Civil Rights: 1940s to Little Rock
description
Transcript of Civil Rights: 1940s to Little Rock
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“Power concedes nothing without a demand. . . . It never did, and it never will.”
— Frederick Douglass
Civil Rights: Civil Rights: 1940s to 1940s to
Little RockLittle Rock
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Civil Rights in the Early Civil Rights in the Early Holocene EpochHolocene Epoch
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Read Gaillard, Cradle of Freedom, 75-116, 135-177, 195-206
Read Lawson / Payne, eds., Debating, 82-87, 159-167
Homework:Homework:
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Agency, Action, Inaction, and Movement Building
• What actions were civil rights activists justified in using to achieve social justice?
• How did representatives of “The State” respond to the civil rights movement, and how did they justify those responses?
• How does a social movement -- and attendant social, political, economic change -- “happen”?
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“Until justice rolls down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream.”
-- Martin Luther King, Jr., echoing the prophet Amos
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Hallowed GroundHallowed Ground
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Addie Mae Collins
Cynthia Wesley
Denise McNair
Carole Robertson
4 Little Girls4 Little Girls
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The Rise of Segregation: The Strange Career of “Jim Crow”
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Three Pillars of White Supremacy
• Segregation
• Voter disfranchisement
• Extralegal violence and use of criminal justice system [concept of “legal lynching”]
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Voter Disfranchisement
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The Scourge of Lynching
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. . . and “Race Riots”
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1940-19541940-1954
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Was there a Was there a
New Deal New Deal for blacks?for blacks?
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Charles White.The Return of the Soldier, 1946.Pen and ink on illustration board.Prints and Photographs Division.Reproduction Number: LC-USZC4-4886 (8-19)
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19541954
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Agency and the Brown cases:
From “nibbling around the edges”
to a full frontal assault
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Lynching, Lynching, the Sexual “Color Line,” the Sexual “Color Line,”
and a and a Culture of ViolenceCulture of Violence
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The Banner hanging with depressing regularity outside of the NAACP offices in New York City in the early decades of the
20th century
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Halloween 2001
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19551955
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“I want the whole world to see what they did to my baby. . . .”
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19551955
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• nature of “direct action”
• ideology
• strategy
• tactics
• boycotts [withholding patronage, economic boycotts, etc.]
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Sign indicating demarcation of segregated seating on Birmingham city bus during the Jim Crow era
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Sign indicating demarcation of segregated seating on Birmingham city bus during the Jim Crow era
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Mythology and Mythology and SpontaneitySpontaneity
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E.D. Nixon and Rosa Parks
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Martin Luther King, Peter Seeger, Charis Horton, Rosa Parks, and Ralph Abernathy
at Highlander Folk School’s 25th Reunion, 1957
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Forgotten Faces Forgotten Faces and Eventsand Events
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Claudette Colvin
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JoAnn Robinson
of the Women’s Political
Council (WPC) in Montgomery
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1953 Baton Rouge Bus Boycott Carpool System
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Tallahassee Bus Boycott, 1956
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19571957ALPHABET SOUP:
NAACP (1909)FOR (1914-1915) / CORE (1942)
SCLC (1957)
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19571957
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Revisiting Revisiting “with all “with all
deliberate speed”deliberate speed”
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Little Rock 9 with Daisy Bates
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(September 13, 1957)—The Little Rock Nine study on their own after being denied admission to Little Rock Central High School.
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Black newsman Alex Wilson attacked by the mob outside Little Rock’s Central High School
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Arkansas Governor
Orval Faubus
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President Dwight D. Eisenhower
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May 29, 1958 -- Ernest Green is the first black to graduate from Central High.
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Elizabeth Eckford and Hazel Massery
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MediaMediaWhat role do the media play
in shaping perceptions of a social movement and its antagonists?
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See notes: Norman Rockwell, “The Problem We All Live With”
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6 year-old Ruby Bridges, depicted as she desegregrated an all-white New Orleans elementary school in 1960
in Norman Rockwell’s painting “The Problem We All Live With”
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"At a time when we face grave situations abroad because of the hatred that communism bears towards a system of government based on human rights, it would be difficult to exaggerate the harm that is being done to the prestige and influence and indeed to the safety of our nation and the world. Our enemies are gloating over this incident and using it everywhere to misrepresent our whole nation."
-- Dwight Eisenhower, 24th September, 1957, in a nationally-televised address
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Truth and Truth and ReconciliationReconciliation
Elizabeth Eckford, Hazel Massery,
and Grace Lorch (not pictured)
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19601960
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Arkansas Governor
Orval Faubus
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North Carolina Senator Sam
Ervin, master of “featherbed resistance”
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Alabama’s George Wallace:
From racial “moderate” to diehard
segregationist
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