Civil RightsCivil Rights

Civil Rights VocabularyCivil Rights Vocabulary1. Segregation1. Segregation

2. Plessey v Ferguson2. Plessey v Ferguson

3. Jim Crow Laws3. Jim Crow Laws

4. Brown v Board of Education4. Brown v Board of Education

5. “Little Rock 9”5. “Little Rock 9”

6. Rosa Parks6. Rosa Parks

7. NAACP7. NAACP

8. Martin Luther King, Jr.8. Martin Luther King, Jr.

9. SCLC9. SCLC

10. SNCC10. SNCC

11. Sit-ins11. Sit-ins

12. Children’s Crusade12. Children’s Crusade

13. George Wallace13. George Wallace

14. Medgar Evers14. Medgar Evers

15. March on Washington 196315. March on Washington 1963

16. Civil Rights Act 196416. Civil Rights Act 1964

17. Freedom Summer17. Freedom Summer

18. Voting Rights Act 196518. Voting Rights Act 1965

19. De facto Segregation19. De facto Segregation

20. De jure segregation20. De jure segregation

21. Malcolm X21. Malcolm X

22. Nation of Islam22. Nation of Islam

23. Stokely Carmichael23. Stokely Carmichael

24. Black Panthers24. Black Panthers

In the Beginning…..In the Beginning….. Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence

“ “All Men are Created All Men are Created Equal”Equal”

Citizens have certain Citizens have certain fundamental rights:fundamental rights:

Right to VoteRight to Vote

A struggle for some groups A struggle for some groups

1791-Bill of Rights1791-Bill of Rights

10 amendments added to the 10 amendments added to the

ConstitutionConstitution 1868-141868-14thth amendment amendment

“ “Equal protection of the law”Equal protection of the law”

Right to vote for all males who were 21 Right to vote for all males who were 21 years old (This was later changed)years old (This was later changed)

BUT…..BUT…..

African Americans African Americans and other groups and other groups would struggle for would struggle for the next 100 years the next 100 years to claim their full to claim their full

rights!rights!

SegregationSegregation

Definition: The separation of people Definition: The separation of people on the basis of race.on the basis of race.

Plessy V Ferguson: An 1890 case Plessy V Ferguson: An 1890 case that ruled “separate but equal” did that ruled “separate but equal” did not violate the 14not violate the 14thth Amendment Amendment

Effects: Jim Crow laws, separate Effects: Jim Crow laws, separate schools, restrooms, elevators etc.schools, restrooms, elevators etc.

Challenging SegregationChallenging Segregation

Brown V. Board of Education Brown V. Board of Education 19541954

Linda Brown was denied Linda Brown was denied admission to an all white school admission to an all white school 4 blocks away from her home. 4 blocks away from her home. She had to attend an all black She had to attend an all black school 21 blocks away.school 21 blocks away.

Supreme Court Ruling: Supreme Court Ruling:

Unanimously struck down Unanimously struck down segregation as segregation as unconstitutionalunconstitutional

Chief Justice Earl Warren:Chief Justice Earl Warren:

“… “…Separate but equal has no Separate but equal has no place. Separate educational place. Separate educational facilities are inherently facilities are inherently unequal”unequal”

ConsequencesConsequences

Brown case affected 12 million Brown case affected 12 million school children. school children.

Some states opposed: Some states opposed:

Georgia says ….”permanent Georgia says ….”permanent segregation of all races”segregation of all races”

Court says “must desegregate Court says “must desegregate with all deliberate speed”with all deliberate speed”

Little Rock Nine-1957Little Rock Nine-1957

9 African American students 9 African American students volunteered to integrate Little Rock volunteered to integrate Little Rock Central High School.Central High School.

Arkansas Governor Orville Faubus Arkansas Governor Orville Faubus ordered National Guard to turn them ordered National Guard to turn them away.away.

Judge ordered Faubus to let students Judge ordered Faubus to let students in.in.

What Happened?What Happened?

Eisenhower ordered National Eisenhower ordered National Guard under Federal control.Guard under Federal control.

The nine students were escorted The nine students were escorted by soldiers. by soldiers.

Faubus ordered school to shut Faubus ordered school to shut down rather than let integration down rather than let integration continue! continue!

Montgomery Bus BoycottMontgomery Bus Boycott

Dec. 1 1955Dec. 1 1955 Rosa Parks refused to move to Rosa Parks refused to move to

the back of the bus.the back of the bus. She was arrestedShe was arrested But her arrest was exactly what But her arrest was exactly what

the movement needed…..the movement needed…..

What Happened?What Happened?

NAACP organized a boycott of NAACP organized a boycott of the city buses.the city buses.

Led by Martin Luther King Jr.Led by Martin Luther King Jr. Non-violent protest Non-violent protest Boycott lasted 381 daysBoycott lasted 381 days 1956-Supreme Court outlawed 1956-Supreme Court outlawed

bus segregationbus segregation

Martin Luther King Jr.Martin Luther King Jr.

Young Baptist ministerYoung Baptist minister Based his ideas on several peopleBased his ideas on several people

Jesus=love one’s enemiesJesus=love one’s enemies

Thoreau=refuse to obey an unjust Thoreau=refuse to obey an unjust

law (civil disobedience)law (civil disobedience)

Gandhi=resist oppression byGandhi=resist oppression by

peaceful meanspeaceful means

SCLCSCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference.Conference.

Purpose was to carry on “non Purpose was to carry on “non violent crusades” violent crusades”

MLK Jr. helped organize itMLK Jr. helped organize it Planned to stage protests and Planned to stage protests and

demonstrations in South.demonstrations in South.

SNCCSNCC

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Student Nonviolent Coordinating CommitteeCommittee

Agreed with SCLC and MLK but Agreed with SCLC and MLK but wanted change more rapidlywanted change more rapidly

Organized Sit-ins: protesters sit down Organized Sit-ins: protesters sit down at white only lunch counters and at white only lunch counters and refused to leave until they were refused to leave until they were servedserved

1960- staged a sit-in at a 1960- staged a sit-in at a Woolworths in Greensboro, Woolworths in Greensboro, NCNC

Was televised nationallyWas televised nationally Led to more sit-ins across Led to more sit-ins across

the South and eventually the South and eventually led to desegregation of led to desegregation of diners.diners.

Freedom RidersFreedom Riders

Interstate bus facilities were Interstate bus facilities were segregatedsegregated

in the Southin the South

SNCC volunteers rode into SNCC volunteers rode into Birmingham, ALBirmingham, AL

They were pulled off and beaten-1961They were pulled off and beaten-1961

Next stop: Montgomery ALNext stop: Montgomery AL

What Happened?What Happened?

Arrived in Montgomery to a mob of Arrived in Montgomery to a mob of whiteswhites

Riders were beaten with bats and lead Riders were beaten with bats and lead pipespipes

Kennedy responded by sending in Kennedy responded by sending in Federal Marshalls to protect riders in Federal Marshalls to protect riders in Jackson, MississippiJackson, Mississippi

Interstate Facilities were desegregated!Interstate Facilities were desegregated!

Birmingham, ALBirmingham, AL

Known for total segregationKnown for total segregation King decides to test power of King decides to test power of

non violence-April 12, 1963non violence-April 12, 1963

11stst demonstration-King demonstration-King arrested by Police arrested by Police commissioner Bull Connorcommissioner Bull Connor

Letter from Birmingham JailLetter from Birmingham Jail

……..when you have seen hate filled ..when you have seen hate filled policeman curse , kick and brutalize policeman curse , kick and brutalize and even kill your black brothers and even kill your black brothers and sisters…when you see the vast and sisters…when you see the vast majority of your twenty million Negro majority of your twenty million Negro brothers smothering in the air tight brothers smothering in the air tight cage of poverty; when you have to cage of poverty; when you have to concoct an answer for a five year old concoct an answer for a five year old asking:……asking:……

‘Daddy, why do white people treat colored people so mean?’….then you will find it difficult to wait.” MLK, Jr.

Children’s CrusadeChildren’s Crusade

22ndnd demonstration in Birmingham - demonstration in Birmingham -May 2May 2

Over 1000 children marchedOver 1000 children marched Connor arrested 959 of them!Connor arrested 959 of them! 33rdrd demonstration on May 3 demonstration on May 3rdrd

televised nationallytelevised nationally Police swept marchers off their feet Police swept marchers off their feet

with high pressure hoses, set attack with high pressure hoses, set attack dogs on them, clubbed marchersdogs on them, clubbed marchers

Demonstrators huddled in a doorway seek shelter Demonstrators huddled in a doorway seek shelter from the hoses. The water is propelled at a force from the hoses. The water is propelled at a force

of one hundred pounds per square inch.of one hundred pounds per square inch.

After being hit from behind and being knocked After being hit from behind and being knocked down by the hoses, a woman is picked up and down by the hoses, a woman is picked up and

rescued by a witnessrescued by a witness

A police wrestles with a 5 year old boy for A police wrestles with a 5 year old boy for the American Flag!the American Flag!

Kennedy RespondsKennedy Responds

““Are we to say to the world-Are we to say to the world-and much more and much more

importantly to each other-importantly to each other-that this is the land of the that this is the land of the

free, except for the free, except for the Negroes?”Negroes?”

George Wallace responds…..George Wallace responds…..

Governor of AlabamaGovernor of Alabama

““I say, Segregation Now! I say, Segregation Now! Segregation tomorrow! Segregation tomorrow! Segregation Forever!”Segregation Forever!”

Racial tensions increase….Racial tensions increase…. Medgar EversMedgar Evers NAACP field secretaryNAACP field secretary WWII veteranWWII veteran Murdered by a sniper in MississippiMurdered by a sniper in Mississippi White Supremacist arrested but was White Supremacist arrested but was

released after hung juries. released after hung juries. In February 1994, nearly 31 years In February 1994, nearly 31 years

after Evers' death, Beckwith was after Evers' death, Beckwith was convicted and sentenced to life in convicted and sentenced to life in prison. He died in January 2001 at the prison. He died in January 2001 at the age of 80. age of 80.

March on WashingtonMarch on Washington August 28, 1963August 28, 1963 People demanded the People demanded the

immediate passage of a Civil immediate passage of a Civil Rights billRights bill

King-”I Have a Dream” speechKing-”I Have a Dream” speech Largest demonstration in U.S Largest demonstration in U.S

up to that time.up to that time.

Civil Rights Acts of 1964Civil Rights Acts of 1964

Johnson signed the billJohnson signed the bill Prohibits discrimination Prohibits discrimination

because of race, religion, because of race, religion, national origin, and national origin, and gendergender

Signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by President Lyndon Signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by President Lyndon B. Johnson as Martin Luther King Jr. looks onB. Johnson as Martin Luther King Jr. looks on

Freedom SummerFreedom Summer

Wanted to influence Congress to Wanted to influence Congress to pass a voting rights actpass a voting rights act

More than a 1000 volunteers took on More than a 1000 volunteers took on the challenge to register voters.the challenge to register voters.

Increased violence: 4 deaths, 4 Increased violence: 4 deaths, 4 critically wounded, 80 beaten and critically wounded, 80 beaten and many churches bombed and burnedmany churches bombed and burned

Bloody SundayBloody Sunday

Response to a killing of a Response to a killing of a demonstratordemonstrator

March led by King is from Selma, AL March led by King is from Selma, AL to Montgomery, ALto Montgomery, AL

More than 50 milesMore than 50 miles March 7, 1965March 7, 1965 More than 600 protestorsMore than 600 protestors

What Happened?What Happened?

Televised nationallyTelevised nationally Police tear gassed marchersPolice tear gassed marchers Beaten with clubs and whippedBeaten with clubs and whipped In response, another march was In response, another march was

plannedplanned This time This time over 50,000 over 50,000 people people

showed up!showed up!

So what?So what?

10 weeks after Selma march the 10 weeks after Selma march the Voting Rights Act was passed!Voting Rights Act was passed!

ButBut

The long term effects of The long term effects of segregation and discrimination segregation and discrimination

were starting to take its toll!were starting to take its toll!

Leaders who called for peace were Leaders who called for peace were now challenged with increasing now challenged with increasing

violence.violence.

Seeking EqualitySeeking Equality

De facto segregation-exists by De facto segregation-exists by practice and custompractice and custom

Harder to fight Harder to fight Difficult for whites to share Difficult for whites to share

economic and social powereconomic and social power De jure segregation- segregation De jure segregation- segregation

by law.by law.

EffectsEffects

White flight-whites moved to White flight-whites moved to suburbssuburbs

African Americans trapped in African Americans trapped in slums, detoriating schools.slums, detoriating schools.

Unemployment increasedUnemployment increased Led to anger, resentment Led to anger, resentment

impatience, and impatience, and ViolenceViolence

Urban ViolenceUrban Violence

Harlem-Race riotsHarlem-Race riots Los Angeles-In Watts, police arrested Los Angeles-In Watts, police arrested

a young man for driving drunk and a young man for driving drunk and argument began. (1965)argument began. (1965)

Riot lasted 6 days.Riot lasted 6 days. 34 people died34 people died Cost of 30 million dollarsCost of 30 million dollars

Whites were baffled!Whites were baffled! Leaders realized they Leaders realized they

needed economic equality, needed economic equality, opportunity in jobs, housing, opportunity in jobs, housing, and educationand education

But Vietnam overshadowed But Vietnam overshadowed Civil Rights!Civil Rights!

Malcolm XMalcolm X Advocated pride in the identity Advocated pride in the identity

of African Americansof African Americans Preached whites were the Preached whites were the

cause of the conditions blacks cause of the conditions blacks were in and should separate were in and should separate themselves from the white themselves from the white society.society.

Armed self defense Armed self defense

Ballots vs. BulletsBallots vs. Bullets

Pilgrammage to Mecca Pilgrammage to Mecca changed his way of thinking.changed his way of thinking.

““Well, if you and I don’t use Well, if you and I don’t use a ballot, were going to be a ballot, were going to be forced to use the bullet. So forced to use the bullet. So let us try the ballot.”let us try the ballot.”

Malcolm XMalcolm X Feb. 21, 1965 Feb. 21, 1965

was shot and was shot and killed.killed.

He was 39 He was 39 years oldyears old

Nation of IslamNation of Islam

Religious organizationReligious organization Led by Elijah MohammedLed by Elijah Mohammed It strives for freedom, Justice and It strives for freedom, Justice and

equality for blacks.equality for blacks. Malcolm X was a follower of this Malcolm X was a follower of this

religious organization religious organization

Black PowerBlack Power

Stokey Carmichael of SNCCStokey Carmichael of SNCC SNCC & CORE members becoming SNCC & CORE members becoming

militantmilitant ““A call for black people to begin to A call for black people to begin to

define their own goals….and to lead define their own goals….and to lead their own organizations.”their own organizations.”

King urged him to stop for fear it King urged him to stop for fear it would lead to more violencewould lead to more violence

Black PrideBlack Pride Mexico City, 1968Mexico City, 1968 OlympicsOlympics African American African American

athletes athletes performed performed ”Power to the ”Power to the People” salute as People” salute as a political a political statement.statement.

Black PanthersBlack Panthers Political Party formed by Political Party formed by

Huey Newton and Bobby Huey Newton and Bobby SealeSeale

Preached armed revolt (Mao Preached armed revolt (Mao Zedong)Zedong)

““Power flows out of the barrel Power flows out of the barrel of a gun”of a gun”

GoalsGoals

To fight police brutalityTo fight police brutality Take control of African Take control of African

Americans communities Americans communities Exemption of blacks into Exemption of blacks into

military service.military service.

Support in the GhettosSupport in the Ghettos

Established Daycare Established Daycare centerscenters

Free breakfast programs Free breakfast programs Free medical clinicsFree medical clinics Assistance to homelessAssistance to homeless

Dr. King’s DeathDr. King’s Death

His last speech in Memphis to His last speech in Memphis to support sanitary workers.support sanitary workers.

“ “I may not get there with I may not get there with you, but I want you to know you, but I want you to know tonight that we as a people tonight that we as a people will get to the promised will get to the promised land.”land.”

King’s DeathKing’s Death April 4, 1968, King was shot and April 4, 1968, King was shot and

killed by James Earl Ray.killed by James Earl Ray.

Rage over King’s death Rage over King’s death erupted into the worst riots erupted into the worst riots ever in 125 cities.ever in 125 cities.

Issued a report that concluded the Issued a report that concluded the nation was moving towards being nation was moving towards being black and whiteblack and white

Called for the creation of new jobs, Called for the creation of new jobs, new housing and end de facto new housing and end de facto segregationsegregation

Johnson admin. ignored report Johnson admin. ignored report because of white oppositionbecause of white opposition

Kerner CommissionKerner Commission

GainsGains

End of de jure segregationEnd of de jure segregation Civil Rights Act of 1968Civil Rights Act of 1968 Greater pride in racial identityGreater pride in racial identity Desegregation of educational Desegregation of educational

facilitiesfacilities Political gains such as increase in Political gains such as increase in

voters and African American leadersvoters and African American leaders