Civil War on the Horizon Civil War on the Horizon

• Settlers and railroads want to expand West of Settlers and railroads want to expand West of MissouriMissouri

Kansas-Nebraska BillKansas-Nebraska Bill– 2 territories, Kansas and Nebraska2 territories, Kansas and Nebraska– Missouri Compromise repealedMissouri Compromise repealed

Kansas and the Rise of the Republican Party

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

Douglas and Douglas and support of Manifest support of Manifest DestinyDestiny

Abraham Lincoln: Abraham Lincoln: expansion of expansion of slavery must stopslavery must stop

Bill narrowly passesBill narrowly passes

Death of the Whig Party

Kansas-Nebraska Act destroys Whig Kansas-Nebraska Act destroys Whig partyparty

Republican PartyRepublican Party– Free-SoilersFree-Soilers– antislavery Democratsantislavery Democrats

Democrats and 1854 electionsDemocrats and 1854 elections– Democrats lose control of CongressDemocrats lose control of Congress– Become more Southern dominatedBecome more Southern dominated

Immigration and Nativism

1840s: surge in German and Irish immigrants1840s: surge in German and Irish immigrants– Many immigrants were Roman CatholicsMany immigrants were Roman Catholics– Ethnic riots between Protestants and CatholicsEthnic riots between Protestants and Catholics

Nativism: established Americans perceived Nativism: established Americans perceived the recent immigrants as responsible for the the recent immigrants as responsible for the rise in crime and poverty in the citiesrise in crime and poverty in the cities

Immigrants in Politics

Increase in political power of immigrantsIncrease in political power of immigrants– Rise in foreign-born votersRise in foreign-born voters– Many became DemocratsMany became Democrats– Leaned toward pro-slavery as they competed with Leaned toward pro-slavery as they competed with

Northern blacks for laborNorthern blacks for labor

Catholic church anti-AbolitionistCatholic church anti-Abolitionist Temperance and Public school debateTemperance and Public school debate

– Prohibition laws aggravated ethnic conflictsProhibition laws aggravated ethnic conflicts– Public vs. parochial school systemsPublic vs. parochial school systems

The Rise of the “Know-Nothings”(The American Party)

IssuesIssues– TemperanceTemperance– NativismNativism– Opposed tax support for church schoolsOpposed tax support for church schools– Lengthen naturalization from 5 to 21 yearsLengthen naturalization from 5 to 21 years

Know-Nothings devastate Northern Know-Nothings devastate Northern WhigsWhigs

The Decline of Nativism

Turmoil in KansasTurmoil in Kansas Center for nativism shifted to the SouthCenter for nativism shifted to the South

– Southern Know-Nothings were pro-slaverySouthern Know-Nothings were pro-slavery– Northern Know-Nothings were anti-slaveryNorthern Know-Nothings were anti-slavery

By 1856, Northern Know-Nothings had By 1856, Northern Know-Nothings had become Republicansbecome Republicans

Nativism faded, along with ethnic Nativism faded, along with ethnic tensions and cultural issuestensions and cultural issues

Bleeding Kansas

Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act ““Border Ruffians”Border Ruffians” Free Soil settlersFree Soil settlers 1855 Territorial elections go proslavery, but 1855 Territorial elections go proslavery, but

with significant fraudwith significant fraud Charles SumnerCharles Sumner

– ““The Crime against Kansas”The Crime against Kansas”– Andrew ButlerAndrew Butler

Preston BrooksPreston Brooks

The Caning of Senator Sumner

Brooks canes SumnerBrooks canes Sumner– Southern response: Brooks reelected, sent more canesSouthern response: Brooks reelected, sent more canes– Northern response: proves contentions of the barbarity of Northern response: proves contentions of the barbarity of

slave owning southernersslave owning southerners ““Bleeding Kansas”Bleeding Kansas”

– 1856: attack on Lawrence, Kansas by pro-slavery 1856: attack on Lawrence, Kansas by pro-slavery MissouriansMissourians

– John Brown and Pottawatomie Creek massacreJohn Brown and Pottawatomie Creek massacre– Mini civil war in KansasMini civil war in Kansas

Andrew Butler

The Election of 1856

Republicans dominant party in NorthRepublicans dominant party in North– 11stst truly sectional party truly sectional party– Anti-slaveryAnti-slavery– Pro internal improvements, including Pro internal improvements, including

transcontinental railroadtranscontinental railroad– John C. Frémont: “Free Soil, Free Speech, Free John C. Frémont: “Free Soil, Free Speech, Free

Men, Frémont”Men, Frémont” Democrats and James BuchananDemocrats and James Buchanan

– Popular sovereigntyPopular sovereignty– Blame Republicans for Bleeding KansasBlame Republicans for Bleeding Kansas

American Party and Millard FillmoreAmerican Party and Millard Fillmore

Election of 1856

Election in the NorthElection in the North– Democrats vs. RepublicansDemocrats vs. Republicans

Election in the SouthElection in the South– Democrats vs. American partyDemocrats vs. American party

High voter turnout in NorthHigh voter turnout in North Democrats do well charging Republicans with support for racial Democrats do well charging Republicans with support for racial

equalityequality Republicans claim opposition to expansion of slavery is to Republicans claim opposition to expansion of slavery is to

protect opportunity for whitesprotect opportunity for whites

Dred Scott vs. Sandford, 1857

Dred ScottDred Scott Roger B. TaneyRoger B. Taney The decisionThe decision

– Missouri Missouri Compromise Compromise unconstitutionalunconstitutional

– Blacks are not U.S. Blacks are not U.S. citizenscitizens

Republicans Republicans denounce the denounce the decisiondecision

The Lecompton Constitution

Dred Scott case intensified the slavery Dred Scott case intensified the slavery controversycontroversy

Vote was for limited or unlimited slaveryVote was for limited or unlimited slavery Lecompton Constitution- Kansas rejected itLecompton Constitution- Kansas rejected it Buchanan asks Congress to accept itBuchanan asks Congress to accept it Stephen Douglass opposes itStephen Douglass opposes it Long and bitter fight within CongressLong and bitter fight within Congress

– Split the Democratic PartySplit the Democratic Party

“The American System of Manufactures”

Mass production of Mass production of interchangeable partsinterchangeable parts

Samuel ColtSamuel Colt American education American education

system produced system produced highest literacy rates in highest literacy rates in the world in free statesthe world in free states– Teaching becomes Teaching becomes

extension of women’s extension of women’s childrearing rolechildrearing role

The Southern Economy

South lagged behind South lagged behind in educationin education

Southern crop price Southern crop price riserise

Some economic Some economic diversification occurs diversification occurs in 1850sin 1850s

The Sovereignty of King Cotton

James Hammond James Hammond and “King Cotton”and “King Cotton”

George FitzhughGeorge Fitzhugh– Sociology for the Sociology for the

SouthSouth (1854) (1854)– Cannibals AllCannibals All (1857) (1857)

Labor Conditions in the North

Average per capita income: Average per capita income: – 40% higher in North vs. South40% higher in North vs. South

On the edge of poverty:On the edge of poverty:– many recent immigrants, day laborers, many recent immigrants, day laborers,

young, single womenyoung, single women Wages and opportunities were still Wages and opportunities were still

greater in the North than anywhere else greater in the North than anywhere else in the worldin the world

The Panic of 1857

Financial panicFinancial panic– U.S. grain exports to Europe decreasedU.S. grain exports to Europe decreased– High speculation across many sectors of U.S. High speculation across many sectors of U.S.

economyeconomy

Working class riotsWorking class riots Short-lived depressionShort-lived depression

Sectionalism and the Panic

Panic of 1857 intensified sectional hostility Panic of 1857 intensified sectional hostility more than class conflictmore than class conflict

Many Northerners blamed the South for Many Northerners blamed the South for causing the depressioncausing the depression

Republicans demand protective tariffsRepublicans demand protective tariffs Post-panic:Post-panic:

– Republicans made gains in congressional Republicans made gains in congressional elections and pushed for measures:elections and pushed for measures:

• Homestead ActHomestead Act• Land grants to a transcontinental railroadLand grants to a transcontinental railroad• Construction of agricultural & mechanical collegesConstruction of agricultural & mechanical colleges

The Free-Labor Ideology

““Free-labor ideology”: the Republican Free-labor ideology”: the Republican antislavery arguments of the 1850santislavery arguments of the 1850s

Slavery degraded what should be honorable Slavery degraded what should be honorable workwork

Abraham Lincoln: free labor systemAbraham Lincoln: free labor system– Slavery as the antithesis of upward mobilitySlavery as the antithesis of upward mobility– Slaves: “fatally fixed” in their position for lifeSlaves: “fatally fixed” in their position for life

Southerners countered that free labor was Southerners countered that free labor was prone to unrest and strikesprone to unrest and strikes

The Impending Crisis

Hinton Rowan HelperHinton Rowan Helper– The Impending Crisis of the SouthThe Impending Crisis of the South (1857) (1857)– Book was banned throughout the SouthBook was banned throughout the South– Aggravated sectional tensionsAggravated sectional tensions

Free speech not tolerated anymore in Free speech not tolerated anymore in the Souththe South

Southern Non-Slaveholders

Bonds that held southern society Bonds that held southern society togethertogether– Kinship, economic interest, and raceKinship, economic interest, and race– Hope by slaveless to acquire slavesHope by slaveless to acquire slaves

““herrenvolkherrenvolk democracy” democracy”– The equality of all who belonged to the The equality of all who belonged to the

“master race”“master race”

The Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Illinois contest for the Senate1858 Illinois contest for the Senate LincolnLincoln

– ““A house divided against itself cannot stand”A house divided against itself cannot stand”– Slavery and freedom were at oddsSlavery and freedom were at odds– Dred Scott could lead to slavery in free statesDred Scott could lead to slavery in free states

DouglasDouglas– Lincoln will provoke secessionLincoln will provoke secession– Lincoln wanted equality for BlacksLincoln wanted equality for Blacks

The Freeport Doctrine

Lincoln lost the Senate seat, but won Lincoln lost the Senate seat, but won national famenational fame

Douglas’s Freeport Doctrine alienates Douglas’s Freeport Doctrine alienates southern Democratssouthern Democrats

Jefferson Davis and federal slave codes Jefferson Davis and federal slave codes for territoriesfor territories

John Brown at Harpers Ferry

Brown’s plotBrown’s plot Harpers Ferry, Virginia, Harpers Ferry, Virginia,

18591859 Effect in South: Effect in South:

Intensifies southern Intensifies southern suspicions of suspicions of Republicans and Republicans and AbolitionistsAbolitionists

Northern Reaction: Northern Reaction: Sympathy for a martyrSympathy for a martyr

Things to Remember

1850s: economic well-being and 1850s: economic well-being and political upheavalpolitical upheaval

Riots between immigrants and nativistsRiots between immigrants and nativists Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 Dred Scott decision, 1857Dred Scott decision, 1857 Growth of Republican partyGrowth of Republican party Leading to a Civil WarLeading to a Civil War