Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM...
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Transcript of Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM...
![Page 1: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Civil Engineering Department
Soil Mechanics803440-3
Introduction
Lecture 2Week 2
2014/2015
UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY
![Page 2: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Content
• Purposes of Grain Size Analysis• Purposes of Grain Size Analysis
• Sieve Analysis
• Hydrometer Analysis
• Particle Distribution
• Shape of Soil Particles
![Page 3: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Purposes of Grain Size Analysis
The size distribution is often of critical importance to the way the material performs in use.
• Concrete Structures Economical Filler
Examples
• Roads Construction Bearing Base
• Agriculture Infiltration Rate
• Environment Filters
![Page 4: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Grain Size Analysis
S1 < d
M1%
S3 < d < S2
M3%
S2 < d < S1
M2%
d < S3
M4%
![Page 6: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Sieve Analysis
![Page 7: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Sieve Analysis
![Page 8: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Standard Sieves
Sieve No.Sieve Opening
(mm)
4 4.75010 2.00020 0.85040 0.42560 0.250
100 0.150200 0.075
See text book (table 2.5)
![Page 9: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Cohesiveness
• Soils can also be divided into:cohesive and non-cohesive
• Non-cohesive means the soil has no shear strength if no confinement.
• Cohesive soil contains clay minerals and posses plasticity
• Clay is cohesive and plastic.
• Sand is non-cohesive and non-plastic.
![Page 10: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Hydrometer Analysis
Based on the principle of sedimentation of soil grains in water and bouncy principle.
Stock’s Law
V1 V2<
Bouncy Force
F = V ρ g
![Page 11: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Hydrometer Analysis
![Page 12: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Questions?!
30:00 min
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Percent Finer
76.2 mm
4.75 mm
0.075 mm
Pan
100 %
Finer (Passing)
93 %
62 %
0 %
Gravel
Sand
Silt and Clay
100 – 93 = 7%
93 – 62 = 31%
62 – 0 = 62%
Gravel
Sand
Silt and Clay
![Page 14: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Example: Sieve Analysis
![Page 15: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Example: Sieve Analysis
![Page 16: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Example: Sieve Analysis
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
012345Particle Size (mm)
Per
cent
Fin
er %
![Page 17: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Example: Sieve Analysis
Log-Scale
![Page 18: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Group Work
![Page 19: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Particle-Size Distribution Curve
![Page 20: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Particle-Size Distribution Curve
1. Effective Size (D10)
2. Uniformity Coefficient (Cu)
3. Coefficient of Gradation (Cz)
10
60u D
DC
1060
230
z DD
DC
10% Finer Hydraulic Conductivity
![Page 21: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Particle-Size Distribution Curve
1. Effective Size (D10)
2. Uniformity Coefficient (Cu)
3. Coefficient of Gradation (Cz)
10
60u D
DC
1060
230
z DD
DC
10% Finer Hydraulic Conductivity
![Page 22: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Particle-Size Distribution Curve
QuestionWhat is the Cu for a soil with only one grain size?
![Page 23: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Particle-Size Distribution Curve
Uniformity Coefficient (Cu)
D
Fin
er
1D
DC
uniformityoftCoefficien
10
60u
Grain size distribution
![Page 24: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Particle-Size Distribution Curve
Criteria for Well-Graded Soil
sands)(for
6Cand3C1
gravels)(for
4Cand3C1
uz
uz
![Page 25: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Particle-Size Distribution Curve
![Page 26: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Questions?!
90:00 min
![Page 27: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Hydrometer Analysis
Stokes’ Law
2ws D η18
ρρv
ws ρρ
η18
t
LD
t
LKD
![Page 28: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Hydrometer Analysis
![Page 29: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Hydrometer Analysis
R
L
L = 16.29 – 0.164 R
![Page 30: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
1. Temperature (FT)
2. Meniscus Correction (Fm)
3. Zero Correction (Fz)
FT = - 4.85 + 0.25 T
Corrections: Hydrometer Analysis
![Page 31: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Questions?!
105:00 min
![Page 32: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Example: Sieve Analysis
![Page 33: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Example: Sieve Analysis
Rounded
Angular
![Page 34: Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics 803440-3 Introduction Lecture 2 Week 2 2014/2015 UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062803/56649f535503460f94c7826f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Questions?!
120:00 min