City planning theories post war

BY:-AMANDEEP GULATI & MUKESHWARAN BALU

INTRODUCTION

CITY PLANNING THEORIES OF POST WAR

Conception of planning

1.

Town planning as physical planning

2.

Design as central to town planning

3.

Production of 'master' plans or 'blueprint'

plans

• Physical planning as opposed to 'social' and 'economic‘ planning.

• According to Keeble in his book in 1952:

₋ Town and Country Planning might be described as the art and science of ordering the use of land and the character and siting of buildings and communicative routes.

₋ Town planning “may greatly assist in the realization of the aims of these other kinds of planning”. Then implicit in this statement is an assumption that social and economic ends could be advanced by physical means.

₋ Town and country planning is not 'political' planning.

Town planning as physical planning


• The term 'civic' design was also much used.

• Town planning was regarded as an 'extension' of architectural design (or to a lesser extent civil engineering

• Being concerned with the design of whole groups of buildings and spaces -with 'townscape‘ rather than the design of individual buildings and their immediate sites,

• Architecture too was seen to be an exercise in the physical design of built forms.



Europe

Great Britain

Netherlands

People who worked as town planners

Frederick Gibberd

H.P. Berlage Le Corbusier

Thomas Sharp

Patrick Abercrombie

• Plans were seen as 'blueprints' for the future form of towns - as statements of 'end-states' that would one day be reached.

• The first generation of development plans local authorities were required to produce under the town and country planning act 1947 also adopted this approach.

• Detailed zoning plans specified how particular sites were to be used and developed.

• 'Programming' plans that showed the stages at which the envisaged development of different parts of the plans would be carried out to 'complete' the plans.

Town plans as detailed blueprints or master plans




Arturo Soria's project for the Ciudad Lineal of Madrid(19th Century Plans for Linear Cities)



Le Corbusier’s Plan for Radiant Cities



Frank Lloyd Wright’s Plan for Broadacre City

Conclusion• The plan was not just an approach to

town planning as an exercise in physical planning and urban design but also a normative concept of the ideal urban environment.

• In other words, the tracts and textbooks published at the time not only advanced an extended definition of planning but they also embodied certain values about the kinds of environment which, it was believed, should be realized through town planning.



Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City

CITY PLANNING THEORIES OF POST WAR BY


CLARENCE ARTHUR PERRY

ALDO ROSSI

LEWIS MUMFORD

ROB KRIER

KEVIN ANDREW ROBERT VENTURI FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

JANE JACOBS CLARENCE STEIN

LYNCH

• American planner, sociologist, author, and educator.

• He was born in Truxton, New York.

• He began his education as a student of Stanford University for two years then finished his degree at Cornell University in 1899.

• He later worked in the New York City planning department where he became a strong advocate of the Neighborhood unit.

• He was an early promoter of neighborhood community and recreation centers.

1872-1944

CLARENCE ARTHUR PERRY


• The concept of the neighborhood unit, crystallized from the prevailing social and intellectual attitudes of the early 1900s by clarence perry.

• To act as a framework for urban planners attempting to design functional, self-contained and desirable neighborhoods in the early 20th century in industrializing cities.

Clarence A. Perry’s Conception of the Neighborhood Unit


• Populated area which would require and support an elementary school with an enrolment of between 1,000 and 1,200 pupils.

• Total population between 5,000 and 6,000 people.

• low density dwelling district

• 10 families per acre, the neighborhood unit would occupy about 160 acres.

• Child to walk a distance of more than one-quarter mile to school.



• 10 % of the area would be allocated to recreation

• Through traffic arteries would be confined to the surrounding streets, internal streets being limited to service access for residents of the neighborhood.

• The unit would be served by shopping facilities, churches, and a library, and a community center, the latter being located in conjunction with the school.

• The neighborhood focal point should be the elementary school centrally located on a common or green, along with other institutions that have service areas coincident with the neighborhood boundaries.

• Shopping districts should be sited at the edge of neighborhoods preferably at major street intersections.



• American historian, sociologist, philosopher of technology, and literary critic.

• Particularly noted for his ‘The City in History (1961)’.

• He had a broad career as a writer.

• Influenced by the work of Scottish theorist Sir Patrick Geddes and worked closely with his associate the British sociologist Victor Branford.October 19, 1895 – January 26,

1990

LEWIS MUMFORD


• The structure of modern cities is partially responsible for many social problems seen in western society.

• He argues argues that urban planning should emphasize an organic relationship between people and their living spaces.

• Medieval city as the basis for the "ideal city“.

• Modern city is too close to the roman city.

• City is "a product of earth, a fact of nature & man's method of expression”.

The City in History


• He spoke to the everchanging , Multidimensional personality of urban residents and how they have transcended “traditional” displays of societal norms.

• Planners need to recognize the social nucleus of cities as the interrelationship of schools, theaters, community centers and the like, because those are what lay the outlines of an integrated city.

• Mumford suggested limitations on population, density and urban growth to promote efficiency; he championed Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City ideal with his work on polynucleated cities.

The City in History


• He was an American urban planner and author.

• Known for his work on the perceptual form of urban environments and was an early proponent of mental mapping.

• His most influential books include ’The Image of the City (1960)’ and ‘What Time is This Place? (1972)’.

January 7, 1918 – April 25, 1984

KEVIN ANDREW LYNCH


• In his famous book “The Image of the city” using three disparate cities as examples (Boston, Jersey City, and Los Angeles), Lynch reported that users understood their surroundings in consistent and predictable ways, forming mental maps with five elements:

₋ Paths

₋ Edges

₋ Districts

₋ Nodes

₋ Landmarks

The Image of the City


• Paths: the streets, sidewalks, trails, and other channels in which people travel;

• Edges: perceived boundaries such as walls, buildings, and shorelines;

• Districts: relatively large sections of the city distinguished by some identity or character;

• Nodes: focal points, intersections or loci;

• Landmarks: readily identifiable objects which serve as external reference points

• .

The Image of the City


• American-Canadian journalist, author, and activist best known for her influence on urban studies.

• Her book The ‘Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961)’ argued that urban renewal did not respect the needs of most city-dwellers.

• Well known for organizing grassroots efforts to protect existing neighborhoods from "slum clearance“.

• Particularly for her opposition to Robert Moses in his plans to overhaul her neighborhood, Greenwich Village.

May 4, 1916 – April 25, 2006

JANE BUTZNER JACOBS


• “Cities have the capability of providing something for everybody, only because, and only when, they are created by everybody.”

• Jacobs’s four principles for a city as a vibrant system and maintaining a “sidewalk ballet ” :

₋ A street or district must serve several primary functions.

₋ Blocks must be short.

₋ Buildings must vary in age, condition, use and rentals.

₋ Population must be dense.

• Led the way in advocating for a place-based, community-centered approach to urban planning

JANE BUTZNER JACOBS


• Jacobs argued for :

₋ Cities as Ecosystems

₋ Mixed-Use Development

₋ Bottom-Up Community Planning

₋ The Case for Higher Density

• Led the way in advocating for a place-based, community-centered approach to urban planning.

JANE BUTZNER JACOBS


• Clear demarcation between public and private spaces.

• There must be eyes upon the street, eyes belonging to those we might call natural proprietors of the street. The buildings on a street equipped to handle strangers and to ensure the safety of both residents and strangers must be oriented to the street.

• The sidewalk must have users on it fairly continuously

JANE BUTZNER JACOBS


The Death and Life of great American Cities


• American urban planner, architect, and writer.

• A major proponent of the Garden City movement in the United States.

• He wrote Toward New Towns for America in 1951, and received the AIA Gold Medal in 1956.

June 19, 1882 – February 7, 1975

CLARENCE STEIN


• The elementary school at the center of the neighborhood unit and within ½ mile radius of all residents. A small shopping center for daily needs is located near the school.

• Most residential streets are suggested as cul-de-sac or ‘dead-end’ roads to eliminate through traffic, and park space flows through the neighborhood in a manner reminiscent of the Radburn Plan.

CLARENCE STEIN


• He further expanded the definition of neighborhood center by connecting the neighborhoods together to create towns. The radius for walking distance to these facilities being one mile.

• The neighborhood unit has been defined and redefined throughout the planning history. It represents a unit of the population with basic common needs for educational, recreational and other service facilities.

CLARENCE STEIN


• He was an American architect, interior designer, writer and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures and completed 532.

• Broadacre City was an urban or suburban development concept proposed by Frank Lloyd Wright throughout most of his lifetime.

• He presented the idea in his book The Disappearing City in 1932.

June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959

FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT


• Broadacre City was the antithesis of a city and the apotheosis of the newly born suburbia, shaped through Wright's particular vision.

• It was both a planning statement and a socio-political scheme by which each U.S. family would be given a one acre (4,000 m²) plot of land from the federal lands reserves, and a Wright-conceived community would be built anew from this.

FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT


BROADACRE CITY

• In a sense it was the exact opposite of transit-oriented development. There is a train station and a few office and apartment buildings in Broadacre City, but the apartment dwellers are expected to be a small minority.

• All important transport is done by automobile and the pedestrian can exist safely only within the confines of the one acre (4,000 m²) plots where most of the population dwells.

• In his book Urban Planning Theory since 1945, Nigel Taylor Considers the planning methodology of this type of cities to be Blueprint planning, Which came under heavy critisicm in the late 1950 by many critics such as Jane Jacobs in her book The Death and Life of Great American Cities.

FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT


• He was an Italian architect and designer who accomplished the unusual feat of achieving international recognition in four distinct areas: theory, drawing, architecture and product design.

3 May 1931 – September 4, 1997

ALDO ROSSI


• The city and its architecture are inseparable

• Permanence of form

• Type and elemental forms

ALDO ROSSI


• Type and memory : The city composed of recognizable types Typesallow people to connect through collective memory Autonomous forms as archetypes Form follows memory

• Time : The presence of clocks indicates an event is over

• Memory structure of the city : Monuments and memory are fundamental to the city structure

ALDO ROSSI


• Robert Charles Venturi, Jr. is an American architect, founding principal of the firm Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates, and one of the major architectural figures in the twentieth century.

June 25, 1925

ROBERT VENTURI


• Objectively analyze the commercial strips of Las Vegas as a phenomenon of architectural communication (without discussion of values)

- Revolutionary for architects

- To question how we look at things

• Architects always look judgmentally at the environment, dissatisfied with existing conditions and want to change rather than try to enhance what is there

• We look back at history to go forward, and look down [at ordinary environment] to go up

1972 - Learning From Las Vegas

ROBERT VENTURI


• Analysis of signs, symbols and buildings in relation to their size, distance and speed of movement

• Use example of icon (painting, sculpture, or inscription) in historic building to support the use of sign and symbol on commercial building

View Inside a Car

ROBERT VENTURI


June 25, 1925

ROBERT VENTURI


Analysis

Analysis

ROBERT VENTURI


• Rob Krier bornis a Luxembourgian sculptor, architect, urban designer and theorist.

• He is former professor of architecture at Vienna University of Technology, Austria.

• From 1993 to mid-2010 he has worked in partnership with architect Christoph Kohl in a joint office based in Berlin, Germany.

Born in 1938

ROB KRIER


• He published Stadtraum in Theorie undPraxis in 1975. This book is a contribution tothe establishment of an integrative typologyof urban spaces, and let him to earn aninfluential position in urban rationalistpolemics.

• His rationalism is based on the visualhierarchies proposed by Camillo Sitte andrelated to buildings of human scale. Heconsidered that people have lost the sight oftraditional understanding of urban space inthe modern city.

ROB KRIER


• "The basic approach of our urban designconcept in the 'block' formation. Thisenables the creation of many differentspatial configurations of squares and streetsequences that give the individual 'places'their indelible character and offerinhabitants the kind of familiar qualityfound in a typical Berlin neighborhood, orKiez."

ROB KRIER


Roof View of New Town of Kirchsteigfeld, Potsdam

by Rob Krier and Christoph Kohl

• More than just a garden-suburb,Kirchsteigfeld integrates the open flowof space and light which is the 20thcentury's great contribution to housing,while celebrating the historic qualities ofplace and identity which we havelearned once more to value in makingurban forms for community."

ROB KRIER


Working Model of Hufeisenplatz, Kirchsteigfeld, Potsdam

• "Urban Space is created by the builtmassing and their elevations. Buildingsare therefore space-forming. Thedesigner of a building is consequentlyresponsible for the image that is createdand imposed upon the user. Buildingsmark their surroundings and mustaccordingly capture the 'genius loci' andreflect this 'spirit of the place' in whichthey are located. In this sense buildings'serve' their context and the peoplewhich inhabit them"

• Rob Krier and Christoph Kohl

ROB KRIER


New Town of Kirchsteigfeld, Potsdam Existing Buildings and Proposed Completion

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City planning theories post war

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