Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive

Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection

2007-03

Civil-military relations in European security

institutions -- challenges of multi-institutionality in

peace operations

Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School

http://hdl.handle.net/10945/3537

NAVAL

POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA

THESIS

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited

CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS IN EUROPEAN SECURITY INSTITUTIONS – CHALLENGES OF MULTI-

INSTITUTIONALITY IN PEACE OPERATIONS

by

Pascu Furnica

March 2007

Thesis Advisor: Thomas Bruneau Co-Advisor: Karen Guttieri

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2. REPORT DATE March 2007

3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED Master’s Thesis

4. Title And Subtitle Civil-Military Relations in European Security institutions – Challenges of Multi-Institutionality in Peace Operations 6. AUTHOR PASCU FURNICA

5. FUNDING NUMBERS

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93943-5000

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER

9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) N/A

10. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited

12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) The thesis analyzes civil-military relations in European security institutions by analyzing the organization and

institutional mechanisms to exercise democratic civilian control over the military elements adapted to or emerged as a need to conduct peace operations. The goal is to assess the importance of civil-military relations in planning and conducting peace operations.

European security institutions have been involved in peace keeping operations in the Balkans for more then ten years. Their effectiveness is measured by the dramatic decrease of violence. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the number of troops decreased from 60,000 in 1996, when NATO-led Implementation Force (IFOR) was deployed, to a planned 2,500 at the end of 2007. The number of military forces involved in providing security, a normal task for them, is even smaller.

The thesis argues that one of the factors which influenced the improvement of the effectiveness of the peace-keeping forces in Balkans after NATO took over the mission in 1995 is that NATO and EU military forces received clear missions and comprehensive political guidance from their political decision-making bodies. Because civilian structures did not micro-manage the conduct of operations despite the complex environment in which they operated, their effectiveness increased.

15. NUMBER OF PAGES

111

14. SUBJECT TERMS European security institutions, civil-military relations, European Union, CFSP, NATO, UN, peace keeping, peace operations, Bosnia and Herzegovina, multi-instituionality.

16. PRICE CODE

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF REPORT

Unclassified

18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE

Unclassified

19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT

Unclassified

20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

UL NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited

CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS IN EUROPEAN SECURITY INSTITUTIONS – CHALLENGES OF MULTI-INSTITUTIONALITY IN PEACE OPERATIONS

Pascu Furnica

Colonel, Romanian Air Forces B.A., Romanian National Defense University, 1992

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS IN SECURITY STUDIES (CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS)

from the

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL March 2007

Author: Pascu Furnica

Approved by: Thomas Bruneau Thesis Advisor

Karen Guttieri Co-Advisor

Douglas Porch Chairman, Department of National Security Affairs

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ABSTRACT

The thesis analyzes civil-military relations in European security institutions by

analyzing the organization and institutional mechanisms to exercise democratic civilian

control over the military elements adapted to or emerged as a need to conduct peace

operations. The goal is to assess the importance of civil-military relations in planning and

conducting peace operations.

European security institutions have been involved in peace keeping operations in

the Balkans for more then ten years. Their effectiveness is measured by the dramatic

decrease of violence. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the number of troops decreased from

60,000 in 1996, when NATO-led Implementation Force (IFOR) was deployed, to a

planned 2,500 at the end of 2007. The number of military forces involved in providing

security, a normal task for them, is even smaller.

The thesis argues that one of the factors which influenced the improvement of the

effectiveness of the peace-keeping forces in Balkans after NATO took over the mission

in 1995 is that NATO and EU military forces received clear missions and comprehensive

political guidance from their political decision-making bodies. Because civilian structures

did not micro-manage the conduct of operations despite the complex environment in

which they operated, their effectiveness increased.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1 A. PURPOSE.........................................................................................................1 B. IMPORTANCE................................................................................................2 C. LITERATURE REVIEW. ..............................................................................4

1. Prior Work Covering the Role of Institutions Role, Multi- Institutional Framework and Civil-Military Relations in Peace Operations ............................................................................................4

2. Questions and Argument of the Thesis ..............................................9 D. METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES...........................................................10 E. THESIS OUTLINE........................................................................................11

II. CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS IN EUROPEAN SECURITY INSTITUTIONS.........................................................................................................13 A. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................13 B. CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS IN NATO: TRADITION,

EXPERIENCE AND ADAPTABILITY. .....................................................16 C. CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION:

ADAPTATION, DEVELOPMENT, INNOVATION.................................24 D. CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS IN REGIONAL SECURITY

INSTITUTIONS: INFLUENCE AND DEMOCRATIZATION...............32 E. CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................37

III. UNITED NATIONS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA....................................41 A. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................41 B. UNPROFOR IN CROATIA..........................................................................43 C. UNPROFOR IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA .............................................48 D. CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................56

IV. EUROPEAN SECURITY INSTITUTIONS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA .......................................................................................................61 A. NATO AS THE LEADING ORGANIZATION IN BOSNIA....................61 B. EUFOR – EUROPEAN EFFORTS TO MAINTAIN PEACE IN

BOSNIA ..........................................................................................................73 C. CONCLUSION .........