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Civil Law Property
AUG 9
Posted by MagzTitle I PROPERTY
Classifiatio! "aor#i!g to $o%ility&'
1. Immovable real property
2. Movable personal property
Re()isites'
1. Utility
2. Individuality/Substantivity
3. Susceptibility of appropriation
Real Rig*ts
1. no passive subject claim aainst !"ole !orld
2. object is corporeal t"in #obliation$
3. creates juridical relations t"rou" mode % title
&. e'tinuis"ed t"rou" loss or destruction of t"in
Perso!al Rig*ts
1. Passive and active subject
2. (bject is an intanible t"in #specific t"in$
3. )reates juridical relations t"rou" title
&. *ot e'tinuis"ed t"rou" loss or destruction of t"in
I$$ova%le property
1. By nature cannot be moved from place to place because of t"eir nature
a$ land+ buildins % all ,inds of constructions ad"ered to soil
b$ mine+ -uarries
2. By incorporation essentially movables but attac"ed to an immovable t"at it becomes an
interal part of it
trees+ plants % ro!in fruits ad"ered to soil
everyt"in attac"ed to an immovable t"at it !ill brea, if separated
statues+ paintins if intended by o!ner to be interal part of immovable
animal "ouses if intended by o!ner to become permanently attac"ed to immovable
3. By destination movables but purpose is to parta,e of an interal part of an immovable
mac"inery placed by o!ner of t"e tenement % tend directly to meet t"e needs of suc"
!or,s/industry
fertiliers !"en applied to soil
doc,s % floatin structures
&. By analogy/by law contracts for public !or,s+ servitude % ot"er real ri"ts over immovable
property
https://lawphilreviewer.wordpress.com/2014/08/09/civil-law-property-and-ownership-memory-aid/https://lawphilreviewer.wordpress.com/author/lawphilreviewer/https://lawphilreviewer.wordpress.com/author/lawphilreviewer/https://lawphilreviewer.wordpress.com/2014/08/09/civil-law-property-and-ownership-memory-aid/ -
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Mova%le property
1. susceptible of appropriation t"at are not included in enumeration in immovable
2. immovable t"at are desinated as movable by special provision of la!
3. forces of nature brou"t under control by science
&. t"ins !/c can be transported !/o impairment of real property !"ere t"ey are fi'ed
. obliations !"ic" involve demandable sums #credits$
0. s"ares of stoc,s of aricultural+ commercial % industrial entities alt"ou" t"ey may "ave real
estate
Classifiatio! of Mova%les
1. consumable cannot be utilied !/o bein consumed
2. nonconsumable
Classifiatio! of Property "aor#i!g to ow!ers*ip&'
1. Public dominion
intended for public use
intended for public service of state+ provinces+ cities % municipalities
)"aracteristics
outside t"e commerce of men cannot be alienated or leased
cannot be ac-uired by private individual t"rou" prescription
not subject to attac"ment % e'ecution
cannot be burdened by voluntary easement
2. Private (!ners"ip
patrimonial property of state+ provinces+ cities+ municipalities
1. e'ist for attainin economic ends of state
2. property of public dominion !"en no loner intended for public use/service declared
patrimonial
property belonin to private persons individually or collectively
Title II O+,ER-.IP
C*apter /' O+,ER-.IP I, GE,ERAL
0efi!itio!s of Ow!ers*ip Independent and eneral ri"t of a person to control a t"in particularly in "is possession+
enjoyment+ disposition+ and recovery+ subject to no restrictions e'cept t"ose imposed by t"e
state or private persons+ !it"out prejudice to t"e provisions of t"e la!.
Po!er of a person over a t"in for purposes reconied by la! % !it"in t"e limits establis"ed
by la! Attri%)tes'
1. 4us possidendi ri"t to possess
2. 4us utendi ri"t to enjoy
3. 4us fruendi ri"t to fruits
&. 4us abutendi ri"t to use and abuse
. 4us disponendi ri"t to dispose
0. 4us vindicandi ri"t to e'clude ot"ers from possession of t"e t"in
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Atio!s for possessio!'
1. movable replevin #return of a movable$
2. immovable
forcible entry used by person deprived of possession t"rou" violence+ intimidation #p"ysical
possession+ 1 year unla!ful deprivation$
unla!ful detainer used by lessor/person "avin leal ri"t over property !"en lessee/person
!it""oldin property refuses to surrender possession of property after e'piration of lease/ri"t
to "old property #p"ysical possession+ 1 year from unla!ful deprivation$
accion publiciana plenary action to recover possession
accion reinvindicatoria recovery of dominion of property as o!ner
5. Principle of self "elp self defense
6lements
Person e'ercisin ri"ts is o!ner or la!ful possessor
7"ere is actual or t"reatened unla!ful p"ysical invasion of "is property
Use force as may be reasonably necessary to repel or prevent it
8vailable only !"en possession "as not yet been lost+ if already lost resort to judicial process
May be e'ercised by 3rdperson negotiorum gestio
9. :i"t to enclose or fence !/o detriment to servitude constituted
;. :i"t to surface % everyt"in under it only as far as necessary for "is practical interest #benefit
or enjoyment$
1 also if in anot"er?s property> t"e
finder must not be trespasser
Li$itatio! o! Ow!ers*ip
1. eneral limitations for t"e benefit of t"e state #eminent domain+ police po!er+ ta'ation$
2. specific limitations imposed by la! #servitude+ easements$
3. specific limitations imposed by party transmittin o!ners"ip #!ill+ contract$
&. limitations imposed by o!ner "imself #voluntary servitude+ mortaes+ pledes$
. in"erent limitations arisin from conflicts !it" ot"er similar ri"ts #contiuity of property$
0. o!ner cannot ma,e use of a t"in !"ic" s"all injure/prejudice ri"ts of 3rdpersons #nei"bors$
5. acts in state of necessity la! permits injury or destruction of t"ins o!ned by anot"er
provided t"is is necessary to avert a reater daner #!it" ri"t to indemnity vs. principle of
unjust enric"ment$
9. true o!ner must resort to judicial process !"en t"in is in possession of anot"er> la! creates
a disputable presumption of o!ners"ip to t"ose in actual possession
identify property
s"o! t"at "e "as better title
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C*apter 1' RIG.T O2 ACCE--IO,
Aessio! o!ner of t"in becomes o!ner of everyt"in it may produce or t"ose !"ic" may be
incorporated or united t"ereto
1. principle of justice
2. accessory follo!s t"e principal
Accession continua accession to products of t"e t"in
Rig*ts of ow!ers natural+ industrial % civil fruits
e'ception possession in ood fait" by anot"er+ usufruct+ lease+ antic"resis
O%ligatio! of ow!ers'
I$$ova%les aretio!
1. 8lluvion o!ner of lands adjoinin ban,s of river belons t"e accretion radually received from
effects of t"e !ater?s current
:e-uisites
1. deposit is radual % imperceptible
2. made t"rou" effects of current of !ater
3. land !"ere accretion ta,es place is adjacent to ban,s of river
:i"ts of riparian o!ner
:i"t to accretion ipso facto no need to ma,e an e'press act of possession
2. 8vulsion transfer of a ,no!n portion of land from one tenement to anot"er by force of
current of !aters
:i"ts of riparian o!ner
:i"t to portion of land transferred if not claimed by o!ner !it"in 2 years #prescription$ :i"t to trees uprooted if not claimed by o!ner !/in 0 mont"s> subject to reimbursement for
necessary e'penses for at"erin t"em % puttin t"em in safe place
3. )"ane of river bed
:i"t of o!ner of land occupied by ne! river course
1. :i"t to old bed ipso facto in proportion to area lost
2. (!ner of adjoinin land to old bed s"all "ave ri"t to ac-uire t"e same by payin its value
value not to e'ceed t"e value of area occupied by ne! bed
3. @ormation of island in nonnaviable river
o!ner of marin nearest to islands formed if nearest to it o!ner of bot" marins if island is in t"e middle #divided into "alves lonitudinally$
&. buildin+ plantin % so!in
Aeneral :ule !"atever is built+ planted or so!n belons to o!ner of land> presumption is
o!ner made t"em at "is e'pense
6'ception contrary is proven
:i"t of o!ner of material
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1. :i"t to be indemnified or paid of value of property by o!ner of land
2. :i"t to remove materials if "e can do so !/o injury to !or, constructed if o!ner "as not paid
3. :i"t to damaes and demolition even if !it" injury to !or, if o!ner of land is in bad fait"
:i"t of o!ner !"en anot"er builds+ plants or so!s in "is land #(B*6: % CUIDE6: C(7F I*
A((E @8I7F$
1. 8ppropriate as "is o!n after payin for indemnity
2. (blie t"e planter+ builder to pay for price of land or rent+ e'cept !"en value of lands is
reater t"an t"in built convert to rent
:i"t of Cuilder in ood fait" before payment of indemnity of o!ner in ood fait"
1. :i"t to retain land % buildin
2. :i"t not to be compelled to pay for rent
3. :i"t of retention ceases !"en oblied to pay for value of and if "e fails to do so
:i"t of o!ner in ood fait" !"en builder is in bad fait"
1. :i"t to appropriate !"at "as been built !/o payin indemnity
2. (rder demolition of buildin
3. )ompel t"e builder to pay for price of land or rent&. :i"t to damaes
:i"t of builder in bad fait" !"en o!ner is in ood fait"
:i"t to be reimbursed for necessary e'penses for preservation of land
:i"t of Cuilder in ood fait" !"en o!ner is in bad fait"
1. :i"t to indemnity for value of buildin
2. :i"t to damaes
3. :i"t to demolis" !/o payment of indemnity
Cad fait" on bot" builder % o!ner in pari delicto #no cause of action vs. eac" ot"er$
:i"t of 3rd
person !"o o!ns materials1. :i"t to be indemnified for value of materials irrespective of ood fait" or bad fait" of builder
or o!ner> if builder "as no property+ o!ner is subsidiarily liable
2. B"en builder is in bad fait" % o!ner in ood fait" % o!ner compel builder to remove
improvements+ o!ner is not subsidiarily liable
3. B"en 3rdperson is paid by builder+ builder may demand from lando!ner t"e value of labor %
materials
%& Mova%les
1. )onjunction / adjunction 2 movable t"ins !"ic" belon to different o!ners are united to
form a sinle object
7est to determine !/c one is t"e principal
1. t"at to !/c t"e ot"er intended to be united as ornament or for its use of perfection
2. value
3. volume
:i"ts
1. If bot" are in ood fait" o!ner of principal ac-uired t"e accessory !it" indemnification
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2. If bot" are in ood fait" may separate t"em if no injury !ill be caused> if value of accessory is
reater t"an principal+ o!ner of accessory may demand separation even if damaes !ill be
caused to t"e principal #e'penses to be borne by one !"o caused t"e conjunction$
3. If o!ner of accessory is in bad fait" o!ner of accessory !it" damaes to principal
&. If o!ner of principal is in bad fait" o!ner of accessory s"all "ave option of principal payin
value of accessory or removal of accessory despite destruction of principal
. (!ner of accessory or principal "as ri"t to indemnity !"en t"in adjuncts !/o "is consent
may demand t"at a t"in e-ual is ,ind+ value and price
2. Specification (ne employs t"e materials of anot"er in !"ole or in part on order to ma,e a
t"in of a different ,ind> transformation
:i"ts
1. If person !"o made t"e transformation is in ood fait" "e s"all appropriate t"e t"in
transformed as "is o!n !it" indemnity to o!ner of material for its value
2. If material is more precious t"an transformed t"in o!ner of material may appropriate t"e
ne! t"in to "imself after indemnity paid to labor or demand indemnity for materials
3. If person !"o made t"e transformation is in bad fait"+ o!ner of material s"all appropriate t"e!or, to "imself !/o payin ma,er or demand indemnity for value of materials % damaes
&. If transformed t"in is more valuable t"an material+ o!ner of material cannot appropriate
3. )ommi'tion / confusion 2 t"ins of t"e same or different ,inds are mi'ed % are not separable
!/o injury
:i"ts
1. If bot" o!ners are in ood fait" 6ac" o!ner s"all ac-uire a ri"t proportional to t"e part
belonin to "im #visavis t"e value of t"e t"ins mi'ed or confused$
2. If one o!ner is in bad fait" "e s"all lose t"e t"in belonin to "im plus indemnity for
damaes caused to o!ner of ot"er t"in mi'ed !it" "is t"in
3. If bot" in bad fait" no cause of action aainst eac" ot"er
)"apter 3 GUI67I*A (@ 7I7D6
Reaso!s'
1. prevent litiation
2. protect true title % possession
3. real interest of bot" parties !"ic" re-uires t"at precise state of title be ,no!n
Atio! to ()iet title
put end to ve'atious litiation in respect to property involved> plaintiff asserts "is o!n estate
% enerally declares t"at defendant?s claim is !/o foundation
!"en proper
1. contract "as been e'tinuis"ed or terminated
2. contract "as prescribed
3. remove cloud
Atio! to re$ove lo)#
intended to procure cancellation+ delivery+ release of an instrument+ encumbrance+ or claim
constitutin a on plaintiff?s title !"ic" may be used to injure or ve' "im in t"e enjoyment of "is
title
)loud any instrument !"ic" is inoperative but "as semblance of title
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5. :i"t to ma,e repairs for preservation of t"ins can be made at !ill of one coo!ner> receive
reimbursement t"erefrom> notice of necessity of suc" repairs must be iven to coo!ners+ if
practicable
9. :i"t to full o!ners"ip of "is part and fruits
;. :i"t to alienate+ assin or mortae o!n part> e'cept personal ri"ts li,e ri"t to use and
"abitation
1 stipulation to contrary is void
2. Pay necessary e'penses and ta'es may be e'ercised by only one coo!ner
3. Pay useful and lu'urious e'penses if determined by majority&. Euty to obtain consent of all if t"in is to be altered even if beneficial> resort to court if non
consent is manifestly prejudicial
. Euty to obtain consent of majority !it" reards to administration and better enjoyment of t"e
t"in> controllin interest> court intervention if prejudicial appointment of administrator
0. *o prescription to run in favor coo!ner as lon as "e reconies t"e coo!ners"ip> re-uisites
for ac-uisition t"rou" prescription
1. "e "as repudiated t"rou" une-uivocal acts
2. suc" act of repudiation is made ,no!n to ot"er coo!ners
3. evidence must be clear and convincin
1. )oo!ners cannot as, for p"ysical division if it !ould render t"in unserviceable> but can
terminate coo!ners"ip
2. 8fter partition+ duty to render mutual accountin of benefits and reimbursements for e'penses
3. 6very coo!ner liable for defects of title and -uality of portion assined to eac" of t"e co
o!ner
Rig*ts of 5r#parties
1. creditors of assinees may ta,e part in division and object if bein effected !it"out t"eir
concurrence+ but cannot impun unless t"ere is fraud or made not!it"standin t"eir formal
opposition
2. nonintervenors retain ri"ts of mortae and servitude and ot"er real ri"ts and personal
ri"ts belonin to t"em before partition !as made.
Title 6 PO--E--IO,
Possessio! "oldin of a t"in or enjoyment of a ri"t
1. occupancy actual or constructive #corpus$
2. intent to possess #animus$
.ow a()ire#'
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1. material occupation possession as a fact
1. p"ysical
2. constructive tradicion brevi manu #one !"o possess a t"in s"ort of title of o!ner
lease $>
tradicion constitutum possesorium #o!ner alienates t"in but continues to possess depositary+
pledee+ tenant$
cannot be reconied at t"e same time in 2 different personalities e'cept copossession
-uestion arise reardin fact of possession
1. present possessor preferred
2. 2 possessors one loner in possession
3. dates of possession t"e same one !"o presents a title
&. bot" "ave titles judicial resolution
1. subject to action of our !ill possession as a ri"t
1. tradicion simbolica deliverin object or symbol of placin t"in under control of
transferee #,eys$
2. tradicion longa manu pointin out to transferee t"e t"ins !"ic" are beintransferred
1. proper acts and leal formalities establis"ed for ac-uirin ri"ts donation+ sale
+*at a! %e s)%7et of possessio! t"ins or ri"ts !"ic" are susceptible of bein
appropriated
0egrees of possessio!'
1. "oldin !/o title and in violation of ri"t of o!ner
2. possession !it" juridical title but not t"at of o!ner
3. possession !it" just title but not from true o!ner
&. possession !it" just title from true o!ner
Classes of ow!ers*ip'
1. in concept of o!ner o!ner "imself or adverse possessor
6ffects
1. may be converted into o!ners"ip t"rou" ac-uisitive prescription
2. brin actions necessary to protect possession
3. as, for inscription of possession
&. demand fruits and damaes from one unla!fully detainin property
1. in concept of "older usufruct+ lessee+ bailee
2. in oneself personal ac-uisition
1. "e must "ave capacity to ac-uire possession2. intent to possess
3. possibility to ac-uire possession
1. in name of anot"er aent> subject to aut"ority and ratification if not aut"oried> negotiorum
gestio
1. representative "as intention to ac-uire for anot"er and not for "imself
2. person from !"om it is ac-uired "as intention of possessin it
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1. in ood fait" not a!are t"at t"ere e'ist fla! in title or mode !/c invalidates it> mista,e upon
doubtful -uestion of la!> al!ays presumed> it may be interrupted by e'traneous evidence or
suit for recovery of property of true o!ner
2. in bad fait" a!are of defect
Possessio! t*ro)g* s)essio!
1. possession of "ereditary property is deemed transmitted !/o interruption from moment of
deat" # if accepted$ and if not accepted # deemed never to "ave possessed t"e same $
2. one !"o succeeds by "ereditary title s"all not tac, t"e bad fait" of predecessors in interest
e'cept !"en "e is a!are of fla!s affectin title> but effects of possession in ood fait" s"all not
benefit "im e'cept from date of deat" of decedent.
Mi!ors4 I!apaitate#
may ac-uire material possession but not ri"t to possession> may only ac-uire t"em t"rou"
uardian or leal representatives
A()isitio!
1. cannot be ac-uired t"rou" force or intimidation !"en a possessor objects t"ereto resort to
courts
2. t"e follo!in do not affect acts of possession # not deemed abandonment of ri"ts $> possession
not interrupted
1. acts merely tolerated
2. clandestine and un,no!n acts
3. acts of violence
Rig*ts of possessor'
1. :i"t to be respected in "is possession> if disturbed protected by means establis"ed by la!>
spoliation
2. Possession ac-uired and enjoyed in concept of o!ner can serve as title for ac-uisitiveprescription
1. Possession "as to be in concept of o!ner+ public+ peaceful and uninterrupted
2. 7itle s"ort of o!ners"ip
3. Person in concept of o!ner "as in "is favor t"e leal presumption of just title #prima facie$
&. Possession of real property presumes t"at movables are included
. )opossessors deemed to "ave e'clusively possessed part !"ic" may be allotted to "im>
interruption in !"ole or in part s"all be to t"e prejudice of all
0. Possessor in ood fait" entitled to fruits received before possession is leally interrupted
# natural and industrial at"ered or severed> civil accrue daily $
5. Possessor in ood fait" entitled to part of net "arvest and part of e'penses of cultivation if
t"ere are natural or industrial fruits # proportionate to time of possession $> o!ner "as option to
re-uire possessor to finis" cultivation and at"erin of fruits and ive net proceeds as indemnity
for "is part of e'penses> if possessor in ood fait" refuses barred from indemnification in ot"er
manner
9. Possessor "as ri"t to be indemnified for necessary e'penses !"et"er in ood fait" or in bad
fait"> Possessor in ood fait" "as ri"t of retention over t"in unless necessary e'penses paid by
o!ner
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;. Possessor in ood fait" "as ri"t to be reimbursed for useful e'penses !it" ri"t of retention>
o!ner "as option of payin e'penses or payin t"e increase in value of property !"ic" t"in
ac-uired by reason of useful e'penses
1 domesticated possessed if t"ey retain "abit of
returnin bac, "ome
1&. (ne !"o recovers+ accordin to la!+ possession unjustly lost is deemed to "ave enjoyed it !/o
interruption
Lia%ilities4#)ties of Possessor
1. :eturn of fruits if in bad fait" fruits leitimate possessor could "ave received2. Cear cost of litiation
3. Possessor in ood fait" not liable for loss or deterioration or loss e'cept !"en fraud and
nelience intervened
&. Possessor in bad fait" liable for loss or deterioration even if caused by fortuitous event
. Person !"o recovers possession not oblied to pay for improvements !"ic" "ave ceased to e'ist
at time of occupation
Loss of possessio!'
1. abandonment of t"e t"in renunciation of ri"t> intent to lose t"e t"in
2. assinment made to anot"er by onerous or ratuitous title
3. destruction or total loss of t"e t"in or t"in !ent out of commerce
&. possession of anot"er if ne! possession lasted loner t"at 1 year # possession as a fact$> real
ri"t of possession not lost e'cept after 1< years
,ot lost'
1. Unla!fully deprived or lost
2. 8c-uired at public sale in ood fait" !it" reimbursement
3. Provision of la! enablin t"e apparent o!ner to dispose as if "e is o!ner
&. Sale under order of t"e court
. Purc"ases made at merc"ant stores+ fairs or mar,ets
0. *eotiable document of title
1. 6ven for time bein "e may not ,no! t"eir !"ereabouts+ possession of movable is not deemed
lost2. B"en aent encumbered property !it"out e'press aut"ority e'cept !"en ratified
3. Possession may still be recovered
Possessio! is e()ivale!t to title
1. possession is in ood fait"
2. o!ner "as voluntarily parted !it" t"e possession of t"e t"in
1. possessor is in concept of an o!ner
Title 6I U-U2RUCT
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Us)fr)t ri"t to enjoy anot"er?s property !it" correlative duty of preservin its form and
substance
1. t"ins movable/immovable
2. ri"ts provided it is not strictly personal
8i!#s'
1. leal parents over c"ildren
2. voluntary contracts+ !ills
3. mi'ed prescription
&. total
. partial
0. simultaneous
5. successive
9. pure
;. conditional
1 but is coterminus !it" term of
usufruct> fruits proportionate at duration of usufruct> but can?t do acts of o!ners"ip suc" as
alienation or conveyance e'cept !"en property is
&. consumable
. intended for sale
0. appraised !"en delivered> if not appraised % consumable return same -uality (mutuum)
5. :i"t not e'empt from e'ecution and can be sold at public auction by o!ner
9. *a,ed o!ner still "ave ri"ts but !/o prejudice to usufructuary> may still e'ercise act of
o!ners"ip brin action to preserve
;. :i"t to fruits ro!in at time usufruct beins> ro!in fruits at termination of usufruct
belons to o!ner
1
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19. :i"t to setoff improvements aainst damaes "e made aainst t"e property
1;. :i"t to administer !"en property is coo!ned> if coo!ners"ip cease usufruct of part
allotted to coo!ner belons to usufructuary not affected
2 e'cept !"en t"ere is fraud or nelience+ t"en "e s"all be liable3. Cefore enterin into usufructuary
*otice of inventory of property #appraisal of movables % description$
Postin of security
1. not applicable to parents !"o are usufructuary of c"ildren e'cept !"en 2ndmarriae contracted
2. e'cused allo!ed by o!ner+ not re-uired by la! or no one !ill be injured
failure to ive security o!ner may demand t"at
1. immovables be placed under administration
2. *I can be converted into reistered certificates or deposited in ban,
3. )apital % proceeds of sale of movables be invested in safe securities
&. Interest on proceeds or property under admin belon to usufructuary
. (!ner may retain property as administrator !/ obliation to deliver fruits to usufructuary until
"e ives sufficient security
0. 6ffect of security is retroactive to day "e is entitled to fruits
&. 7a,e care of property as a ood fat"er of family
. Diable for nelience % fault of person !"o substitute "im
0. If usufruct is constituted on animals duty bound to replace dead animals t"at die from natural
causes or became prey> if all of t"em peris" !/o fault but due to contaious disease /
uncommon event deliver remains saved> if peris" in part due to accident continue on
remainin portion> if on sterile animals as if funible replace same ,ind % -uality
5. (blied to ma,e ordinary repairs !ear % tear due to natural use of t"in and are
indispensable for preservation> o!ner may ma,e t"em at e'pense of usufructuary durin
e'istence of usufruct
9. (blied to ma,e e'penses due to "is fault> cannot escape by renouncin usufruct
;. Pay leal interest from e'traordinary e'penses made by o!ner
1
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12. (blied to notify o!ner of act of 3rdperson prejudicial to ri"ts of o!ners"ip "e is liable if "e
does not do so for damaes as if it !as caused t"rou" "is o!n fault
13. 6'penses+ cost % liabilities in suits brou"t !it" reard to usufructuary borne by usufructuary
O%ligatio!s of ow!er
1. e'traordinary e'penses> usufructuary oblied to inform o!ner !"en urent is t"e need to ma,e
t"em
2. e'penses after renunciation of usufruct
3. ta'es % e'penses imposed directly on capital
&. if property is mortaed+ usufructuary "as no obliation to pay mortae> if attac"ed+ o!ner to
be liable for !"atever is lost by usufructuary
. if property is e'propriated for public use o!ner oblied to eit"er replace it or pay leal
interest to usufructuary of net proceeds of t"e same
E:ti!g)is*$e!t of )s)fr)t
1. deat" of usufructuary unless contrary intention appears
2. e'piration of period of usufruct
3. merer of usufruct % o!ners"ip&. renunciation of usufructuary e'press
. total loss of t"in
0. termination of ri"t of person constitutin usufruct
5. prescription use by 3rdperson
loss in part remainin part s"all continue to be "eld in usufruct
usufruct cannot be constituted in favor of a to!n+ )orp or assoc. for more t"an < years
usufruct constituted on immovable !"ereby a buildin is erected % buildin is destroyed
ri"t to ma,e use of land % materials
if o!ner !is"es to construct a ne! buildin pay usufructuary t"e value of interest of land %
materials
bot" s"are in insurance if bot" pays premium> if only o!ner t"en proceeds !ill o to o!ner
only
effect if bad use of t"e t"in o!ner may demand t"e delivery of and administration of t"e
t"in !it" responsibility to deliver net fruits to usufructuary
at termination of usufruct
t"in to be delivered to o!ner !it" ri"t of retention for ta'es % e'traordinary e'penses !/c
s"ould be reimbursed
security of mortae s"all be cancelled
;OO8 III< 0I22ERE,T MO0E- O2 AC=UIRI,G O+,ER-.IP
0iffere!t Mo#es of a()iri!g ow!ers*ip'
(ccupation
Eonation
Prescription
Succession
7radition
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M(E6 Pro'imate cause of o!ners"ip # sales+ donation$
7I7D6 :emote cause of o!ners"ip> merely constituted t"e means
())UP87I(*
1. 7"ere s"ould be a corporeal t"in #tanible$ !"ic" must "ave a corpusJ #body$ % t"at t"in
s"ould "ave no o!ner2. 7"ere must be actual occupancy> t"in must be subjected to one?s control/disposition
3. 7"ere must e an intention to occupy
&. 8ccomplis"ed accordin to leal rules
What are the things susceptible to occupation?
t"ins t"at are !/o o!ner res nullius> abandoned
stolen property cannot be subject of occupation
animals t"at are t"e object of "untin % fis"in
,inds of animals
!ild considered res nullius!"en not yet captured> !"en captured
% escaped become res nulliusaain
domesticated animals oriinally !ild but "ave been captured % tamed> no! belon to t"eir
capturer> "as "abit of returnin to premises of o!ner> becomes res nulliusif t"ey lose t"at "abit
of returnin % reain t"eir oriinal state of freedom
domestic/tame animals born % ordinarily raised under t"e care of people> become res
nullius!"en abandoned by o!ner
"idden treasure #only !"en found on t"ins not belonin to anyone$
abandoned movables
A!i$als'
a$ S!arm of bees
o!ner s"all "ave ri"t to pursue t"em to anot"er?s land #o!ner to identify latter for damaes+
if any$
land o!ner s"all occupy/retain t"e bees if after 2 days+ o!ner did not pursue t"e bees
Eomesticated animals
may be redeemed !it"in 2< days from occupation of anot"er person> if no redemption
made+ t"ey s"all pertain to t"e one !"o cau"t t"em
Pieons % fis"
!"en t"ey o to anot"er breedin place+ t"ey s"all be o!ned by t"e ne! o!ner
provided t"ey are not enticed Mova%les'
1$ 7reasure found on anot"er?s property
consist of #1$ money+ precious objects % 2$ "idden % o!ner is un,no!n
findin must be by c"ance in order t"at straner may be entitled to = of t"e treasure
Movable found !/c is not treasure
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must be returned to o!ner
if finder retains t"e t"in found may be c"ared !it" t"eft
if o!ner is un,no!n+ ive to mayor> mayor s"all announce findin of t"e movable for 2 !ee,s
in !ay "e deems best
of o!ner does not appear 0 mont"s after publication+ t"in found s"all be a!arded to finder
if o!ner appears+ "e is oblied to pay 1/1< of value of property to finder as price if movable is peris"able or cannot be ,ept !/o deterioration or !/o e'penses it s"all be sold at
public auction 9 days after t"e publication
What cannot be acquired by occupation
(!ners"ip of a piece of land
because !"en a land is !it"out an o!ner+ it pertains to t"e state
land t"at does not belon to anyone is presumed to be public land
but !"en a property is private and it is abandoned can be object of occupation
PRE-CRIPTIO, mode by !"ic" one ac-uires o!ners"ip and ot"er real ri"ts t"ru lapse of time>
also a means by !"ic" one loses o!ners"ip+ ri"ts % actions> retroactive from t"e moment period
bean to run
8i!#s'
1. 8c-uisitive
1. 6'tinctive
Who may acquire by prescription:
1. person !"o are capable of ac-uirin property by ot"er leal modes
2. S7876
3. minors t"rou" uardians of personally 8ainst !"om prescription run
1. minors % incapacitated person !"o "ave uardians
2. absentees !"o "ave administrators
3. persons livin abroad !"o "ave administrators
&. juridical persons e'cept t"e state !it" reards to property not patrimonial in c"aracter
. bet!een "usbands % !ife
0. bet!een parents % c"ildren #durin minority/insanity$
5. bet!een uardian % !ard #durin uardians"ip$
9. bet!een co"eirs/coo!ners
;. bet!een o!ner of property % person in possession of property in concept of "older
7"ins subject to prescription all t"ins !it"in t"e commerce of men
1. private property
2. patrimonial property of t"e state
7"ins not subject to prescription
1. public domain
2. in transmissible ri"ts
3. movables possessed t"rou" a crime
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&. reistered land
:enunciation of prescription
persons !it" capacity to alienate may renounce prescription already obtained but not t"e ri"t
to prescribe in t"e future
may be e'press or tacit
prescription is deemed to "ave been tacitly renounced> renunciation results from t"e acts !/c
imply abandonment of ri"t ac-uired
creditors % persons interested in ma,in prescription effective may avail t"emselves
not!it"standin e'press or tacit renunciation
P:6S):IP7I(* (@ (B*6:SFIP % (7F6: :68D :IAF7S
Kinds of 8c-uisitive prescription
1. ordinary
2. e'traordinary
:e-uisites for ordinary prescription
1. possession in ood fait"
2. just title
3. !it"in time fi'ed by la!
& years for movables
9 years for immovables
&. in concept of an o!ner
. public+ peaceful+ uninterrupted
:e-uisites for e'traordinary prescription
1. just title is proved
2. !it"in time fi'ed by la!
1< years for movables
3< years for immovables3. in concept of an o!ner
&. public+ peaceful+ uninterrupted
A((E @8I7F
:easonable belief t"at person !"o transferred t"in is t"e o!ner % could validly transmit
o!ners"ip
Must e'ist t"rou"out t"e entire period re-uired for prescription
4US7 7I7D6 #7:U6 % L8DIE$ must be proved % never presumed
Titulo Colorado
Titulo putativo
title must be one !"ic" !ould "ave been sufficient to transfer o!ners"ip if rantor "ad been
t"e o!ner
t"rou" one of t"e modes of transferrin o!ners"ip but t"ere is vice/defect in capacity of
rantor to transmit o!ners"ip
I* )(*)6P7 (@ (B*6:
possession not by mere tolerance of o!ner but adverse to t"at of t"e o!ner
claim t"at "e o!ns t"e property
PUCDI)+ P68)6@UD % U*I*76::UP76E
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Must be ,no!n to t"e o!ner of t"e t"in
8c-uired % maintained !/o violence
Uninterrupted #no act of deprivation by ot"ers$ in t"e enjoyment of property
I*76::UP7I(*
*atural
t"rou" any cause+ possession ceases for more t"an 1 year if 1 year of less as if no interruption
civil
produced by judicial summons> e'cept
1. void for lac, of leal solemnities
2. plaintiff desist from complaint/allo! proceedins to lapse
3. possessor is absolved from complaint
e'press or tacit renunciation
possession in !artime
:UD6S I* )(MPU787I(* (@ P6:I(E
1. Present possessor may tac, "is possession to t"at of "is rantor or predecessor in interest2. Present possessor presumed to be in continuous possession I intervenin time unless contrary is
proved
3. @irst day e'cluded+ last day included
78)KI*A P6:I(E
t"ere must be privity bet!een previous % present possessor
possible !"en t"ere is succession of ri"ts
if c"aracter of possession different
predecessor in bad fait" possessor in ood fait" use e'traordinary prescription
P:6S):IP7I(* (@ 8)7I(*S
Cy lapse of time fi'ed by la! 5> years
action over immovables from time possession is lost
/> years
mortae action
upon !ritten contract
upon obliation created by la!
upon a judement
? years
action to recover movables from time possession is lost
@ years
upon an oral contract
upon a -uasicontract
years
actions !"ere periods are not fi'ed by la!
B years
upon injury to ri"ts of plaintiff
upon a -uasidelict
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/ year
for forcible entry % detainer
for defamation
:i"ts not e'tinuis"ed by prescription
1. demand ri"t of !ay
2. abate public /private nuisance
3. declare contract void
&. recover property subject to e'pressed trust
. probate of a !ill
0. -uiet title
C*arateristis of 0O,ATIO,'
Unilateral obliation imposed on t"e donor
)onsensual perfected at time donor ,no!s of acceptance
:e-uisites of Eonation
1. :eduction in patrimony of donor
2. Increase in patrimony of donee3. Intent to do act of liberality
&. Eonor must be o!ner of property donated
:e-uirements of a donation
1. subject matter anyt"in of value> present property % not future+ must not impair leitime
2. causa anyt"in to support a consideration enerosity+ c"arity+ ood!ill+ past service+ debt
3. capacity to donate % dispose % accept donation
&. form depends on value of donation
Kinds of Eonation accordin to 6ffectivity
Donation Inter Vivos Donation Mortis Causa
Disposition and acceptance to take effectduring lifetime of donor and donee
Disposition happens upon the death ofdonor
Already pertains to the donee unless there
is a contrary intent
Even if there is a term of effectivity and
effectivity is upon the death of the donor,
still entitled to fruits
Formalities required follo! la! on
donations and certain kinds of donations
" la! on o#ligations and contracts$suppletory%
Formalities required follo! la! on
succession to #e valid, and donation must#e in the form of a !ill
Irrevoca#le at the instance of the donor&may #e revoked only #y reasons provided
#y la!
'evoca#le ad mutuum $e(clusive !ill of
donor%
'evoked only for reasons provided for #y
la! $e(cept onerous donations%
Aepta!e
acceptance must be made personally or t"ru aent
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donation may be made orally or in !ritin
movable
+
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8ll persons !"o may contract and dispose of t"eir property
B"o may accept donations
1. natural % juridical persons !/c are not especially dis-ualified by la!
2. minors % ot"er incapacitated
a$ by t"emselves
if pure % simple donation
if it does not re-uire !ritten acceptance
b$ by uardian+ leal representatives if needs !ritten acceptance
1. natural uardian not more t"an
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E(UCD6 E(*87I(*S
:ule Priority in time+ priority in ri"t
1. If movable one !"o first ta,e possession in ood fait"
2. If immovable one !"o recorded in reistry of property in ood fait"
no inscription+ one !"o first too, possession in ood fait"
in absence t"ereof+ one !"o can present oldest title
:6L()87I(* (@ E(*87I(*S
applies only to donation inter vivos
not applicable to onerous donations
Bit" reards to donations made by person !it"out c"ildren or descendants at time of
donation
1. If donor s"ould "ave leitimate+ leitimated or illeitimate c"ildren2. If c"ild came out to be alive % not dead contrary to belief of donor
3. If donor subse-uently adopts a minor c"ild
8ction for revocation based on failure to comply !it" condition in case of conditional donations
8ction for revocation by reason of inratitude
1. Eonee commits offense aainst person+ "onor+ property of donor+ spouse+ c"ildren under "is
parental aut"ority
2. Eonee imputes to donor any criminal offense or any cat involvin moral turpitude even if "e
s"ould prove it unless act/crime "as been committed aainst donee "imself+ spouse or c"ildren
under "is parental aut"ority
3. Eonee unduly refuses to ive support to donor !"en leally or morally bound to ive support todonor
BIRTH OF CHILD
NON-FULFILLMENT
OF CONDITION INGRATITUDE
Ipso -ure revocation, noneed for action., court
decision is merely
declaratoryneeds court actionneeds court action6'tent portion !"ic" may impair leitime of
"eirs6'tent !"ole portion but court may rule partial revocation only6'tent B"ole portion
returnedProperty must be returnedProperty in e'cessProperty to be returned
Alienation*mortgages
done prior to recording in
'egister of Deeds/
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If already sold or cannot be returned t"e value must be returned
If mortaed donor may redeem t"e mortae !it" ri"t to recover from
donee8lienations/mortaes imposed are void unless reistered !it" :eister of EeedsPrior ones
are void> demand value of property !"en alienated and can?t be recovered or redeemed from
3rdpersons@ruits to be returned at filin of action for revocation@ruits to be returned at filin of
complainant Prescription of action is & years from birt"+ etc.Prescription is & years from non
fulfilmentPrescription is 1 year from ,no!lede of fact and it !as possible for "im to brin
action8ction cannot be renounced8ction cannot be renounced in advance :i"t of action
transmitted to "eirs:i"t of action at instance of donor but may be transmitted to "eirsFeirs can?t
file action8ction e'tends to donee?s "eirs8ction does not e'tend to donee?s "eirs
E:eptio! to r)le o! i!tra!s$issi%ility of atio! wit* regar#s to revoatio! #)e to
i!gratit)#e'
donor "as instituted proceedins but dies before brinin civil action for revocation
donor already instituted civil action but died+ "eirs can substitute
donee ,illed donor or "is inratitude caused t"e deat" of t"e donor
donor died !/o "avin ,no!n t"e inratitude done
criminal action filed but abated by deat"
1. personal to t"e donor> eneral rule is "eir cannot institute if donor did not institute
2. "eirs can only file in t"e ff cases
1. can only ma,e "eirs of donee liable if complaint !as already filed !"en donee died
I!offiio)s #o!atio!s'
1. s"all be reduced !it" reards to t"e e'cess
2. action to reduce to be filed by "eirs !"o "ave ri"t to leitimate at time of donation
3. donees/creditors of deceased donor cannot as, for reduction of donation
&. if t"ere are 2 or more donation recent ones s"all be suppressed. if 2 or more donation at same time treated e-ually % reduction is pro rata but donor may
impose preference !"ic" must be e'pressly stated in donation