Civics Notes

8/3/2019 Civics Notes

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Civics

Class Sixth : Chapter 1

S.No Topics Description

1 Aristotle Man is a Social Animal.

2 Dictum United We Stand. Divided We fall.3 Interdependence Each one of us depends on others. For instance, children depend

on their parents and in their old age parents depend on theirchildren.

4 Modern Society Gained much significance.

5 Society Excellent System of Interdepence.

6 Social Institutions Family, school, college, place of worship, playground,recreation-theater and hospital. Promote social relations.

7 FamilySmall Society

The first social institution that we come to know is our family.A good family is called a University.

8 School It imparts education to children and also inculcates civic sense

in them.NCC: National Cadet Corps,

NSS: National Service Scheme.

9 Modern Society Today, we use television, cell phone, computer, Internet,

electric train, etc

10 Social Life Urban and Rural.

11 Rural Land of Villages. / Agriculture / Pure food and Vegetables fromgarden. / Inhale fresh air / Lead a natural life. / Poor/ Economic

disparity./ Poverty / Less land owners / Landless labourers.

12 Mahatma Gandhi India lives in villages.

13 Schemes Lieteracy movement and education for all.

14 Employment Establishment of small-scale and agro-based rural industries.15 Urban life Well Planned / Drinking water, drainage system, transport

facilities, educational institutions, hospitals and communicationfacilities are provided in a planned manner.

16 Culture Cosmopolitan in nature. (Social mix).

17 Problem Migration of people from rural to urban.


18 Social Groups Groups can be identified on the basis of their occupation and on

their duties.Teachers, government servants, doctors, lawyers, policemen,

engineers, etc

19 Teachers Roots of Society. Makers of future generation20 Dr.Sarvapalli

Radhakrishnan

Began his career as a teacher, became the President of the

Indian Republic. His birthday falls on 5th September, which isbeing celebrated as Teachers Day.

21 GovernmentServants

It is the foremost duty of the government servants to implementthe welfare schemes of the governmet.

22 Doctors Health is Wealth is a popular dictum. They do the noble serviceof removing pain and misery of the diseases.


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23 Lawyers Lawyers play a significant role in creating an ordered society.

24 Judges Efficient lawyers are also appointed as judges.

25 Police Personnel Their important duties include the prevention of crimes such as

murder, theft and looting. Maintain law and order in the society.

26 Engineers They are responsible for providing the basic infrastructure such as

roads, bridges, dams, canals, electric power stations and bigindustries.

27 Dr.Abdul Kalam Space Scientist. Former President of our Indian Republic.


28 Public Properties

No individual canclaim Ownership

Public roads, parks, places of worship, educational institutions,

libraries, buses, and trains. Government or social forums havecreated these properties for the use of the public.

Created from the taxes collected from the public.1. Public utilities established from the taxes paid by

the people.2. Historical monuments left by our ancestors.

3. Natural resources and4. National symbols.

29 Responsibility Everyones foremost responsibility to protect and safeguard thesepublic properties.

30 Monuments The temples, forts, sculptures and paintings not only manifest ourart and cultural traits but also remain important sources of our

historical past.

31 Monuments Big Temple : Tanjore.

Fort : GinjeeThirumalai Naik Mahal : Madurai.

Paintings : Chitannavasal.

Taj Mahal : Agra.32 Artifacts Artifacts largely attract foreign tourists and spread the cultural

glory of our country to all parts of the world.

33 Natural ResourcesNational Wealth

Rivers, mountains, forests, iron and coal and other minerals andalso the petroleum products.

34 EcologicalImbalance

Destruction of forests.

35 National Properties All the mineral resources available under the earth are ournational properties.

36 Private Properties Anything that is bought with ones own personal income.

37 Madras Presidency 1937 Public Properties Protection Act.(PPP)

1982 Tamilnadu Govt - PPP.Class Sixth : Chapter 4

38 Local bodies Lifeline of Indian Democratic System.

39 PanchayatInstitutions

19th

Century Lord Rippon introduced Local Self Government.

40 Lord Rippon Father of Local Self Government. Rippon the Good.

41 Mahatma Gandhi Strengthening the village economy and the existence ofselfsufficient villages.


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42 Panchayat Raj Act

1992

Three tier Panchayat System.

1. Village Panchayat.2. Panchayat Union.3. District Panchayat.

43 Village Panchayat Population not less than 500.

44 President of VillagePanchayat

No Salary

Elected directly by the people through the elections.

45 Panchayat Members

of Village PanchayatNo Salary

Five to fifteen. The people directly elect them.

46 Duration of Posts President : Five Years.Members: Five Years.

47 Duties of VillagePanchayats

Maintenance of roads, street lights, construction of small bridges,laying drainage system and the provision of drinking water by

digging wells or bore wells.

48 Revenue House tax, property tax, tax on shops, collection of fines, etc.The government also provides a share of the land revenue and theland registration fee to the Village Panchayats. Central and

State governments grant financial assistance to the Panchayats.

49 Village Council Eligible for voting in the elections are the members of thisCouncil.

50 Council Meeting Presided by the President.Meets four times a year.

26th January (Republic day)1st of May (May Day or Labourers day)

15t h August (Independence Day)

2nd of October (Mahatma Gandhis Birthday).Approval to the village development plans and to the budgetaryallocations.

51 Panchayat Unions Panchayat Union consists of several Village Panchayats.

52 Members ofPanchayat Unions.

People through elections directly elect the members of thePanchayat Unions.

53 President ofPanchayat Unions.

Members in turn elect one among them as the President of thePanchayat Union.

54 Duration President of Panchayat Union Five years.Members of Panchayat Union Five Years.

55 Function ofPanchayat Unions.

Maintenance of roads, providing drinking water, establishmentof village primary health centers and maternity homes and also

the establishment of primary schools.

56 Block DevelopmentOffice.

In order to execute the development works of the PanchayatUnion, there is a separate administrative office under the control

of the Block Development Officer.

57 District Panchayat Each district is provided with a District Panchayat.


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58 Members of District

Panchayats

People through elections directly elect the members of the District

Panchayats.

59 President of District

Panchayats.

Members in turn elect one among them as the President of the

District Panchayat.

60 Duration President of District Panchayat Five years.

Members of District Panchayat Five Years.61 Functions Suggestions to the government regarding the development

works and the improvement of roads and transport carried out bythe Village Panchayats and the Panchayat Unions within the

district.

62 District Planning

Committee.

President District Panchayat District Planning Committee.

63 Function Draft a developmental plan for the whole district. The Draft plan

is submitted to the State Planning Commission.

64 Members of DPC The elected representatives of the local bodies elect the membersof the District Planning Committee.

MLA and MP belonging to a district also included as members inthis committee.

65 Panchayat System Integrates the people and the government and also remains usefulfor the development of our nation.


66 Corporation Chennai, Madurai, Tiuchirappalli, Tirunelveli, Coimbatore and

Salem.

67 Mayor Chairperson of Corporation. Elected direcly by the people.

68 Wards Rep of each ward Councilors Directly elected by the people ofthe respective ward.

69 Reservation Seats have been reserved for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled

Tribes and also for women in the Corporations70 Duration Mayor 5 Years.

Councilors 5 Years.

71 Revenue Chief revenue for the Corporation includes the property tax,

professional tax, cess on advertisements and on cable televisionnetworks.

72 Commissioner -IAS The Corporation office under the control of a Commissionerexecutes the plans approved by the Corporation

Council.

73 Functions Provide the basic requirements such as roads, parks, education,

health, clean drinking water and drainage facilities to the people.

74 Municipality 102 Municipalities in tamilnadu.75 Chair Person

No SalaryChairperson of Corporation. Elected direcly by the people.

76 WardsNo Salary

Rep of each ward Councilors Directly elected by the people ofthe respective ward.

77 Reservation Seats have been reserved for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled

Tribes and also for women in the Corporations


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78 Duration Chair Person 5 Years.

Councilors 5 Years.

79 Resolutions Resolutions are passed in the Municipal Council meetings

regarding the developmental and other works.

80 Municipal

Commissioner

The resolutions passed by the Municipal Council are executed by

the Municipal Office, which functions under the control of theMunicipal Commissioner.

81 Revenue Taxes.

82 Town Panchayats There are 611 Town Panchayats in Tamil Nadu. These are

functioning under the executive control ofthe Director of Town

Panchayats.

83 President andMembers of Town

Panchayats

Elected directly by the people.Five years office.


84 States and Union

Territories

States: 28

Union Territories: 785 Districts in

Tamilnadu

Total: 30

86 District Collector -

IAS

Responsible for administration of the whole district.

Asssited by District Revenue Officer, Revenue Officials andBlock Development Officers.

87 Revenue Districts Divided Taluks Fircas Villages.

88 District Revenue

Officer(DRO)

Looks after the function of the Revenue Department at the district

level.

89 Taluk Tashildar remains the head of the revenue department.

Assisted by the deputy tashildars.

90 VillageAdministrative

Officer(VAO)

Looks after the revenue dept. at the village level.

91 District Police

Administration

Superindendent of Police is the head of the police dept at the

distict level.

92 DSP SPs are assisted by DSPs.

93 Police Stations Cadre of Inspectors, Sub-Inspectors, Head constables andConstables have been appointed in these police stations.

94 District Judiciary Each district is provided with a District Sessions Court.

95 District Civil Court Presided Over by District Munsif.

96 Additional Sessions

Court

Enquire petty cases.


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Class Seventh : Chapter 1


1 India Soverign Democratic Republic.

2 National Flag

Adopted-22nd

July1947.

Hoisted 15th

August1947.

Saffron Courage and SacrificeWhite Purity and Truth

Dark Green Faith and ProsperityWheel (Navy Blue) - Sarnath lion capital of Ashoka 24

Spokes Move along the path of dharma.

3 National Anthem Composed by Rabindranath Tagore.Adopted: 24

thJanuary 1950

First Sung: 27th December 1911 at the Calcutta session of TheIndian National Congress.

Time: 52 Seconds.Message: Tolerance national unity and patriotism

4 National Emblem Lion : Ashoka pillar of Sarnath.Adopted: 26

thJanuary 1950.

4 Lions : Power and Majesty.

1 Horse : Speed and Energy.1 Bull: Work and Steadfastness.

Inscription: Satyameva Jayate(In devanagri).Truth alone Triumphs.

5 National Anthem Composed by Bankim Chandra Chaterjee. (Book Anand Mutt1882).

First Sung: Calcutta session of the Indian national congressmeeting in 1886.

6 National flower Lotus.Symbolises Unity.

7 National Bird Peacock.

Symbolises Beauty of our country.

8 National Animal Tiger.

Symbolises Strength and Bravery.

9 Hindi Official Language.

10 National Languages Indian constitution has recognized 18 languages as national

languages.

11 National Tree Banyan Tree is our National Tree.


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12 Accidents a) Personal factors:- Age, fatigue, attitude, physical defect,less knowledge about driving and disorder come under this

category.b) Environmental factors - Tools, machinery, weather, driver

and engine fault of other vehicles come under this category.13 Road Rules Came in to effect from July 1, 1989.

14 FireService/Ambulances

Cannot stop at the signals.

15 Drivers of Vehicles Driving licence, Insurance copy, registration and road tax andother needed certificates.

16 Road Safety Cell Road safety cell was set up by the ministry of surfacetransport in September 1986.

Formulate policies for road safety to minimise road accidents

17 First Aid The primary objective of first aid is to save the life


18 India Constitution and Government of India announced secularism asan official policy of India

19 SAECULUM Secular is derived from the Latin word SAECULUM

20 Maharaj Ranjith Singh Indian king Maharaja Ranjith Singh officially announced

secularism as the policy of his Government.

21 Pope Controlled all the Christian Countries.

22 Sultan of Turkey Had political control over the muslim rulers.

23 Pakistan Islam is the official religion of Pakistan.

24 Nepal Hinduism is the official religion of Nepal.

25 Secularism18.12.1976

Among these eight basic and guiding principles of theconstitutionSecularism is placed in fifth position.

Secularism was officially included in the preamble of theconstitution by the 42ndamendment on 18.12.1976.

26 Cultural Nationalism Unity in Diversity.


27 Democracy Political ideologies in many parts of the world.

28 Root Democracy Democracy is a term derived from two Greek words- Demosand Kratos. Demos means the people. Kratos means the

power or rule.

29 Herodotus

Historian

Democracy is a rule of the masses

30 Abraham Lincoln The Government of the people, by the people and for the

people.31 Aristotle Father of Politics.

32 DemocraticGovernment

Upholds the dignity of the human personality and every one isguaranteed fundamental rights.

33 Direct Democracy Swizerland.

34 Indirect Democracy Representatives are duly elected by the people and act on behalf

of the people. These elected representatives form and run the


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Government.

India, England, France and the United States of America haveIndirect democratic form of Government

35 India Follows Parliamentary Democracy.

36 Parliament Body of the elected representatives to the central Government is

known as parliament.Member of Parliament is known as M.P

37 State Legislature Body of the elected representatives at the State level is knownas state legislature.

Member of the legislative assembly at State level is known asM.L.A.

38 Elections Election commission of India has been conducting elections inIndia

39 Indian Citizen Age 18: Right to Vote.Age 25: Contest in the elections.

40 Political Parties Political parties play a very vital role in indirect democratic

system.41 Public Opinion Newspapers, television, radio, magazines, public meetings and

cinema play an important role in shaping the public opinion inDemocracy.

42 Dictatorship Dictatorship was a rule of a powerful individual.

43 Government In a Democracy, Government is accountable to the people.

44 Era The modern era is called the era of Democracy


45 Political Parties Political parties play significant role in the proper functioning ofDemocracy and Government.

46 Democratic

Government

First Stage: People elect their representatives through the

election process.Second Stage: The elected representatives elect their own leader

from among them and try to form and run the Government.

47 Dr.Roucek Political party is held together primarily by its ideology and

organisation.

48 Election Commission

of India

It is a statutory body. Conducts elections for parliament,

legislative assembly and municipal bodies in co-ordination withthe state level Election Commissions.

49 State Election

Commission

Elections to the local bodies are conducted by the state level

Election Commission.

50 PM/CM The elected representatives of the successful political parties(MPs or MLAs) meet and elect their leader as Prime Minister orChief minister to head the Government

51 Ruling Party The party that secures maximum votes forms the governmentand becomes the ruling party.

52 Opposition Party The party, which does not win the election but has secured thesecond largest vote, becomes the opposition party.


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53 Election Manifesto The document that contains the policies and programmes of a

party is called a manifesto.

54 Single Party System Countries like China and Russia have only one political party.

That is the Communist party.

55 Bi Party System In a bi-party system, there are two parties.

Countries like United States of America and England have two-party system.

56 United States ofAmerica

Democrats and Republicans.

57 Multi Party System India has such a system.

58 Party System in India National Parties and Regional Parties.

59 National Parties Election Commission recognises a party as a national party if it

secures not less than 4% of the total valid votes in previousgeneral elections at least in four states.

60 Member of Parliament Lok Sabha: 545Rajya Sabha: 245

61 Tamilnadu Assembly M.L.A: Total seats: 234Appointed: 1

Total: 235

62 Jawaharlal Nehru Democracy without a political party is just like a ship without

pilot or a boat without rudder.


63 Human Rights Human Rights promote human dignity.

64 Magna Carta- England

1215 A.D

Famous human right documents.

65 United NationsOrganisation

Established on 24th

October 1945.Supreme body in the world.

66 December 10th International Human Rights Day.67 October 24

thUNO day all over the world.

68 Article 39(f) Explains that all children must be given equal opportunities andfacilities to develop a healthy freedom and dignity. It further

says that children must be protected against all types ofexploitations.

69 Article 24 Prohibits employment of children below the age of 14 inhazardous, industries.

70 NHRC1993

National Human Rights Commission India 12.10.1993.Retired Supreme Court Judge is appointed to head the

commission and four other experts are also appointed as its

members for a term of 5 years.71 SHRC State Human Rights Commission to look after the

Human Rights issues. Tamilnadu: Head Office: Chennai.

72 1986 Juvinile Justice Act.

73 Children Persons under the age of 14 are classified as children.

74 November 14th

Childrens day in india.

75 May 1st

International Labour Day

76 April 7th

International Health Day.


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Class Eight : Chapter 1

1 15th

August 1947 India attained freedom.

2 26th

January 1950 Our constitution came into force.

3 National Goals Democracy, Secularism, Socialism, Social Economic andPolitical Justice.

4 Election Commissionof India

It consists of a Chief Election Commissioner and two others asElection Commissioners.

They are appointed by the President of India.

5 General Elections 14 General Elections were conducted so far.

6 14th

General Election Voting machines are used for elections.

7 Socialism Socialism means equal distribution of a nations resourcesamong the people without any discrimination

8 K.Kamaraj The Indian National Congress held at Avadi in 1955, under theguidance of K.Kamaraj, the then Chief Minister of Tamilnadu

passed a resolution, to follow the principle of socialism inIndia.

9 Acharya VinobhaBhave

Boodhan movement of Acharaya Vinoba Bhave aim atproviding land to the landless.

10 Social WelfareCommission

Established for the upliftment of socially and economicallybackward people.

11 Fundamental Rights Are given in the Part III of the constitution.

12 Directive Principles Are given in the Part IV of the constitution.

13 Untouchability Mahatma Gandhi, Periyar, Narayana Guru championed the

cause of abolition of untouchability..

14 Adult Franchise Our constitution has given the right to vote to everyone.

15 Independent Judiciary Safeguard our Economic, Social and Political rightsguaranteed by our Constitution.

16 Service Commission A service commission has been established for the qualifiedperson to get employment in the various government

departments on merit basis

17 UPSC Union Public Service Commission.

Select Candidates for central govt jobs.

18 TNPSC Tamilnadu Public Service Commission.

Select Candidates for state govt jobs.


19 India Largest democracies in the world.

20 National Integration Unity in Diversity.

21 National Poet Subramanya Bharathiyar

22 November 19th Celebrated as National Integration Day.

23 Communalism Communalism refers to selfish aggressive attitude of one

community towards another.

24 Languages 18 Languages are recognized by the constitution of india.


25 Indian Border India shares a common land border with Pakistan, Nepal,Bhutan, Bangladesh, Burma and China. It also shares a common


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sea border with Sri Lanka.

26 1962 Indo China War [Chinese Aggression]

27 Defence Allocation Rs 1,05,600 Crore

28 President Supreme commander of the Armed forces of India.

29 Army

January 15th

Head Quarters: New Delhi.

Chief: General.Five Commands: Eastern,western,Southern,Central,Northern

31 NavyDecember 4

th

Headquarters: New Delhi.Chief: Admiral.

3 Commands: Western,Eastern,Southern.Naval Training: Mumbai, Cochin, and Vishakapatinam.

Warship: Kolkatta.

32 AirforceOctober 8

th

Headquarters: NewdelhiChief: Airchief Marshall

5 Operating and 2 Supporting commands.

33 Dr.A.P.J Abdul Kalam Father of Agni Missile.

34 National DefenceAcademy

Pune.

35 Indian MilitaryAcademy

Dehradun.

36 Kirkee College of Military Engineering.

37 Air force Academy Hyderabad.

38 HAL Bangalore

39 Tanks Vijayantha and Arjun tanks are manufactured at Avadi.

40 Military Explosives Military explosives are manufactured at Aravangadu in Nilgiris

41 1971 Indo Pakistan War.

42 December 7th

Flag day. Remembrance of the sacrifices of the Soliders of our

country.Class Eight : Chapter 4

43 Sarva ShikshaAbhiyan (SSA- 2003):

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is an effort to universalize elementaryeducation by community ownership of the school system

44 Compusory Education Directive Principles of state policy gave guidlines to centre and

the state to give free and compalsary education upto the age of14.

45 Social Reformers Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Iswara Chandra Vidya Sagar,Dayananda Saraswathi, K.C.Sen, M.G.Ranade, Pandit

Rama Bai, Jothi Pule, Dr.Muthulakshmi Reddy , SubramaniyaBharathi,EVR Periyar and Veerasa Lingam Panthulu

46 Sir Syed AhamadKhan

worked for educating the Muslim Women.

47 Child Marriage Child marriage was banned by passing Sarada Act in 1929 dueto the efforts of Dr.Muthulakshmi.

48 1992 Craddle baby scheme in Tamilnadu.

49 Kalpana Chawla Kalpana Chawla was the first Indian born American woman

who travelled to International space lab in the space shuttleColombia along with five other astronauts.


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50 Article 45 state to enforce universal free and compulsory education to all

children in the country upto the age of 14

51 1986 Child Labour Act.


52 Five Year Plans Ten five year plans are implemented.

First plan (1951-1956)Second plan (1956-1961)

Third plan (1961-1966) [2Years]Fourth plan (1969-1974)

Fifth plan (1974-1979)Sixth plan (1980-1985)

Seventh plan (1985-1989)[2Years]Eighth plan (1992-1997)

Ninth plan (1997-2002)Tenth plan (2002-2007)

Eleventh plan (2007-2012)

53 First Plan Agriculture oriented to solve the food problems54 Fourth Plan Reduce the Price Level.

55 Fifth Plan Measures for raising the purchasing capacity of the people

living below the poverty line.

56 Seventh and Eight Remove poverty and to attain self sufficiency in foodproduction.

57 Tenth Plan Double the per capita income of Indians.

58 Second Plan Expanded employment opportunities in India by creating 10

million new jobs

59 Green Revolution Intensive Agricultural development, improved techniques, new

variety of seeds.

60 White Revolution Operation flood. Production of Milk and Milk products.61 Blue Revolution Blue Revolution increases the production of sea food

in India.

62 India 16% world Population, 2.4% of world area.

63 11th

july World Population day.

64 Third Plan Self Sufficiency in food production.

65 NREP National rural employment Programme. (50:50).


66 Bosanquet A Right is a claim recognised by a Society and enforced bythe State.

67 Earnest Barker Rights are guaranteed by the state.

68 10th December 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights on 10th December1948

69 Fundamental Rights Part III of our constitution.

70 Women Constitution of India guaranteed the equality of sex and special

favour to women (Article of 14,15,16, of our Constitution).

71 1955 Hindu Marriage Act/ Amended age :21

72 1956 Hindu Succession Act


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73 1961 Dowry Prohibition Act.

74 8th

March International Womens Day

75 Kiran Bedi Ramon Magsasey Award(Asia Nobel Prize).

Class Ninth : Chapter 1S.No Topics Description

1 Devanagri Devanagiri is the script used to write Sanskrit and other northIndian languages.

2 Kalidasa Mehadootum and Sankuntalam.

3 Dance Bharata Natyam Tamilnadu.

Kuchipudi AndhraPradesh.Kathakali Kerala.

Manipuri Manipur.Odissi Orissa.

4 Paintings Ajantha and Ellora Maharashtra.

5 Music Carnatic and Hindustani.Class Ninth : Chapter 2

6 Nuclear family In the nuclear family, there are minimum number of memberslike parents and children.

7 Joint Family In the joint family, along with parents and children there areuncles, aunties, sons - in - law, daughters - in - law, grandfather,

grandmother and others.

Class Ninth : Chapter 3

8 Constituent Assembly It was to draft a constitution for the undivided India. It consisted

of the representatives of Indian people. Its provisional presidentwas Dr.Sacchidananda Sinha.

While the work was in progress, Dr.Sinha died. Dr.RajendraPrasad became the president of the Constituent Assembly.

9 Constitution DraftingCommittee

Chairman B.R. Ambedkar.26

thNovember 1949

10 Constitution of India Constitution of India came into effect on 26th

January 1950.Thisday is known as Republic Day.

11 Salient features ofIndian Constitution.

1. Preamble.2. The Articles (395 in number divided into 22 Parts)3. The Schedules(12 in number)4. The Appendix5. The Amendments(83 in number)

12 India SoverignSocialistSecular

DemocraticRepublic

13 Aim SocialEconomic

Political Justice.


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14 Guarantees Equality

LibertyFraternity

[Important Slogans of French Revolution-1789]

15 Fundamental Rights

Article 12 35

1. Right to Equality

2. Right to Freedom3. Right Against Exploitation

4. Right to Freedom of Religion5. Cultural and Educational Rights

6. Right to Constitutional Remedies

16 Directive Principles of

State PolicyArticles 36-51

19 Welfare Objectives.

17 Fundamental DutiesArticle 51A

42nd

Amendment

1976

Indian citizens are expected todischarge certain fundamental duties.

18 Union GovernmentArticle 52-151

Union Executive, Legislature and Judiciary.

19 Central Executive President Head.[Prime Minister and his/her council of

Ministers discharge the real executive functions.]

20 Central Legislature Parliament.

Lok Sabha -543 + 2(appointed by president).Rajya Sabja -250 [12 Appointed]

21 Money Bills Except money bills the Rajya Sabha has equal powers with

the Lok Sabha.

22 Judiciary The Supreme Court is the highest judicial bodyin India. It has both original and appellate jurisdictions. It issituated at New Delhi

Strength : 26 (including chief justice)

23 Age of Retirement Supreme Court Judge retires at age 65.

24 Comptroller andAuditor General

President appoint him.She/he prepares the audit reports on the Union and States

accounts.

25 State Government

Article 152 237

Governer Head.

The Chief Minister and her/his Council of Ministers dischargethe real executive functions.

26 Legislature Assembly Tamilnadu has Unicameral Legislature.M.L.A 234 + 1

27 Judiciary Each state has one High Court.President of India appoint the Judges of the court.

Retirement Age of Judge : Age 62

28 India Federal State. Therefore, there is division of powers betweenthe Central and State Governments.

29 Indian Constitution Union List: 97 Subjects


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State List: 66 Subjects

Concurrent List: 47 Subjects

Class Ninth : Chapter 4/5/6

30 Article 17 Abolition of Untouchability.

31 American Bill of

Rights

1791

32 10th

December 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

30 Articles.

33 NHRC 1 ChairPerson Ret. Chief Justice of Supreme Court.

4 Members.1 Mem Ret.Judge of the supreme court

1 Mem Ret. Chief Justice of High Court1 Mem - who are having knowledge and

practical experience in matters relating to Human Rights areappointed by the President. [5Years 70 Years of Age]

34 Secretary General Chief Executive officer of NHRC

35 NHRC Investigative and reporting body36 Powers One month to table report.

The Commission shall submit an annual report to theconcerned government.

37 SHRC 1 ChairPerson Ret. Chief Justice of High Court.4 Members.

1 Mem Ret.Judge of the High court1 Mem Ret. Judge of the District Court

1 Mem - who are having knowledge andpractical experience in matters relating to Human Rights.

The appointment of the members of the State Commission is

made on the recommendation of a Committee consisting of theChief Minister, Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, Ministerin charge of the Home Department in that State, the Leader of

the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly, 193 the Chairmanof Legislative Council and the Leader of the Opposition in that

Council.

38 Secretary Chief Executive Officer of SHRC

Class Tenth: Chapter 1


1 Federal Government Federal State there exist two government bodies i.e. one at theCentre and the other in the States.

USA, India, Australia, Canada

2 Unitary Government If there exists only one government in a country it is called a

Unitary State.England and Sri Lanka.

3 4 Features 1. Supremacy of the Constitution.2. Division of Powers between Centre and State.


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3. Rigidity of the Constitution.4. Existance of Judiciary.

4 Amendment 2/3 Majority in both the houses of Parliament.

5 Relation betweenCentral and State

Governments.

1. Legislative Relations.2. Administrative Relations.

3. Financial Relations.6 Governers Appointed by President of India.

7 Union Territory Central Govt directly takes care of the ut.

8 Income Tax Shared among the Centre and State.

9 Finance Commission President of India Constitutes Finance Commission every five

years to review the allocation of certain tax proceeds and theprinciples of Grants-in-aid to the States.

10 Sarkaria Commission Late Prime Minister Indira Gandhi appointed the SarkariaCommission to make an enquiry into the Centre-State relations.

It made certain recommendations to improve the relationsbetween the Centre and the States within the purview of the

Constitution.Class Tenth: Chapter 2

11 Union Executive President of India.Vice President of India.

Council of Ministers headed by Prime Minister.

12 President

Oath: Chief Justice ofIndia.

First Citizen of Country./ Completed 35 Age / 5 Years tenure /

Eligible for re-election.Elected Members of Lok Sabha + Rajya Sabha+ elected embers

of the State Legislative Assemblies of all the States.

13 Appointment The President appoints the Prime Minister, the Council of

Ministers, the Governors of the States, the Chief Justice and the

other Judges of the Supreme Court and High Court and all otherkey officers.

14 Legislative Powers President Summons Parliament twice a Year.

Nominate 12 Members Rajya sabha Arts,Literature, Scienceand Social Service.

2 Members Lok Sabha Anglo Indian Community.Has the powers to dissolve the parliament.

15 Ordinance President is empowered to issue an ordinance when theParliament is not in session.

16 Financial Powers Contigency Fund At the disposal of the President.

17 Judicial Powers The President has the power to grant pardon, reprieve or

remission of punishment.18 Emergency Powers A. Declare emergency due to war or external aggression or

armed rebellion,

B. Emergency due to failure of constitutional machinery inStates and

C. Financial Emergency.

19 Vice President Ex- Officio Chaiman of Rajya sabha.

Elected by the members of both the Houses of the Parliament.


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Vice-President can act as the President for a maximum period

of six months.

20 Prime Minister

Oath: President

Appointed by President.

Salary : Determined by the Parliament.Ministers are individually as well as collectively responsible to

the Lok Sabha.A person who is not a member of the Parliament can be

appointed as a minister but he has to get himself / herselfelected to the Parliament within 6 months.

21 Cabinet Ministers The Cabinet Ministers hold the important portfolios and decidemajor policies of the Government.

22 Minsiter of State A Minister of State is higher in status than a Deputy Minister.He/She may or may not be given independent charge.

23 Deputy Minister Deputy Minister assists the Cabinet Minister.

24 Power of PM The Prime Minister distributes the portfolios among the inisters.

The Prime Minister can ask for the resignation of any minister.

25 Cabinet The Cabinet is an informal body of senior ministers whoform the nucleus of administration.

26 Parliament of India President, House of the People (LS), Council of States.(RS).

27 Rajya Sabha

Oath: President

Permanent Body. Cannot be Dissolved.

30 Age. /6 Years term. / 1/3 members get retired every 2years.

28 Lok SabhaOath:President

Elected by the People. 25 Age / 5 Years tenure

29 Parliament Can Impeach and removePresident

Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Court.

Comptroller and Auditor GeneralChief Election Commissioner of IndiaCan change the boundaries of the states.

30 Supreme Court 1 Chief Justice [Appointed by President]25 Judges[Appointed by President in Consultation with chief

Justice]

31 Judicial Review The Supreme Court is the guardian of the Constitution. The

power of the Judiciary to declare a law as unconstitutional iscalled as Judicial Review.


32 Madras State Tamilnadu in 1967.

33 Executive Governer.Chief Minister and Council of Minsiter.

34 Governer Appointed by President [Recommended by the union council of

ministers]. Opinion is sought from the Chief Minsiter beforeappointment of the governer.

35 Appointment Advocate General.Chairman and Members of State Public Service Commission.

Vice Chancellors of the Universities.


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36 Nominate 1/6 member in the legislative council.

37 Speaker Legislative assembly elects 2 members for the speaker anddeputy speaker.

38 Chief Minister Chairman of the cabinet.

39 Council of Ministers The Council of Ministers carries out the policies and

Programmes through the Secretariat.40 Chief Justice of High

Court

President appoints the High court Chief Judge with consultation

from chief justice of Supreme court.


41 Election Commission

of India

Independent Constitutional Body.

It is situated at New Delhi. It supervises the entire electionprocess in the country. It is also known as Nirvachan Sadan.

42 3 MembersStatus: Supreme Court

Judges.

1 Chief Election Commissioner.(Tenure 6 Years/ 65 Years Age)2 Deputy Election Commissioners. (Tenure 6 Years/ 65 Years

Age.)

43 Election Parliament.

State and UT Legislatures.President and Vice President.

44 ElectionCommissioner

An Election Commissioner shall not be removed from officeexcept on the recommendation of the Chief Election

Commissioner

45 Chief Electoral Officer Every state has a Chief Electoral Officer. The Election

Commission of India nominates or designates an officer of theGovernment of the State/Union Territory as the Chief Electoral

Officer. Such appointment is made in consultation with theState Government / Union Territories Administration.

46 Observers Statutory

One.

The Election Commission of India nominates Officers of

Government as observers (General observers and ElectionExpenditure observers) for Parliament and State LegislativeConstituencies.

47 State ElectionCommission

73rd

and 74th

Constitutional

Amendments.

Municipal CorporationMuncipalities

District Panchayats,Panchayat Unions

Village Panchayats andother Local bodies

48 State ElectionCommission

Chennai.

Class Tenth: Chapter 549 General Elections Once in Five Years.

50 Direct Elections Members of Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies are

elected by this method for a period of five years.

51 Indirect Elections In this system the people elect an electoral college which inturn

elects their representatives. This type of election is calledIndirect election.

52 President Electoral College (Loksabha Members+ Rajyasabha


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Members(except People nominated by president)+State

legislatures)

53 Bye Election Resignation /Death of a Candidate (During the tenure).

54 Mid Term Poll Conducting general election after dissolving the Parliament orState Legislature prematurely is called mid-term poll.

55 73rd

Amendment provides a Gram Sabha in each village and the constitution ofPanchayats at village, intermediate and district levels.

56 74th

Amendment Nagarpalika Act,provides for setting up of three types ofmunicipal bodies. These are Town Panchayats, Municipal

Council and Municipal Corporation.


57 Citizenship Single Citizenship in India.

58 Dual Citizenship USA and Swizerland Dual Citizenship is given.

59 Voting During Voting a person should produce voter ID card or he has

to have (1) Family Ration card, (2) Driving License, (3)Passport Certificate.

60 Voting System Open Ballot, Secret Ballot.61 Polls Electronic Voting Machines are Used.

62 Open Ballot Raising Hands.

63 Secret Ballot The voters exercise their franchise secretly. The voters exercise

their franchise secretly.

64 Symbols Every Political Party has its own symbol. The symbols areallotted by the Election Commission of India for those who

contest for the Parliament and the State Legislatures.

65 Symbols Local

Bodies.

For the Local bodies elections such as Village Panchayats and

Municipal Corporations the symbols are allotted by the StateElection Commission.


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