrf/ u/L lgsf] eO{ l8:rfh{e};s]sf]df kl5 cg'xf/sf] hn]sf] efu k"j{ ¿kdfNofpg] k|of;:j¿k ck/]zg ubf{ d[tssf] P]gn]tf]s]sf] ;dofjlw @! lbg kl5 d[To' ePsf]b]lvG5 . Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !$ g+=cg'xf/df P;L8kmfn]sf] / ;f]sf] pkrf/ u/fO{ lgsf] eO{c:ktfnaf6 l8:rfh{ e};s]sf] cj:yfdf cGopkrf/ u/fpg ck/]zg ubf{ d/]df nfUg] sfg"gLJoj:yf xf]Og . Hofg;DaGwLsf] (, !), !! /

!@ g+= ;d]tsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf x]bf{ s'g} k|sf/af6s'6kL6 u/]sf]df @! lbgleq ;f]xL rf]6sf] sf/0fynf k/L d/]df dfq Hofgdf/fsf] jft nfUg]x'G5 . pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ s'6kL6sf]36gfaf6 ynf k/]sf] gePdf jf P]gn] tf]s]sf]@! lbg kl5 d/]sf] cj:yfdf Hofg ;DaGwLdxn cGtu{t Hofg df/]sf] egL ;hfo ug{sfg"gcg's"n x'Fb}g .

!@= t;y{, ljj]lrt cfwf/ sf/0faf6z'? sf7df8f}F+ lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf pN6Lu/L Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] !$ g+= cg'';f/k|ltjfbL pk]Gb| zfSonfO{ !) jif{ s}b ;hfo ug{]u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf ldn]sf]gb]lvPsf] egL pN6L u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]ubfjLaf6 ;kmfO lbg] u/]sf] dfggLo GofofwLztflx/ cnL cG;f/Lsf] /fo ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ .c?df tk;Lnadf]lhd ug"{ .

tk;Lndfly OG;fkm v08df pNn]v ePadf]lhd

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf pN6L u/Lk|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO lbg] u/]sf] dfggLo GofofwLztflx/ cnL cG;f/Lsf] /fo ;b/ x'g] 7x/]sf]n]k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfsf] tk;Ln v08sf]b]xfo ! g+= df plNnlvt nut s§f ug'{ egL z'?sf7df8f}F+ lhNnf cbfntdf n]vL k7fO{ lbg" === !bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/u/L a'emfO{ lbg" ====!

pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f}+ .

Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofoGof=sdngf/fo0f bf;

Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn ebf} @! ut] /f]h % z'edOhnf; clws[tM s[i0fd'/f/L lzjfsf]6L

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lg0f{o g+=*(%^ lg0f{o g+=*(%^ lg0f{o g+=*(%^ lg0f{o g+=*(%^ lg0f{o g+=*(%^

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]È Ohnf;dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0F >]i7

dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rGb| nfndfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{

l/6 g+= )^&–WS–))^@cfb]z ldltM @)^(.&.!^.%

ljÈoM– pTk|]if0f, k/dfb]z;d]t .

lgj]bsM dlxnf, sfg"g tyf ljsf; d~r /cfkm\g} tkm{af6 ;d]t lh=sf7df8f}+sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+=!! a:g] clwjQmf dL/f9'+ufgf ;d]t

lj?4ljkÔLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/Èb\sf] sfof{no

;d]t

§ a9'jf ;ldltsf ] lg0F {opk/ lrQa9'jf ;ldltsf ] lg0F {opk/ lrQa9'jf ;ldltsf ] lg0F {opk/ lrQa9'jf ;ldltsf ] lg0F {opk/ lrQa9'jf ;ldltsf ] lg0F {opk/ lrQgj'´fpg] lghfdtL ;]jf Pj+ g]kfngj'´fpg] lghfdtL ;]jf Pj+ g]kfngj'´fpg] lghfdtL ;]jf Pj+ g]kfngj'´fpg] lghfdtL ;]jf Pj+ g]kfngj'´fpg] lghfdtL ;]jf Pj+ g]kfn6 ] lnlehg ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Ln ]6 ] lnlehg ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Ln ]6 ] lnlehg ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Ln ]6 ] lnlehg ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Ln ]6 ] lnlehg ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Ln ]ph"/L ug]{ / ;f] ph"/L em"7f 7xl/Pdfph"/L ug]{ / ;f] ph"/L em"7f 7xl/Pdfph"/L ug]{ / ;f] ph"/L em"7f 7xl/Pdfph"/L ug]{ / ;f] ph"/L em"7f 7xl/Pdfph"/L ug]{ / ;f] ph"/L em"7f 7xl/Pdfph"/Lstf{sf] cÍ s6[f ug]{ ;DaGwdfph"/Lstf{sf] cÍ s6[f ug]{ ;DaGwdfph"/Lstf{sf] cÍ s6[f ug]{ ;DaGwdfph"/Lstf{sf] cÍ s6[f ug]{ ;DaGwdfph"/Lstf{sf] cÍ s6[f ug]{ ;DaGwdf;a } k |sf/sf jf ;a } txsf;a } k |sf/sf jf ;a } txsf;a } k |sf/sf jf ;a } txsf;a } k |sf/sf jf ;a } txsf;a } k |sf/sf jf ;a } txsfsd{rf/LnfO{ ;dfg ¿kn] nfu" x'g]sd{rf/LnfO{ ;dfg ¿kn] nfu" x'g]sd{rf/LnfO{ ;dfg ¿kn] nfu" x'g]sd{rf/LnfO{ ;dfg ¿kn] nfu" x'g]sd{rf/LnfO{ ;dfg ¿kn] nfu" x'g]u/L Joj:yf ul/Psf ] sfg "gLu/L Joj:yf ul/Psf ] sfg "gLu/L Joj:yf ul/Psf ] sfg "gLu/L Joj:yf ul/Psf ] sfg "gLu/L Joj:yf ul/Psf ] sfg "gLk|fjwfgnfO{ k]zf /f]huf/ ug]{ xsk|fjwfgnfO{ k]zf /f]huf/ ug]{ xsk|fjwfgnfO{ k]zf /f]huf/ ug]{ xsk|fjwfgnfO{ k]zf /f]huf/ ug]{ xsk|fjwfgnfO{ k]zf /f]huf/ ug]{ xsjf ;dfgtfsf] xssf] ljk/Lt eGg'jf ;dfgtfsf] xssf] ljk/Lt eGg'jf ;dfgtfsf] xssf] ljk/Lt eGg'jf ;dfgtfsf] xssf] ljk/Lt eGg'jf ;dfgtfsf] xssf] ljk/Lt eGg'ts{;Ddt x'g g;Sg] .ts{;Ddt x'g g;Sg] .ts{;Ddt x'g g;Sg] .ts{;Ddt x'g g;Sg] .ts{;Ddt x'g g;Sg] .

§ a9'jfdf lrQ ga'‰g] sd{rf/Ln]a9'jfdf lrQ ga'‰g] sd{rf/Ln]a9'jfdf lrQ ga'‰g] sd{rf/Ln]a9'jfdf lrQ ga'‰g] sd{rf/Ln]a9'jfdf lrQ ga'‰g] sd{rf/Ln]a9'jfsf] lg0F{odf lrQ gj'́ fO{ ph"/La9'jfsf] lg0F{odf lrQ gj'́ fO{ ph"/La9'jfsf] lg0F{odf lrQ gj'́ fO{ ph"/La9'jfsf] lg0F{odf lrQ gj'́ fO{ ph"/La9'jfsf] lg0F{odf lrQ gj'́ fO{ ph"/Lu/]sf] dfq sf/0Fn] ;f] kZrft\sf]u/]sf] dfq sf/0Fn] ;f] kZrft\sf]u/]sf] dfq sf/0Fn] ;f] kZrft\sf]u/]sf] dfq sf/0Fn] ;f] kZrft\sf]u/]sf] dfq sf/0Fn] ;f] kZrft\sf]a9'jf lg0F {odf p;sf] cÍ :jtMa9'jf lg0F {odf p;sf] cÍ :jtMa9'jf lg0F {odf p;sf] cÍ :jtMa9'jf lg0F {odf p;sf] cÍ :jtMa9'jf lg0F {odf p;sf] cÍ :jtMsfl6g] eGg] klg b]lv"b}g . a9'jfpk/sfl6g] eGg] klg b]lv"b}g . a9'jfpk/sfl6g] eGg] klg b]lv"b}g . a9'jfpk/sfl6g] eGg] klg b]lv"b}g . a9'jfpk/sfl6g] eGg] klg b]lv"b}g . a9'jfpk/

ph"/L lb+bf cfwf/, sf/0F / tYodfph"/L lb+bf cfwf/, sf/0F / tYodfph"/L lb+bf cfwf/, sf/0F / tYodfph"/L lb+bf cfwf/, sf/0F / tYodfph"/L lb+bf cfwf/, sf/0F / tYodfcfwfl/t eO{ ;f] ph"/L ljZj;gLocfwfl/t eO{ ;f] ph"/L ljZj;gLocfwfl/t eO{ ;f] ph"/L ljZj;gLocfwfl/t eO{ ;f] ph"/L ljZj;gLocfwfl/t eO{ ;f] ph"/L ljZj;gLob]vfpg' kg]{ .b]vfpg' kg]{ .b]vfpg' kg]{ .b]vfpg' kg]{ .b]vfpg' kg]{ .

§ ljgfcfwf/ jf sf/0F xr'jfsf] e/dfljgfcfwf/ jf sf/0F xr'jfsf] e/dfljgfcfwf/ jf sf/0F xr'jfsf] e/dfljgfcfwf/ jf sf/0F xr'jfsf] e/dfljgfcfwf/ jf sf/0F xr'jfsf] e/dfc?nfO{ cgfjZos b'Mv jf x}/fgLc?nfO{ cgfjZos b'Mv jf x}/fgLc?nfO{ cgfjZos b'Mv jf x}/fgLc?nfO{ cgfjZos b'Mv jf x}/fgLc?nfO{ cgfjZos b'Mv jf x}/fgLlbg ] jf a9 'j fsf ] k | lq mofnfO {lbg ] jf a9 'j fsf ] k | lq mofnfO {lbg ] jf a9 'j fsf ] k | lq mofnfO {lbg ] jf a9 'j fsf ] k | lq mofnfO {lbg ] jf a9 'j fsf ] k | lq mofnfO {cgfjZos ph"/L lbO{ nDjfO{ /fVg]cgfjZos ph"/L lbO{ nDjfO{ /fVg]cgfjZos ph"/L lbO{ nDjfO{ /fVg]cgfjZos ph"/L lbO{ nDjfO{ /fVg]cgfjZos ph"/L lbO{ nDjfO{ /fVg]k|of]hgn] dfq ph"/L gk/f];\ eGg]k|of]hgn] dfq ph"/L gk/f];\ eGg]k|of]hgn] dfq ph"/L gk/f];\ eGg]k|of]hgn] dfq ph"/L gk/f];\ eGg]k|of]hgn] dfq ph"/L gk/f];\ eGg]p2]Zon] dfq em"7f ph"/L lbPsf]p2]Zon] dfq em"7f ph"/L lbPsf]p2]Zon] dfq em"7f ph"/L lbPsf]p2]Zon] dfq em"7f ph"/L lbPsf]p2]Zon] dfq em"7f ph"/L lbPsf]7xl/Pdf cÍ sfl6g]5 egL ul/Psf]7xl/Pdf cÍ sfl6g]5 egL ul/Psf]7xl/Pdf cÍ sfl6g]5 egL ul/Psf]7xl/Pdf cÍ sfl6g]5 egL ul/Psf]7xl/Pdf cÍ sfl6g]5 egL ul/Psf]sfg"gL k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgåf/fsfg"gL k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgåf/fsfg"gL k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgåf/fsfg"gL k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgåf/fsfg"gL k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgåf/fk|bQ k]zf jf /f]huf/Lsf] :jtGqtfk|bQ k]zf jf /f]huf/Lsf] :jtGqtfk|bQ k]zf jf /

cjnlDat ghL/M lg0f{o g+=*(%@ - Supreme Court of Nepalg]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)&), h]7 154 sDkfp08...

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Transcript of cjnlDat ghL/M lg0f{o g+=*(%@ - Supreme Court of Nepalg]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)&), h]7 154 sDkfp08...