“Civilization arranged in chronological strata”: A digital approach to the English semantic...

“Civilization arranged in chronological strata”:A digital approach to theEnglish semantic space

Marc Alexander and Wendy AndersonUniversity of Glasgow

@marcgalexander @wendyanderson8

Digital Humanities 2014, 10 July 2014

01 The world01.01 The earth01.01.01 Region of the earth01.01.02 Geodetic references01.01.03 Direction01.01.04 Land01.01.05 Water01.01.06 Named regions of earth01.01.07 Structure of the earth01.01.08 Minerals01.01.09 Earth science01.01.10 The universe01.01.11 Atmosphere, weather

01.02 Life01.02.00.01 Source/principle of life01.02.00.02 Continuance/tenacity of life01.02.00.03 Giving of life01.02.00.04 Resurrection/revival01.02.00.05 Birth01.02.00.06 Rebirth/regeneration01.02.00.07 Age01.02.00.08 Sex01.02.00.09 Absence of life/consciousness01.02.01 Health and disease01.02.02 Death01.02.03 Biology01.02.04 Plants01.02.05 The body01.02.06 Animals01.02.07 People01.02.08 Food and drink01.02.09 Textiles01.02.10 Clothing01.02.11 Cleanness

01.03 Physical sensibility01.03.00.01 Ability to be perceived by senses01.03.00.02 Acuteness of physical senses01.03.00.03 Aberrant sensory perception01.03.00.04 Physical insensibility01.03.00.05 Sensuous pleasure01.03.00.06 Moderation in sensuous gratification01.03.00.07 Asceticism01.03.01 Sleeping and waking01.03.02 Sexual relations01.03.03 Use of drugs, poison01.03.04 Touch01.03.05 Taste/flavour01.03.06 Smell/odour01.03.07 Sight01.03.08 Hearing/noise

01.04 Matter01.04.01 Alchemy01.04.02 Chemistry01.04.03 Properties of materials01.04.04 Constitution of matter01.04.05 Liquid01.04.06 Gas01.04.07 Physics01.04.08 Light01.04.09 Colour01.04.10 Condition of matter

01.05 Existence in time and space01.05.01 Existence01.05.02 Creation01.05.03 Causation01.05.04 Occurrence01.05.05 Action/operation01.05.06 Time01.05.07 Space01.05.08 Movement

01.06 Relative Properties01.06.01 Relationship01.06.02 Kind/sort01.06.03 Order01.06.04 Number01.06.05 Measurement01.06.06 Quantity/amount01.06.07 Wholeness

01.07 The supernatural01.07.01 The paranormal01.07.02 The occult01.07.03 Supernatural being/spirit01.07.04 Deity

02.01 Mental capacity02.01.01 Spirituality02.01.02 Intellect02.01.03 Consciousness02.01.04 Disposition/character02.01.05 The psyche02.01.06 Thought02.01.07 Perception/cognition02.01.08 Understanding02.01.09 Lack of understanding02.01.10 Intelligibility02.01.11 Memory02.01.12 Knowledge02.01.13 Belief02.01.14 Expectation02.01.15 Attention, judgement02.01.16 Importance02.01.17 Esteem/regard02.01.18 Contempt

02.02 Emotion02.02.01 Seat of the emotions02.02.02 Emotional perception02.02.03 Quality of affecting emotions02.02.04 Effect produced on emotions02.02.05 Emotional attitude 02.02.06 State of feeling/mood02.02.07 Manifestation of emotion02.02.08 Capacity for emotion02.02.09 Sentimentality02.02.10 Absence of emotion02.02.11 Types of emotion02.02.12 Intense/deep emotion02.02.13 Sincere/earnest emotion02.02.14 Zeal/earnest enthusiasm02.02.15 Strong feeling/passion02.02.16 Violent emotion02.02.17 Excitement02.02.18 Composure/calmness02.02.19 Pleasure/enjoyment02.02.20 Mental pain/suffering02.02.21 Anger02.02.22 Love02.02.23 Hatred/enmity02.02.24 Indifference02.02.25 Pity/compassion02.02.26 Jealousy/envy02.02.27 Gratitude02.02.28 Pride02.02.29 Humility02.02.30 Fear02.02.31 Courage

02.03 Philosophy02.03.01 Philosopher02.03.02 Ancient Greek philosophy02.03.03 Scholasticism02.03.04 Philosophy of history02.03.05 Metaphysics02.03.06 Epistemology02.03.07 Idealism02.03.08 Subjective idealism/subjectivism02.03.09 Philosophy of reflection of self02.03.10 Absolute idealism

02.03.11 Philosophy of mind-body interrelation02.03.12 Rationalism02.03.13 Scepticism02.03.14 Materialism02.03.15 Naturalism02.03.16 Pantheism02.03.17 German romanticism02.03.18 Aesthetics02.03.19 Philosophy of will02.03.20 Existentialism02.03.21 Philosophy of optimism02.03.22 Philosophy of pessimism02.03.23 Moral philosophy02.03.24 Pragmatism02.03.25 Theoretical scientific philosophy02.03.26 Empiricism02.03.27 Logic02.03.28 Philosophy of Language02.03.29 Mathematical philosophy

02.04 Aesthetics02.04.01 Aesthetic appreciation/good taste02.04.02 Lack of taste/bad taste02.04.03 Fashionableness02.04.04 Unfashionableness02.04.05 Beauty02.04.06 Attractiveness02.04.07 Beautification02.04.08 Lack of beauty

02.05 Will/faculty of will02.05.01 Free will02.05.02 Necessity02.05.03 Will/wish/inclination02.05.04 Intention 02.05.05 Resolving/making a decision02.05.06 Motivation

02.06 Refusal/denial

02.07 Having/possession02.07.01 Owning02.07.02 Possessor02.07.03 Possessions/property02.07.04 Non-possession/not having02.07.05 Wealth02.07.06 Poverty02.07.07 Sharing02.07.08 Obtaining/acquiring02.07.09 Loss02.07.10 Retaining/keeping02.07.11 Relinquishment02.07.12 Giving02.07.13 Taking02.07.14 Provision/supply

02.08 Language02.08.01 A language02.08.02 Languages of the world02.08.03 Speech/act of speaking02.08.04 Study of language02.08.05 Naming02.08.06 Statement02.08.07 Malediction/curse

03.01 Society/the community03.01.01 Kinship/relationship03.01.02 Study of society03.01.03 Society in relation to customs/values/beliefs03.01.04 Social communication/relations03.01.05 Social attitudes03.01.06 Social class/rank03.01.07 Dissension/discord

03.02 Inhabiting/dwelling03.02.01 Inhabiting type of place03.02.02 Inhabiting/dwelling temporarily03.02.03 Providing with dwelling place03.02.04 Removing from dwelling place03.02.05 Furnishing with inhabitants03.02.06 Inhabitant/resident03.02.07 Inhabited place

03.03 Armed hostility03.03.01 War03.03.02 Armed encounter03.03.03 Victory in arms03.03.04 Defeat03.03.05 Attack/assault03.03.06 Defence03.03.07 Military operation(s)03.03.08 Drill/training03.03.09 Military administration & organization03.03.10 Military life/service03.03.11 Military force/power03.03.12 Military forces03.03.13 Band of warriors/armed men03.03.14 Person/nation/party waging war03.03.15 Fighting man/warrior03.03.16 Military equipment03.03.17 Hostilities at sea03.03.18 Hostilities in the air03.03.19 Peace/absence of war

03.04 Authority03.04.01 Power03.04.02 Command 03.04.03 Control03.04.04 Strictness03.04.05 Lack of strictness03.04.06 Rule/government03.04.07 Office03.04.08 Exercise of authority03.04.09 Fact of being subject to authority03.04.10 Lack of subjection/submission03.04.11 Lack of power/authority03.04.12 Punishment03.04.13 Law

03.05 Morality03.05.01 Duty/obligation03.05.02 Dueness/propriety03.05.03 Rightness/justice03.05.04 Virtue03.05.05 Moral evil

03.06 Education03.06.01 Upbringing03.06.02 Teaching03.06.03 Learning03.06.04 Member of university03.06.05 Educational administration03.06.06 Place of education03.06.07 Theories of education

03.07 Faith03.07.00.01 Creed03.07.00.02 Doctrine03.07.00.03 Tradition03.07.00.04 Communion03.07.00.05 Religion03.07.00.06 Theism03.07.00.07 Belief in Devil/devils/demons03.07.00.08 Orthodoxy03.07.00.09 Heterodoxy03.07.00.10 Free-thought03.07.00.11 Superstition03.07.00.12 Heresy

03.07.00.13 Conformity03.07.00.14 Non-conformity03.07.00.15 Apostasy03.07.00.16 Sectarianism03.07.00.17 Catholicity03.07.00.18 Bible, scripture03.07.00.19 Patristics03.07.00.20 Law03.07.00.21 Theology03.07.00.22 Holiness03.07.00.23 Piety03.07.00.24 Spirituality03.07.01 Sect03.07.02 Church government03.07.03 Worship03.07.04 Artefacts

03.08 Communication03.08.01 Expression03.08.02 Manifestation03.08.03 Representation03.08.04 Indication03.08.05 Information03.08.06 Record03.08.07 Writing03.08.08 Printing03.08.09 Reading03.08.10 Book03.08.11 Journalism03.08.12 Broadcasting03.08.13 Correspondence03.08.14 Telecommunication

03.09 Travel/travelling03.09.00.01 A journey03.09.00.02 Traveller03.09.00.03 Condition of not travelling03.09.00.04 Travel in specific course/direction03.09.00.05 Travel from place to place03.09.00.06 Departure/leaving/going away03.09.00.07 Arrival03.09.00.08 Return03.09.00.09 Guidance in travel03.09.00.10 Authorization to travel to/from/in a country03.09.00.11 Going on foot03.09.01 Transport03.09.02 Means of travel/transport03.09.03 Travel by railway03.09.04 Navigation03.09.05 Air/space travel

03.10 Occupation/work03.10.01 Work03.10.02 A position/situation/office03.10.03 Function/duty03.10.04 Following an occupation03.10.05 Business/transactions03.10.06 Industry03.10.07 Study/science of work03.10.08 Condition of not working03.10.09 Worker03.10.10 Workplace03.10.11 Equipment for work03.10.12 Materials03.10.13 Trade and commerce

03.11 Leisure03.11.01 Amusement/entertainment03.11.02 Social event03.11.03 The Arts/Art03.11.04 Sport 03.11.05 Dance

The Historical Thesaurus

of the OED is unique

—the largest thesaurus

in the world and the first

historical thesaurus to be

created in any language.

Based on the Oxford

English Dictionary, it

contains every word in

English from Old English

to the present, allowing

users to explore words

connected in meaning

throughout the history

of the language.

Professor Christian J Kay, MA, AM, DipGenLing

Illaor sectem exero deliquat. Min ulput nonsequ amconse quiscidunt ing etum zzrit lore erosto odo commy num ex eraessit nim dionulla facinci blaorem nos nostisc illaorperate tionse tat. Duipis nonsequat lore ea consequis atueros enim dunt nostiscing er at, conse conse consequipit vendion.

Professor Jane Roberts, MA, DPhil, DLitt, HDipEd

Xer acidunt esendrem voluptat alis alismodiat velit, volut autpatie tatinci psusting et lore tio dolenibh euis accummodolor summodigna con erit ad eugiam, quating ercil et, sectem vulputatie vulpute volore tio do consed tem irit in volenibh exer si.

Professor Michael L Samuels, MA, DLitt, FRSE

Sumsan hendit luptat vel utpat. Dui blaorperat augiamcommy nibh ex elissit am, consenim in utat aliscil iril ut luptat non ver inim vel et, velenit et esenis ea feumsandigna core feugiametue core modion endiam vel utatem venis et dolor si bla facipis am, quat, consed ea feumsandreet vent lore con.

Irené A W Wotherspoon, MA, Mlitt

Feumsandigna core feugiametue core modion endiam vel utatem venis et dolor si bla facipis am, quat, consed ea feumsandreet vent lore con ut la feugueratem essequat, sit praesenibh el ute eu feum deleniam esendio erit nullandigna acinisc iduipit iure dolobor ercilla corero odolessed magnit.

The H I S TO R I C A L TH E SAURU S of the Oxford English Dictionary

main category number, part of speech, heading

synonyms in chronological orderlabel showing geographical area

subcategory number and heading

indicates that word Is only found in Old English

03 Society 03.01 Society/the community

1541; 16331651– a 1693 02.05 great-

great-great-grandfather oe 1747– 03 grandmother

oe – c 1425 a 1225–1424– c 1425–1609 ( Scots & N. English ) c 1440–1628 1663–1749– c 1844– 1863–1867– ( colloq. ) 1940– ( colloq. ) 03.01 condition of

1846 03.02 step-grandmother

1839 03.03 great-grandmother

oe 1530–1538–1665 03.04 great-(great-)grandmother

1679; 1863 03.05 great-great-grandmother

oe 18191825/7– 03.06 great-great-

great-grandmother oe 04 great(-great)

grandparent 1905– ( colloq. )

03.01.01.03.03 adj. Pertaining to a grandparent1903– 01 to a grandfather

1824– 1844– 02 to a grandmother

1790/1811– 1842–03 grand-/great- oe

03.01.01.03.03 vi. Be a grandparent01 be a grandmother 1901–

03.01.01.03.03 vt. Be a grandparent01 be a grandmother of 1901– 02 deprive

of a grandfather 1748

03.01.01.03.04 n. Grandchild c 1470– ( Scots ) 1587–

1927– ( NZ ) 01 state of having grandparents

1889– 02 great-grandchild

1701 ( Scots ) ; 1786 ( Scots ) 1753–03 great-(great-)grandchild 1905– ( colloq. ) 04 grandson oe oe oe ; c 1440–1534 1297–1699 1533; 1536

1535 1570 ( Scots ) 1586–1625 04.01 step-grandson

1900– 04.02 great-grandson oe c 1425–1623 ( Scots ) ; 1658 ( Dict. )

1536 ( Scots ) 1716–1729 ( Scots ) 04.03 great-great-grandson

oe 04.04 great-great-great-grandson

oe 05 grand-daughter oe oe 1297– 1611– 05.01 step-granddaughter

1898– 05.02 great-granddaughter

oe 1753–05.03 great-great-granddaughter oe

1896– 05.04 great-great-

great-granddaughter oe

03.01.01.03.04 adj. Having feelings be tting a grandchild

1922–

03.01.01.03.05 n. Sibling1903– ( chie y Anthropology ) 1919–

01 collectively 1889– 1919– ( Biology &

Medicine/Obstetrics ) 02 having both parents in common

1508– 03 having one parent in common

1903– 03.01 relationship of 1553–03.02 having same father 1880 ( Roman

Law ) 03.03 having same mother oe 1432/50

03.01.01.03.05 adj. Pertaining to siblings01 having same parents oe oe

1340– 1882– 02 having same

father oe 1861 ( Roman

Law ) 1880 ( Roman Law ) 03 having same

mother oe oe 1432/50–1579/80–1669

1591–1756 04 elder

1851– 05 younger 1611–1876–

03.01.01.03.05.01 n. Brother oe oe – a 1666;

1860– ( colloq. ) 1881– ( colloq., orig. US ) 1898– 01 collectively oe

oe – c 1205 a 1635 02 whole brother

oe oe

1340– 1377– 02.01 collectively

oe 03 half-brother

c 1330– 03.01 by same father oe 1880 03.02 by same mother

1647– a 1661 04 bastard brother

oe 05 stepbrother

1440– 1933 ( colloq. ) 06 twin-brother

1598– 07 younger brother 1610–1827–1856 1895– ( orig. US ) 08 foster-brother

oe – 13821470/85 1526

1735; 1828 09 with same godfather 157110 brother-in-law oe c 1300–

1677 1865–1898 11 father of son-

/daughter-in-law 1611

03.01.01.03.05.01.01 n. Relationship of brothers oe a 1300; 1526; 1594

1390; 1582–1669 c 1450– 01 quality

1470/85– 1893 01.01 lack of

1647; 1885 02 personality of brother

c 1400–1635 03 condition of step-brother

1869 04 condition of foster-brother

1886 05 condition of brother-in-law

1840

03.01.01.03.05.01.01 adj. Brotherly oe – c 1470

1494– 1570– 1889 01 not

1586– 1594–1667; 1877–1865– 02 caused by brothers

1850 03 elder brother 1947– 04 younger

brother 1885 05 having no brother

oe 1460–18651798

03.01.01.03.05.01.01 adv. In a brotherly manner1526– 1611– 1837;

1859 1890 01 not 1574– a 1635

03.01.01.03.05.01.01 vi. Act as a brother a 1648

03.01.01.03.05.01.01 vt. Be brother to c 1600 01 treat as/call brother 1584; 1706;

1820 1881 02 make a brother of

c 1825 03 provide with brother(s) 1752

03.01.01.03.05.02 n. Sister oe – 1275–1390 1656;

1808– ( colloq. ) 1725– ( Scots colloq. ) 1846– ( colloq. ) 1925– ( slang ) 01 collectively

oe oe 02 whole sister

1377– 1382–1570 03 half-

sister c 1205– 04 step-sister

c 1440– 05 twin-sister 1707– 06 younger

sister 1679 1920– ( orig. US ) 07 foster-

sister 1649; 1840– 08 same godparents

1496 09 sister-in-law oe c 1440– 10 mother-in-law of daughter

1701 11 sister & wife 1743–1853 12 one

regarded as sister oe – 13 sisterly

condition/relationship 1390– c 14001390– 13.01 of twins 1824 14 sisterly

quality 1879– 14.01 lack of

1748– 15 addressing as sister 1818

03.01.01.03.05.02 adj. Sisterly1570– 1597– 1836–

1838– 1864 01 not 1747– 02 that

is a sister 1819 03 by one’s sister 165404 younger sister 1864 05 having no

sister 1738–1860 1856–

03.01.01.03.05.02 adv. In a sisterly manner1576– 1616– 1825–

03.01.01.03.05.02 vi. Be a sister01 call each other sister c 1603 02 be provided

with sister 1752

03.01.01.03.05.02 vt. Be sister to1608– ( chie y g. ) 01 treat as sister 1871–

1875– 02 call sister 1663–03 deprive of a sister 1875

03.01.01.03.06 n. Uncle oe –1855 ( N. English & Scots dial. ) c 1290–

c 1450; 1696 ( dial. ) 1589; 15891589– a 1652; 1684– ( dial. ) c 1589–1760; 1838– ( dial. )

1798– 1822– ( S. Afr. ) 1841–1907– ( colloq. ) 01 as form of address

c 1374– 02 paternal uncle oe 03 maternal

uncle oe 1871– ( Anthropology ) 03.01 collectively/relationship

1920– ( Anthropology ) 04 great-/grand-uncle

1438– a 1547; a 1850– 1475; 1777– 05 step-uncle

1812– 06 husband of aunt

1561–1779 07 uncle & nephew oe oe 08 condition of uncle

1742– 1844 1846 1937

03.01.01.03.06 adj. Pertaining to an uncle1831– 1847 1928–

03.01.01.03.06 adv. In the manner of an uncle1957

03.01.01.03.06 vi. Act as uncle1662

03.01.01.03.06 vt. Uncle01 deprive of an uncle 1748

03.01.01.03.07 n. Aunt1297– c 1440 1621–1823

1777; 1888 ( dial. ) 1792– 1815–1845– ( S. Afr. ) 1958– ( S. Afr.

colloq. ) 01 paternal aunt oe 02 maternal aunt

oe 03 great-/grand-aunt 1656; 1870– c 1800– 04 older friend regarded as

1937– 05 unmarried 1709–06 condition of aunt 1862 1870

03.01.01.03.07 adj. Pertaining to an aunt1823 ( humorous ) 1844–

1874 ( humorous )

03.01.01.03.08 n. Nephew/niece oe 1596–1763 ( Scots ) 01 nephew

oe oe oe – c 1540 oe –1680; 1955

1297– 1387 c 1500– a 1592 1533–1569; 1889 1535 01.01 half-nephew

1824– 01.02 son of one’s nephew/niece

a 1632; 1826– 01.03 one’s son’s/daughter’s nephew

1581– 16111927– ( NZ ) 01.04 nephew-in-law

1838– 01.04.01 about to become 183401.05 condition of nephew 1647– 02 niece

oe oe oe – c 15001297– 1494–1585 02.01 half-niece

1824– 02.02 daughter of one’s nephew/niece

c 1250 1542–1543 1543–15451830– 02.03 one’s son’s/daughter’s niece

1884 1927– ( NZ ) 02.04 step-

niece 1852– 02.05 niece-in-law

a 1556 02.06 condition of niece 1834

03.01.01.03.08 adj. Pertaining to a nephew/niece01 to a nephew 1837– 1873 02 having

no niece 1892

03.01.01.03.09 n. Cousin oe oe oe

c 1290– c 1314; a 1555 c 1380– ( chie y Law & technical ) 15981794 01 collectively a 1797–1845– 1874 01.01 brothers’ children

1656 01.02 sisters’ children

oe 02 female cousin oe 03 young

male cousin 1878 04 father’s sister’s son

oe 05 rst cousin 1660–1886 06 child of father’s sister/mother’s

brother 1932– 07 one of children of

two sisters/brothers 1918– 08 step-

cousin 1876– 09 cousin’s wife/husband

1874– 10 parent’s rst cousin

1747– 1878 11 child of parent’s

cousin 1871 12 child of rst cousin

1494; 16671660– 1688– 13 son of

cousin oe 14 parent’s second cousin

03.01.01.03.09

order of parts of speech n. adj. adv. v. vi. v. pass. vt. v. refl. v. impers. phr. int. conj. prep. 1221

1214-1279_HTE_Main Text_section31221 1221 11/27/08 8:59:07 PM

01

The Earth

01 The Earth

02

The Mind

03

Society

02 The Mind

03 Society

A sample entry from the Historical Thesaurus:

The twenty volume set of the Oxford English Dictionary

“...even the intensively habitual user [of the OED] could not hope to construct, from an overwhelming multiplicity of individual items,

the complete picture, ‘the various forms of [...] civilization arranged in chronological strata’...” (Brewer 2007: 232)

01 The world01.01 The earth01.01.01 Region of the earth01.01.02 Geodetic references01.01.03 Direction01.01.04 Land01.01.05 Water01.01.06 Named regions of earth01.01.07 Structure of the earth01.01.08 Minerals01.01.09 Earth science01.01.10 The universe01.01.11 Atmosphere, weather

01.02 Life01.02.00.01 Source/principle of life01.02.00.02 Continuance/tenacity of life01.02.00.03 Giving of life01.02.00.04 Resurrection/revival01.02.00.05 Birth01.02.00.06 Rebirth/regeneration01.02.00.07 Age01.02.00.08 Sex01.02.00.09 Absence of life/consciousness01.02.01 Health and disease01.02.02 Death01.02.03 Biology01.02.04 Plants01.02.05 The body01.02.06 Animals01.02.07 People01.02.08 Food and drink01.02.09 Textiles01.02.10 Clothing01.02.11 Cleanness

01.03 Physical sensibility01.03.00.01 Ability to be perceived by senses01.03.00.02 Acuteness of physical senses01.03.00.03 Aberrant sensory perception01.03.00.04 Physical insensibility01.03.00.05 Sensuous pleasure01.03.00.06 Moderation in sensuous gratification01.03.00.07 Asceticism01.03.01 Sleeping and waking01.03.02 Sexual relations01.03.03 Use of drugs, poison01.03.04 Touch01.03.05 Taste/flavour01.03.06 Smell/odour01.03.07 Sight01.03.08 Hearing/noise

01.04 Matter01.04.01 Alchemy01.04.02 Chemistry01.04.03 Properties of materials01.04.04 Constitution of matter01.04.05 Liquid01.04.06 Gas01.04.07 Physics01.04.08 Light01.04.09 Colour01.04.10 Condition of matter

01.05 Existence in time and space01.05.01 Existence01.05.02 Creation01.05.03 Causation01.05.04 Occurrence01.05.05 Action/operation01.05.06 Time01.05.07 Space01.05.08 Movement

01.06 Relative Properties01.06.01 Relationship01.06.02 Kind/sort01.06.03 Order01.06.04 Number01.06.05 Measurement01.06.06 Quantity/amount01.06.07 Wholeness

01.07 The supernatural01.07.01 The paranormal01.07.02 The occult01.07.03 Supernatural being/spirit01.07.04 Deity

02.01 Mental capacity02.01.01 Spirituality02.01.02 Intellect02.01.03 Consciousness02.01.04 Disposition/character02.01.05 The psyche02.01.06 Thought02.01.07 Perception/cognition02.01.08 Understanding02.01.09 Lack of understanding02.01.10 Intelligibility02.01.11 Memory02.01.12 Knowledge02.01.13 Belief02.01.14 Expectation02.01.15 Attention, judgement02.01.16 Importance02.01.17 Esteem/regard02.01.18 Contempt

02.02 Emotion02.02.01 Seat of the emotions02.02.02 Emotional perception02.02.03 Quality of affecting emotions02.02.04 Effect produced on emotions02.02.05 Emotional attitude 02.02.06 State of feeling/mood02.02.07 Manifestation of emotion02.02.08 Capacity for emotion02.02.09 Sentimentality02.02.10 Absence of emotion02.02.11 Types of emotion02.02.12 Intense/deep emotion02.02.13 Sincere/earnest emotion02.02.14 Zeal/earnest enthusiasm02.02.15 Strong feeling/passion02.02.16 Violent emotion02.02.17 Excitement02.02.18 Composure/calmness02.02.19 Pleasure/enjoyment02.02.20 Mental pain/suffering02.02.21 Anger02.02.22 Love02.02.23 Hatred/enmity02.02.24 Indifference02.02.25 Pity/compassion02.02.26 Jealousy/envy02.02.27 Gratitude02.02.28 Pride02.02.29 Humility02.02.30 Fear02.02.31 Courage

02.03 Philosophy02.03.01 Philosopher02.03.02 Ancient Greek philosophy02.03.03 Scholasticism02.03.04 Philosophy of history02.03.05 Metaphysics02.03.06 Epistemology02.03.07 Idealism02.03.08 Subjective idealism/subjectivism02.03.09 Philosophy of reflection of self02.03.10 Absolute idealism

02.03.11 Philosophy of mind-body interrelation02.03.12 Rationalism02.03.13 Scepticism02.03.14 Materialism02.03.15 Naturalism02.03.16 Pantheism02.03.17 German romanticism02.03.18 Aesthetics02.03.19 Philosophy of will02.03.20 Existentialism02.03.21 Philosophy of optimism02.03.22 Philosophy of pessimism02.03.23 Moral philosophy02.03.24 Pragmatism02.03.25 Theoretical scientific philosophy02.03.26 Empiricism02.03.27 Logic02.03.28 Philosophy of Language02.03.29 Mathematical philosophy

02.04 Aesthetics02.04.01 Aesthetic appreciation/good taste02.04.02 Lack of taste/bad taste02.04.03 Fashionableness02.04.04 Unfashionableness02.04.05 Beauty02.04.06 Attractiveness02.04.07 Beautification02.04.08 Lack of beauty

02.05 Will/faculty of will02.05.01 Free will02.05.02 Necessity02.05.03 Will/wish/inclination02.05.04 Intention 02.05.05 Resolving/making a decision02.05.06 Motivation

02.06 Refusal/denial

02.07 Having/possession02.07.01 Owning02.07.02 Possessor02.07.03 Possessions/property02.07.04 Non-possession/not having02.07.05 Wealth02.07.06 Poverty02.07.07 Sharing02.07.08 Obtaining/acquiring02.07.09 Loss02.07.10 Retaining/keeping02.07.11 Relinquishment02.07.12 Giving02.07.13 Taking02.07.14 Provision/supply

02.08 Language02.08.01 A language02.08.02 Languages of the world02.08.03 Speech/act of speaking02.08.04 Study of language02.08.05 Naming02.08.06 Statement02.08.07 Malediction/curse

03.01 Society/the community03.01.01 Kinship/relationship03.01.02 Study of society03.01.03 Society in relation to customs/values/beliefs03.01.04 Social communication/relations03.01.05 Social attitudes03.01.06 Social class/rank03.01.07 Dissension/discord

03.02 Inhabiting/dwelling03.02.01 Inhabiting type of place03.02.02 Inhabiting/dwelling temporarily03.02.03 Providing with dwelling place03.02.04 Removing from dwelling place03.02.05 Furnishing with inhabitants03.02.06 Inhabitant/resident03.02.07 Inhabited place

03.03 Armed hostility03.03.01 War03.03.02 Armed encounter03.03.03 Victory in arms03.03.04 Defeat03.03.05 Attack/assault03.03.06 Defence03.03.07 Military operation(s)03.03.08 Drill/training03.03.09 Military administration & organization03.03.10 Military life/service03.03.11 Military force/power03.03.12 Military forces03.03.13 Band of warriors/armed men03.03.14 Person/nation/party waging war03.03.15 Fighting man/warrior03.03.16 Military equipment03.03.17 Hostilities at sea03.03.18 Hostilities in the air03.03.19 Peace/absence of war

03.04 Authority03.04.01 Power03.04.02 Command 03.04.03 Control03.04.04 Strictness03.04.05 Lack of strictness03.04.06 Rule/government03.04.07 Office03.04.08 Exercise of authority03.04.09 Fact of being subject to authority03.04.10 Lack of subjection/submission03.04.11 Lack of power/authority03.04.12 Punishment03.04.13 Law

03.05 Morality03.05.01 Duty/obligation03.05.02 Dueness/propriety03.05.03 Rightness/justice03.05.04 Virtue03.05.05 Moral evil

03.06 Education03.06.01 Upbringing03.06.02 Teaching03.06.03 Learning03.06.04 Member of university03.06.05 Educational administration03.06.06 Place of education03.06.07 Theories of education

03.07 Faith03.07.00.01 Creed03.07.00.02 Doctrine03.07.00.03 Tradition03.07.00.04 Communion03.07.00.05 Religion03.07.00.06 Theism03.07.00.07 Belief in Devil/devils/demons03.07.00.08 Orthodoxy03.07.00.09 Heterodoxy03.07.00.10 Free-thought03.07.00.11 Superstition03.07.00.12 Heresy

03.07.00.13 Conformity03.07.00.14 Non-conformity03.07.00.15 Apostasy03.07.00.16 Sectarianism03.07.00.17 Catholicity03.07.00.18 Bible, scripture03.07.00.19 Patristics03.07.00.20 Law03.07.00.21 Theology03.07.00.22 Holiness03.07.00.23 Piety03.07.00.24 Spirituality03.07.01 Sect03.07.02 Church government03.07.03 Worship03.07.04 Artefacts

03.08 Communication03.08.01 Expression03.08.02 Manifestation03.08.03 Representation03.08.04 Indication03.08.05 Information03.08.06 Record03.08.07 Writing03.08.08 Printing03.08.09 Reading03.08.10 Book03.08.11 Journalism03.08.12 Broadcasting03.08.13 Correspondence03.08.14 Telecommunication

03.09 Travel/travelling03.09.00.01 A journey03.09.00.02 Traveller03.09.00.03 Condition of not travelling03.09.00.04 Travel in specific course/direction03.09.00.05 Travel from place to place03.09.00.06 Departure/leaving/going away03.09.00.07 Arrival03.09.00.08 Return03.09.00.09 Guidance in travel03.09.00.10 Authorization to travel to/from/in a country03.09.00.11 Going on foot03.09.01 Transport03.09.02 Means of travel/transport03.09.03 Travel by railway03.09.04 Navigation03.09.05 Air/space travel

03.10 Occupation/work03.10.01 Work03.10.02 A position/situation/office03.10.03 Function/duty03.10.04 Following an occupation03.10.05 Business/transactions03.10.06 Industry03.10.07 Study/science of work03.10.08 Condition of not working03.10.09 Worker03.10.10 Workplace03.10.11 Equipment for work03.10.12 Materials03.10.13 Trade and commerce

03.11 Leisure03.11.01 Amusement/entertainment03.11.02 Social event03.11.03 The Arts/Art03.11.04 Sport 03.11.05 Dance

The Historical Thesaurus

of the OED is unique

—the largest thesaurus

in the world and the first

historical thesaurus to be

created in any language.

Based on the Oxford

English Dictionary, it

contains every word in

English from Old English

to the present, allowing

users to explore words

connected in meaning

throughout the history

of the language.

Professor Christian J Kay, MA, AM, DipGenLing

Illaor sectem exero deliquat. Min ulput nonsequ amconse quiscidunt ing etum zzrit lore erosto odo commy num ex eraessit nim dionulla facinci blaorem nos nostisc illaorperate tionse tat. Duipis nonsequat lore ea consequis atueros enim dunt nostiscing er at, conse conse consequipit vendion.

Professor Jane Roberts, MA, DPhil, DLitt, HDipEd

Xer acidunt esendrem voluptat alis alismodiat velit, volut autpatie tatinci psusting et lore tio dolenibh euis accummodolor summodigna con erit ad eugiam, quating ercil et, sectem vulputatie vulpute volore tio do consed tem irit in volenibh exer si.

Professor Michael L Samuels, MA, DLitt, FRSE

Sumsan hendit luptat vel utpat. Dui blaorperat augiamcommy nibh ex elissit am, consenim in utat aliscil iril ut luptat non ver inim vel et, velenit et esenis ea feumsandigna core feugiametue core modion endiam vel utatem venis et dolor si bla facipis am, quat, consed ea feumsandreet vent lore con.

Irené A W Wotherspoon, MA, Mlitt

Feumsandigna core feugiametue core modion endiam vel utatem venis et dolor si bla facipis am, quat, consed ea feumsandreet vent lore con ut la feugueratem essequat, sit praesenibh el ute eu feum deleniam esendio erit nullandigna acinisc iduipit iure dolobor ercilla corero odolessed magnit.

The H I S TO R I C A L TH E SAURU S of the Oxford English Dictionary

main category number, part of speech, heading

synonyms in chronological orderlabel showing geographical area

subcategory number and heading

indicates that word Is only found in Old English

03 Society 03.01 Society/the community

1541; 16331651– a 1693 02.05 great-

great-great-grandfather oe 1747– 03 grandmother

oe – c 1425 a 1225–1424– c 1425–1609 ( Scots & N. English ) c 1440–1628 1663–1749– c 1844– 1863–1867– ( colloq. ) 1940– ( colloq. ) 03.01 condition of

1846 03.02 step-grandmother

1839 03.03 great-grandmother

oe 1530–1538–1665 03.04 great-(great-)grandmother

1679; 1863 03.05 great-great-grandmother

oe 18191825/7– 03.06 great-great-

great-grandmother oe 04 great(-great)

grandparent 1905– ( colloq. )

03.01.01.03.03 adj. Pertaining to a grandparent1903– 01 to a grandfather

1824– 1844– 02 to a grandmother

1790/1811– 1842–03 grand-/great- oe

03.01.01.03.03 vi. Be a grandparent01 be a grandmother 1901–

03.01.01.03.03 vt. Be a grandparent01 be a grandmother of 1901– 02 deprive

of a grandfather 1748

03.01.01.03.04 n. Grandchild c 1470– ( Scots ) 1587–

1927– ( NZ ) 01 state of having grandparents

1889– 02 great-grandchild

1701 ( Scots ) ; 1786 ( Scots ) 1753–03 great-(great-)grandchild 1905– ( colloq. ) 04 grandson oe oe oe ; c 1440–1534 1297–1699 1533; 1536

1535 1570 ( Scots ) 1586–1625 04.01 step-grandson

1900– 04.02 great-grandson oe c 1425–1623 ( Scots ) ; 1658 ( Dict. )

1536 ( Scots ) 1716–1729 ( Scots ) 04.03 great-great-grandson

oe 04.04 great-great-great-grandson

oe 05 grand-daughter oe oe 1297– 1611– 05.01 step-granddaughter

1898– 05.02 great-granddaughter

oe 1753–05.03 great-great-granddaughter oe

1896– 05.04 great-great-

great-granddaughter oe

03.01.01.03.04 adj. Having feelings be tting a grandchild

1922–

03.01.01.03.05 n. Sibling1903– ( chie y Anthropology ) 1919–

01 collectively 1889– 1919– ( Biology &

Medicine/Obstetrics ) 02 having both parents in common

1508– 03 having one parent in common

1903– 03.01 relationship of 1553–03.02 having same father 1880 ( Roman

Law ) 03.03 having same mother oe 1432/50

03.01.01.03.05 adj. Pertaining to siblings01 having same parents oe oe

1340– 1882– 02 having same

father oe 1861 ( Roman

Law ) 1880 ( Roman Law ) 03 having same

mother oe oe 1432/50–1579/80–1669

1591–1756 04 elder

1851– 05 younger 1611–1876–

03.01.01.03.05.01 n. Brother oe oe – a 1666;

1860– ( colloq. ) 1881– ( colloq., orig. US ) 1898– 01 collectively oe

oe – c 1205 a 1635 02 whole brother

oe oe

1340– 1377– 02.01 collectively

oe 03 half-brother

c 1330– 03.01 by same father oe 1880 03.02 by same mother

1647– a 1661 04 bastard brother

oe 05 stepbrother

1440– 1933 ( colloq. ) 06 twin-brother

1598– 07 younger brother 1610–1827–1856 1895– ( orig. US ) 08 foster-brother

oe – 13821470/85 1526

1735; 1828 09 with same godfather 157110 brother-in-law oe c 1300–

1677 1865–1898 11 father of son-

/daughter-in-law 1611

03.01.01.03.05.01.01 n. Relationship of brothers oe a 1300; 1526; 1594

1390; 1582–1669 c 1450– 01 quality

1470/85– 1893 01.01 lack of

1647; 1885 02 personality of brother

c 1400–1635 03 condition of step-brother

1869 04 condition of foster-brother

1886 05 condition of brother-in-law

1840

03.01.01.03.05.01.01 adj. Brotherly oe – c 1470

1494– 1570– 1889 01 not

1586– 1594–1667; 1877–1865– 02 caused by brothers

1850 03 elder brother 1947– 04 younger

brother 1885 05 having no brother

oe 1460–18651798

03.01.01.03.05.01.01 adv. In a brotherly manner1526– 1611– 1837;

1859 1890 01 not 1574– a 1635

03.01.01.03.05.01.01 vi. Act as a brother a 1648

03.01.01.03.05.01.01 vt. Be brother to c 1600 01 treat as/call brother 1584; 1706;

1820 1881 02 make a brother of

c 1825 03 provide with brother(s) 1752

03.01.01.03.05.02 n. Sister oe – 1275–1390 1656;

1808– ( colloq. ) 1725– ( Scots colloq. ) 1846– ( colloq. ) 1925– ( slang ) 01 collectively

oe oe 02 whole sister

1377– 1382–1570 03 half-

sister c 1205– 04 step-sister

c 1440– 05 twin-sister 1707– 06 younger

sister 1679 1920– ( orig. US ) 07 foster-

sister 1649; 1840– 08 same godparents

1496 09 sister-in-law oe c 1440– 10 mother-in-law of daughter

1701 11 sister & wife 1743–1853 12 one

regarded as sister oe – 13 sisterly

condition/relationship 1390– c 14001390– 13.01 of twins 1824 14 sisterly

quality 1879– 14.01 lack of

1748– 15 addressing as sister 1818

03.01.01.03.05.02 adj. Sisterly1570– 1597– 1836–

1838– 1864 01 not 1747– 02 that

is a sister 1819 03 by one’s sister 165404 younger sister 1864 05 having no

sister 1738–1860 1856–

03.01.01.03.05.02 adv. In a sisterly manner1576– 1616– 1825–

03.01.01.03.05.02 vi. Be a sister01 call each other sister c 1603 02 be provided

with sister 1752

03.01.01.03.05.02 vt. Be sister to1608– ( chie y g. ) 01 treat as sister 1871–

1875– 02 call sister 1663–03 deprive of a sister 1875

03.01.01.03.06 n. Uncle oe –1855 ( N. English & Scots dial. ) c 1290–

c 1450; 1696 ( dial. ) 1589; 15891589– a 1652; 1684– ( dial. ) c 1589–1760; 1838– ( dial. )

1798– 1822– ( S. Afr. ) 1841–1907– ( colloq. ) 01 as form of address

c 1374– 02 paternal uncle oe 03 maternal

uncle oe 1871– ( Anthropology ) 03.01 collectively/relationship

1920– ( Anthropology ) 04 great-/grand-uncle

1438– a 1547; a 1850– 1475; 1777– 05 step-uncle

1812– 06 husband of aunt

1561–1779 07 uncle & nephew oe oe 08 condition of uncle

1742– 1844 1846 1937

03.01.01.03.06 adj. Pertaining to an uncle1831– 1847 1928–

03.01.01.03.06 adv. In the manner of an uncle1957

03.01.01.03.06 vi. Act as uncle1662

03.01.01.03.06 vt. Uncle01 deprive of an uncle 1748

03.01.01.03.07 n. Aunt1297– c 1440 1621–1823

1777; 1888 ( dial. ) 1792– 1815–1845– ( S. Afr. ) 1958– ( S. Afr.

colloq. ) 01 paternal aunt oe 02 maternal aunt

oe 03 great-/grand-aunt 1656; 1870– c 1800– 04 older friend regarded as

1937– 05 unmarried 1709–06 condition of aunt 1862 1870

03.01.01.03.07 adj. Pertaining to an aunt1823 ( humorous ) 1844–

1874 ( humorous )

03.01.01.03.08 n. Nephew/niece oe 1596–1763 ( Scots ) 01 nephew

oe oe oe – c 1540 oe –1680; 1955

1297– 1387 c 1500– a 1592 1533–1569; 1889 1535 01.01 half-nephew

1824– 01.02 son of one’s nephew/niece

a 1632; 1826– 01.03 one’s son’s/daughter’s nephew

1581– 16111927– ( NZ ) 01.04 nephew-in-law

1838– 01.04.01 about to become 183401.05 condition of nephew 1647– 02 niece

oe oe oe – c 15001297– 1494–1585 02.01 half-niece

1824– 02.02 daughter of one’s nephew/niece

c 1250 1542–1543 1543–15451830– 02.03 one’s son’s/daughter’s niece

1884 1927– ( NZ ) 02.04 step-

niece 1852– 02.05 niece-in-law

a 1556 02.06 condition of niece 1834

03.01.01.03.08 adj. Pertaining to a nephew/niece01 to a nephew 1837– 1873 02 having

no niece 1892

03.01.01.03.09 n. Cousin oe oe oe

c 1290– c 1314; a 1555 c 1380– ( chie y Law & technical ) 15981794 01 collectively a 1797–1845– 1874 01.01 brothers’ children

1656 01.02 sisters’ children

oe 02 female cousin oe 03 young

male cousin 1878 04 father’s sister’s son

oe 05 rst cousin 1660–1886 06 child of father’s sister/mother’s

brother 1932– 07 one of children of

two sisters/brothers 1918– 08 step-

cousin 1876– 09 cousin’s wife/husband

1874– 10 parent’s rst cousin

1747– 1878 11 child of parent’s

cousin 1871 12 child of rst cousin

1494; 16671660– 1688– 13 son of

cousin oe 14 parent’s second cousin

03.01.01.03.09

order of parts of speech n. adj. adv. v. vi. v. pass. vt. v. refl. v. impers. phr. int. conj. prep. 1221

1214-1279_HTE_Main Text_section31221 1221 11/27/08 8:59:07 PM

01

The Earth

01 The Earth

02

The Mind

03

Society

02 The Mind

03 Society

A sample entry from the Historical Thesaurus:

The twenty volume set of the Oxford English Dictionary

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!"#!$#!.#!/#!, !(!"#'%!)! % 7?,C%(*4,-"#)*,&%4$%<',-",9-&14 verbally !+)+' · lexically !($('!(++ !, B?,C%&%,9-&14 verbally !($$0+' !,#!, 9)'6-3',(<<-C$(*?)*+,&%(2)'? verbally !+!*'!+"( !" )*,4$%<)!,<,$-4)')-*,)*,9-&1 word-internally !%+)' · word fi nally !%+$' · word-medially !%+(' · word-initially !%"#' !- )*,4-,C(*?,9-&14 in so many words !"&*' !. 9-&1,"-&,9-&1 word after word .!.!&** · word by word !#"%' · word for word .".!)**' · after the word .!.!)** · fro word unto word .!.!)"$ · verbatim !)(!' · word in word !)%# · verbally !$((' · verbatimly !$%" · syllabically !+$)'.".!""( · totidem verbis !+$%'!%*& · verbatim et literatim !")&'

!"#!$#!.#!/#!, !(!')%!)! % 53&*)46,9)'6,9-&14 vocabularize !($! !, (<<%$',)*'-,2%X)<-* lexicalise !%#"'

!"#!$#!.#!/#!" !(!&%!)! % J6&(4% cwide .12. · foresettedness .12. · forsetnes .12. · word .12. · wordcwide .12. · locution !)#&0$*' · saying !$#* · phrase !$#*' · comma !$(+'!"!# · word !$%#/.!"(*/.!%*#...,+,(&<6I,,,.. · speech !$%+'!+"$ · stand !+!+ · gramm !+)" · diction .".!++*'!"*% · road .".!+%* · slip-slop !(&# · construct !("!' · group-word !%$# !, <-22%<')G%2? speakings .".!#&$'!+$# · saying .!.!$"* · verbalism !(** · verbalities !()*' !" 4%&)%4,-" routine !(&& !- 34%,-" phrasing !+!!' · phraseology !+"*'!+"(...,+,H)<'I,,,.. !. <-*'&(<')-*,-",(,$6&(4% short !%&* !/ '%&C#%X$&%44)-* word< word .12.' · term .!.!)""' · conveyance !$(+ · termination !$%% · epithet !$%%'!+*) · notion !+$$'!+$" !/#!, 34%,-" terming .!.!)!*'!$%! !/#!" ($'#!,'')*+ a word on its/upon the wheels !+$$'.!.!+$" · mot juste !%!&' !/#!- 9)'6,-*2?,-*%,9-&1 mononym !(()' · monomial !(($ !/#!-#!, 4?4'%C,-" mononymy !(($ !/#!-#!" <-*G%&4)-*,)*'- mononymization !((% !0 <('<6/$6&(4%#4'-<D,$6&(4% byword !$+#0("'!"!* · phrase !$"%' · cant !+(!'.!.!(!$ · cant phrase !"!&'!(+( · cant word !"$#'!"%* · cant term !"") · catch-phrase .".!($*' · wheeze !(%*'...,+,42(*+,M,<-22-UI,,,.. !1 <2)<6c glittering generality !()%'...,+,-&)+I,R;,,,.. · cliché !(%&'...,+,!,+I,,,.. · thought-saver !%#!' !$ "-&C32( formala .12. · hiw .12. · formula .".!+#(' · cant !+(!'!"!& !2 )1)-C wise .12. · idiom !+&(' ,! $&-G%&B proverb .!.!#"$' · ditton !$"&'!+$# ,!#!, <-22%<' folksay/folk-say !%&%'...,+,R;,,,.. ,, -'6%&,4$%<)!,<,'?$%4,-",$6&(4% et cetera !$%"' · chr(e)ia !+!&'!+$$0+* · hob-nob !"+!'!""* · phraseograph !()$' · continentalism !($) · snapper !($"'...,+,R;,,,.. · humilifi c !%*$ · binomial !%$%'!%+) ," 34%,-",!,*%/4-3*1)*+,$6&(4%4 phrase-making !(+"'!%&% ,"#!, -*%,96- sententiolist !++* · phrase-maker !(&&' ,"#!" -*%,96-,%X$2()*4 phraseologist !"&"

!"#!$#!.#!/#!" !(!"#$%!)! % J%&'()*)*+,'-,$6&(4%4 phrasical !+!$ · phrasal !("!,&- · construct !("!' !, 34)*+,$6&(4%4 phraseological !++)' · phrasing !((( !" (B-3*1)*+,)*,$6&(4%4 phrasy !()%' !- %X$&%44%1,)*,$6&(4%4 phrased !$$"' · worded !()(' !. 1%(2)*+,9)'6,$6&(4%4 phraseological !++)' !/ -",$6&(4%4a,"&%U3%*'2?,34%1#6%(&1 rife !$!#'!+"!/.!("( !0 %X$&%44)*+,)*,'%&C4 terming !+)# !1 <-*4)4')*+,-",-*%/9-&1,'%&C mononymic !("& · monomial !(()

!"#!$#!.#!/#!" !(!"#'%!)! % @4#9)'6,(,$6&(4% phraseologically !(+"' !, )*,'6%,C(**%&,-",(,"-&C32( formulaically !%$"'

!"#!$#!.#!/#!" !(!'(%!)! % R4%,(,$6&(4%#$6&(4%4 phrase .".!$$*/.!((( · phrasify !+##'!+") !, 34%,(,<2)<6c coin a phrase !%)*'

!"#!$#!.#!/#!" !(!')%!)! % >X$&%44,)*,$6&(4%4 have .!.!))%' · phrase !$$+' · speak !$"% !, )*,1)""%&%*',$6&(4%4 reword !((&' · rephrase !(%$' · retune !%$% !" <-*G%&',)*'-,-*%/9-&1,'%&C mononymize !((%

!"#!$#!.#!/#!- !(!&%!)! % R4%#"-&C(')-*,-",*%9,9-&14#$6&(4%4 coining .".!+(*'!"!& · coinage !+%#' · neology !"%"' · neologism !(**' · minting !()! · neologization !()+ · neonism !()+ · neoterism !("# !, -*%,96- logodaedalus !+!!'!++) · mint-master !+)!'!+%* · logodaedalist !"&"'!(*+ · neologist !"($' · neoterist !("# · verbarian !("# !" *%9,9-&1#$6&(4% mint phrase !+&+ · mintage !+#(' · neologism !(*#' · neology !()+' · neoterism !("# · coinage !("#' !- 9-&1#$6&(4%,B-&&-9%1,"&-C,-'6%&,2(*+3(+% loan-word !(")' · foreignism !(""' · lending !(() · loan-form !%*&' !-#!, *('3&(2)T%1 denizened word !$$+ · denizen .".!+&+/.!%##'!%#) · hobson-jobsonism !%#) · replica !%$+' !-#!,#!, $&-<%44,-" nativization !%"* !-#!,#!" *-' alien !(()' · translation loan(-word) !%**' · loan-translation !%##' · calque !%#"' !-#!" &%B-&&-9%1,9-&1 reborrowing !%$#' !-#!"#!, (<')-*,-" reborrowing !%##'

!"#!$#!.#!/#!- !(!"#$%!)! % J%&'()*)*+,'-,34%,-",*%9,9-&14#$6&(4%4 new-fashion !"&% · neological !"$)'!"") · neologous !(!& · neologismal !(#+ · neoteristic !("# · neologistic !%#$ !, <-)*%1 new-minted !$%('!"!# · new-coined !$%(' · made !+*"'!+(" · coined !((!' !,#!, (B2%,'-,B% coinable !(#% !" -",(,2-(*/9-&1a,(1($'%1,'-,*(')G%,2(*+3(+% nativized !%##

!"#!$#!.#!/#!- !(!'(%!)! % R4%#<-)*,*%9,9-&14#$6&(4%4 neologize !()+' · neoterize !("# !, <(2U3% calque !%$('

!"#!$#!.#!/#!- !(!')%!)! % A-)*,*%9,9-&1#$6&(4% coin !$(%' · feign !+*" · mint !+$%' · new-coin !"**'!(*) !, B-&&-9,"&-C,(*-'6%&,2(*+3(+% usurp !$#!'!+%*/.!($% · borrow !"*+' !,#!, *('3&(2)T% enfranchise !++('.".!")(...,+,!,+I,,,.. · nativize !%"*

!"#!$#!.#!/#!. !(!&%!)! % K%X)<-+&($6? dictionary-making !++(' · lexicography !+(*' · lexigraphy !(&(0#&'...,+,H)<'I,,,.. · dictionary-work !(("' !, 2%X)<-+&($6%& dictionarist !+!" · lexicographer !+$(' · dictionary-maker !"&"'!((& · word-catcher !"#$' · dictionary-writer !")& · lexicographist !(#)0)#' !" 2%X)<-+&($6)<(2,9&)')*+4 lexicographics !"!+ !- 1)<')-*(&? dictionary !$&+' · calepin !$+('!++& · world of words !$%('!+%+ · lexicon !+*#'!()( · thesaurus !"#+'!(+& !-#!, 4$%<)!,<,1)<')-*(&)%4 alveary !$(* · gradus .".!"+)' · Webster !()#' · the/an unabridged !(+*'!(%) · O.E.D. !(%(' !-#!" 4$%<)!,<,'?$%4,-",1)<')-*(&? interpreter !+*"'!+"& · etymologicon !+)$'!(+& · pronouncing dictionary !"+)'!($" · rhyming dictionary !""$' · idioticon !()&'!((# · collegiate !(%(...,+,.I,@C%&IW,(24-,H)<'I,,,.. · collegiate dictionary !(%('...,+,-&)+I,H)<'I,,,.. · desk dictionary !%)(' · learner’s dictionary !%)(' · reverse dictionary !%$)' !-#!- $(&'4,-",(,1)<')-*(&?,%*'&? !-#!-#!, 6%(1/9-&1#/"-&C main word !((( · head-form !%+& · entry form !%+&' · head-word !%++' !-#!-#!" 2%CC( lemma !%$!' !-#!-#!"#!, (<',-",4-&')*+,)*'- lemmatisation !%+"' !-#!-#!- 2(B%2 label !%!!' !. G-<(B32(&?#<-22%<')-*,-",9-&14 vocabular !$#* · vocabulist !$#*,&- · vocabuler !$#*'!"*+ · vocabulary !$#&' · nomenclator !$($'!"*" · word-book !$%(' · verbal !$%%'!+&# · lexicon !+$+'!(&# · nomenclature !+$%'!")$ · vocabula !+%( · vocab !%** !.#!, -*%,96-,<-C$)2%4 vocabulist !$)$/.!(** · nomenclator !+*%'!+&& !/ G-<(B32(&?,-",$&-$%&,*(C%4 onomasticon !"!*' !/#!, -*%,96-,<-C$)2%4 onomastic !+*%'!"!+ !0 +2-44(&? glossary !)(#' !0#!, 4$%<)!,< microglossary !%$$' !0#!" -*%,96-,<-C$)2%4 glossarist !"(&' !1 1)<')-*(&?,-",4?*-*?C4#(*'-*?C4 sylva !+"$ · synonymicon !(!# · thesaurus !(%('...,+,R;,,,.. !$ '6%4(3&34 thesaurus !($&' !$#!, 4$%<)!,< Roget !%)*' !2 2)4',-",D%?/9-&14 word-index !%#"' · thesaurus !%$"' !2#!, <-*<-&1(*<% concordance !#("'!(+% · concordant !+&$ !2#!,#!, -*%,96-,9&)'%4 concordist !(!! · concordancer !((( ,! $6&(4%/B--D phrase-book !$%)' · phraseology !""+

!"#!$#!.#!/#!. !(!"#$%!)! % J%&'()*)*+,'-,2%X)<-+&($6? lexicographal !+($ · dictionarial !"$* · lexicographical !"%!' · lexicographian !(!$ · lexicographic !(!+'!()# · lexical !("#' · lexigraphical !(%$ !, $%&'()*)*+,'-,4$%<)!,<,1)<')-*(&? Websterian !(")' !" $%&'()*)*+,'-,(,2%CC( lemmatic !%$$' !- $%&'()*)*+,'-,(,+2-44(&? glossarial !(&!' !. $%&'()*)*+,'-,(,<-*<-&1(*<% concordantial !++*'.".!(*& !.#!, 4$%<)!,< key-word-in-context !%$%'

!"#!$#!*#!(

!"#$"%!&%'(")*%!&%*'$$+,% n. adj. adv. v. vi. v. pass. vt. v. refl. v. impers. phr. int. conj. prep.!&%$

www.glasgow.ac.uk/thesaurus

http://www.glasgow.ac.uk/thesaurus

http://www.glasgow.ac.uk/thesaurus

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01.03.05.01 Insipidity

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01.03.06.01 Inodorousness

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01.04.01 Alchemy

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01.04.02.01 Chemistry

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02.02.18.03 Meekness

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02.02.28.03 Arrogance

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03.04.06.07Rule over the sea

Square: 02.01.15 Attention and Judgement; Circle: 03.05.05 Moral Evil;Triangle: 03.10.13 Trade and Commerce

03.01.03.02 Civilization

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n: Lack of civilization aj: Uncivilized aj: Pertaining to civilization av: In uncivilized manner n: Civilization vt: Render uncivilized vt: Make civilized

Wild (early Medieval)

Crude (early Medieval)

Barbar (14th century)

Civility (15th century)

The ‘Other’ (16th century)

Uncivilized | Wildwild a1300– wildern a1300

fremd c1374

Chaucer, Troylus & Crysede (c1374): Al this world is blynd In this matere, bothe fremed and tame.

bestial c1400–

Mandeville’s Voyages (c1400): Thei weren but bestyalle folk, and diden no thing but kepten Bestes.

Uncivilized | Wildsavage c1420/30–

Dryden, The Conquest of Granada (1672): I am as free as Nature first made man, 'Ere the base Laws of Servitude began, When wild in woods the noble Savage ran.

warrigal 1855–(1890) Australian

Old Bush Songs (1855): I'm a warragle fellow that long hath dwelt In the wild interior, nor hath felt, Nor heard, nor seen the pleasures of town.

Uncivilized | Rough/Cruderude 1483–

raw 1577–

Harrison, England, in Holinshead, Chronicles (1587): Men, being as then but raw and void of ciiuilitie.

ruvid 1632

Lithgow, The totall discourse of the rare adventures and painefull peregrinations of long nineteen yeares travayles (1632): The ruvid Cittizens, being Turkes, Moores, Iewes,… and Nostranes.

Uncivilized | Barbarbarbaric 1490-1533; a1837

Aikin, General Biography (1799): At length, he came forth in all the splendor of his imperial dignity to give them an amicable welcome, and the Spanish historians employ the loftiest terms in describing the barbaric grandeur of his appearance.

barbar 1535-a1726 barbarous 1538- barbarious 1570-1762 barbarian 1591-

semi-barbarous 1798- semi-barbaric 1864

Uncivilized | Civilnessincivil 1586

uncivilized 1607– incivilized 1647

Cowley, Welcome (The Mistress) (1647): Either by savages possest, Or wild and uninhabited? What joy couldst take, or what repose, In countries so unciviliz'd as those?

Uncivilized | Civilnessinhumane a1680

Butler, Remains (a1680): There's nothing so absurd, or vain, Or barbarous, or inhumane, But if it lay the least Pretence To Piety and Godliness… Does sacred instantly commence.

irreclaimed 1814

pre-civilized 1953–

Uncivilized | The OtherScythical 1559-1602

Herring, Anatomyes of the true physition and counterfeit mounte-banke (1602): Such Schythicall… torturing and massacring of Men.

negerous 1609

Uncivilized | The Othermountainous 1613-1851

Mainwaring and Oldmixton, in Ellis, Swift vs. Mainwaring (1711): England… bounded on the North by a poor mountainous People call'd Scots.

tramontane 1739-1832

Uncivilized | The Otherjungle 1908–

jungli 1920–

Chambers’ Journal (Jan 1927): Already he ceases to be jungli*.Note: Wild and boorish, a clodhopper or uneducated peasant.

Sydney Smith, Letter to Francis Jeffrey (Mar 1814):

When shall I see Scotland again? Never shall I forget the happy days I passed there amidst odious smells, barbarous sounds, bad suppers, excellent hearts, and most enlightened and cultivated understandings.

‣ Concept search

‣ Annotate texts with meaning codes

‣ Disambiguate between homonyms (river bank/money bank/rely on it bank)

‣ Investigate if words in translations fit the semantic categories of the context

‣ Offer provisional dating of texts

‣ Investigate metaphor and analogy

‣ Identify anachronistic terms in texts (the Time Machine)

Diana Gabaldon: Cross Stitch (1991)

www.glasgow.ac.uk/metaphorhttp://blogs.arts.gla.ac.uk/metaphor/ Twitter: @MappingMetaphor

Mapping Metaphorwith the Historical

Thesaurus

Image from Thomas Wright: An original theory or new hypothesis of the universe. London, 1750. Courtesy of University of Glasgow Library, Special Collections.

Mapping Metaphorwith the Historical Thesaurus

Mapping Metaphor with the Historical Thesaurus

Funded by the AHRC – Jan 2012-March 2015

PI: Wendy AndersonRA: Ellen BramwellPhD student: Rachael HamiltonTechnician: Flora EdmondsCIs: Marc Alexander, Carole Hough, Christian KayProject assistants and student volunteersInternational Network of Scholars


Methods

- Grouped HT data into 411 semantically-coherent (≈basic-level) categories

- Most semantic categories have an OE and post-OE part

- A database query compares the set of lexical items in each category with the set of lexical items in every other category

- Where there is lexical overlap, there may also be metaphor!

- We code the data manually, identifying category pairs which are metaphorically linked


Metaphor Map


Metaphor cards

Y08 Trade and commerce (3832 word types) D17 Wetness (636 word types)

Trade and commerce Wetness

There is a strong metaphorical connection between Trade and commerce and Wetness, beginning in the late 19th century.

There are 7 word types which overlap between these two categories, including the metaphors: flood (of a market) (1894-), saturated (of a market) (1962-). View all categories with metaphorical connections to both Trade and Commerce and WetnessView all categories with metaphorical connections to either Trade and Commerce or Wetness


Metaphor cards

Y08 Trade and commerce (3832 word types) F19 Computing (1320 word types)

Trade and commerce Computing

There is a strong metaphorical connection between Trade and commerce and Computing, beginning in the mid 20th century.

There are 22 word types which overlap between these two categories, including the metaphors: hardware (1947-), export (1982-) and import (1985-).View all categories with metaphorical connections to both Trade and Commerce and ComputingView all categories with metaphorical connections to either Trade and Commerce or Computing


Metaphor cards

Y08 Trade and commerce (3832 word types) H22 Truth and falsity (5887 word types)

Trade and commerce Truth and falsity

There is a strong metaphorical connection between Trade and commerce and Truth and falsity, beginning in the late 19th century.

There are 76 word types which overlap between these two categories, including the metaphors: sold (1876), window-dress (1913) and oversell (1928-).View all categories with metaphorical connections to both Trade and Commerce and Truth and falsityView all categories with metaphorical connections to either Trade and Commerce or Truth and falsity


Metaphor cards

Y08 Trade and commerce (3832 word types) C04 Weariness (574 word types)

Trade and commerce Weariness

There is a weak metaphorical connection between Trade and commerce and Weariness, beginning in the mid 20th century.

There are 7 word types which overlap between these two categories, including the metaphor: sold-out (1958-).View all categories with metaphorical connections to both Trade and Commerce and WearinessView all categories with metaphorical connections to either Trade and Commerce or Weariness


Metaphor cards

Y08 Trade and commerce (3832 word types) F13 Exemplification and specificity (2441 word types)

Trade and commerce Exemplification and specificity

There is a weak metaphorical connection between Trade and commerce and Exemplification and Specificity, beginning in the mid 17th century.

There are 36 word types which overlap between these two categories, including the metaphor: wholesale (1642-).View all categories with metaphorical connections to both Trade and Commerce and Exemplification and SpecificityView all categories with metaphorical connections to either Trade and Commerce or Exemplification and Specificity


Timeline created using www.tiki-toki.com

www.glasgow.ac.uk/metaphorhttp://blogs.arts.gla.ac.uk/metaphor/ Twitter: @MappingMetaphor


Image from Thomas Wright: An original theory or new hypothesis of the universe. London, 1750. Courtesy of University of Glasgow Library, Special Collections.

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Transcript of ￼“Civilization arranged in chronological strata”: A digital approach to the English semantic...

“Civilization arranged in chronological strata”: A digital approach to the English semantic...

Transcript of “Civilization arranged in chronological strata”: A digital approach to the English semantic...