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City of Vancouver

Data provided for the CDP Cities 2015 Report

Written by Report analysis & information design for CDP by

In partnership with

Vancouver in Context 04Vancouver in Focus 06Introduction 08Governance 10Risks & Adaptation 16Opportunities 26Emissions - Local Government 30Emissions – Community 38Strategy 46 CDP, C40 and AECOM are proud to present results from our fifth consecutive year of climate change reporting for cities. It was an impressive year, with 308 cities reporting on their climate change data (six times more than the number that was reported in the survey’s first year of 2011), making this the largest and most comprehensive survey of cities and climate change published to date by CDP. City governments from Helsinki to Canberra to La Paz participated, including over 90% of the membership of the C40 – a group of the world’s largest cities dedicated to climate change leadership.

Approximately half of reporting cities measure city-wide emissions. Together, these cities account for 1.67 billion tonnes CO2e, putting them on par with Japan and UK emissions combined. 60% of all reporting cities now have completed a climate change risk assessment. And cities reported over 3,000 individual actions designed to reduce emissions and adapt to a changing climate. CDP, C40 and AECOM salute the hard work and dedication of the world’s city governments in measuring and reporting these important pieces of data. With this report, we provide city governments the information and insights that we hope will assist their work in tackling climate change.

This document contains the questionnaire data provided to CDP from Vancouver as part of its 2015 CDP submission.

To see all of the results for all participating cities, visit https://www.cdp.net/cities.

The graphics in this document are from the 2015 CDP Cities infographic.

CDP Cities 2015 City of Vancouver4

ChicagoLake Forest

DenverAuroraBoulderLakewood

St Louis

Phoenix

Las Vegas

Cleveland

MinneapolisEdina

Detroit

Baltimore

Washington, DCHoustonAustin

Miami

Mexico City

Dallas Atlanta

AbidjanLagos

Addis AbabaOuagadougou

Johannesburg

PietermaritzburgDurban

Cape Town

Copenhagen

Vilnius

Warsaw

MoscowHamburg

BornovaKadiovacik

Istanbul

Oristano

OsloStockholm

Dublin LondonAmsterdam

ManchesterLeicester

Rotterdam

ParisZurichBasel

Milan

Naples

MadridZaragoza

Barcelona

Portland

AnsanIncheon

Suwon

Seoul

KaohsiungPingtung

Hong Kong

Hanoi

Bangkok

Ho Chi Minh City

Singapore

TaipeiNew TaipeiHsinchu City

Tokyo

Hiroshima

Melbourne

Sydney

AparecidaGuaratinguetáLorena

Curitiba

Porto AlegreCaxias do Sul

Montevideo

Santiago

Belo HorizonteBetim

Rio de JaneiroDuque de CaxiasSão Gonçalo

Goiânia

Cali Bogotá

CaracasBarranquilla

Guayaquil

SalvadorCamaçari

RecifeJaboatão dos Guararapes

LimaPunta Hermosa

Buenos Aires

San FranciscoOakland

HaywardSan JosePalo Alto

Benicia

VictoriaSeattle

Brandon

Edmonton

Vancouver

Saskatoon

TorontoWinnipeg

London

Ft WayneIndianapolis

Pittsburgh

Philadelphia

ColombusCincinnati

Boston

Hamilton

Montreal

Lexington

Ft Worth

San Antonio

San Diego

Long BeachSanta Monica

Los Angeles

Richmond

Guatemala

Juarez

PueblaSan Luis Potosi

Salt Lake CityPark City

FlorianopolisBlumenau

Maceió

Uberlândia

Cuiabá

Fortaleza

Belem

Brasilia

São PauloCampinasGuarulhosItuAtibaiaSão CaetanoSão João da Boa VistaSorocabaTatuíCaieirasVinhedoMauáÁguas de São PedroCabreúvaCapivariFranco da RochaMairiporãPorto Feliz

CosmópolisOlímpia

Aparecida de GoiâniaSão Jose do Rio Preto

Bauru

São Bernardo do CampoCubatão

Macapá

Aracaju

Natal

Vitoria

São Luis

Pretoria

Nairobi

Dar es Salaam

Karachi

Wellington

YokohamaNagoya

Shenzhen

ChuncheonHoengseongHongcheonHwacheonInje

JecheonSamcheokWonjuUljin

JangseongImsil

NonsanPyeongtaek

SeocheonYoengwang

DaejeonChangwonGeojeGeumsanTongyeong

GokseongGuryeGwangjuGwangyangHaenamJangheungJejuMokpoSeogwipoShinanBoseong CountyJeong-sun Metro GovernmentJeonju Metro GovernmentMuan CountyNajuSunchang

FafePorto

ÁguedaBraga

LamegoVila Nova de Famalicão

Matosinhos Cascais

LisbonSantarém

SeixalMoita

FaroBarreiro

Torres Vedras

Rome

BolognaFerrara

PiacenzaRavenna

BolzanoPaduaVeniceReggio EmiliaUdine

GenoaTurin

Gibraltar

MonacoNice

Glasgow

Turku

NorthAmerica

LatinAmerica

Europe and Middle East

Africa

South Asiaand Oceania

East Asia

Panama City

Tegucigalpa

Amiens

Cuernavaca

MonterreyMoclovaTorreón

CanberraAdelaide

Arlington

AspenAlbanyBurlington

Berlin

Bournemouth

Brownsville

CharlotteColumbiaDurhamWinston-Salem

Athens

El Paso

Eugene

Flagstaff

GuadalajaraLeón de los Aldamas

Helsinki

Lahti

Oklahoma City

Perth

Reykjavík

New YorkYonkers

New Orleans

Quito

Funchal

Nijmegen

Amman

Iskandar

Halifax

Rio Branco

Cordoba

La Paz

Arequipa

Medellín

Aguascalientes

MéridaPlaya del Carmen

Niseko

Montes Claro

Palmas

Santo Domingo

Essen

Heidelberg

Trondheim

Douala

Lausanne

Wuhan

Tampico

Number of cities responding per year

73 110 2072012 2013 2014

Vancouver participation

3082015

Vancouver in context

482011

5City of Vancouver in Context

ChicagoLake Forest

DenverAuroraBoulderLakewood

St Louis

Phoenix

Las Vegas

Cleveland

MinneapolisEdina

Detroit

Baltimore

Washington, DCHoustonAustin

Miami

Mexico City

Dallas Atlanta

AbidjanLagos

Addis AbabaOuagadougou

Johannesburg

PietermaritzburgDurban

Cape Town

Copenhagen

Vilnius

Warsaw

MoscowHamburg

BornovaKadiovacik

Istanbul

Oristano

OsloStockholm

Dublin LondonAmsterdam

ManchesterLeicester

Rotterdam

ParisZurichBasel

Milan

Naples

MadridZaragoza

Barcelona

Portland

AnsanIncheon

Suwon

Seoul

KaohsiungPingtung

Hong Kong

Hanoi

Bangkok

Ho Chi Minh City

Singapore

TaipeiNew TaipeiHsinchu City

Tokyo

Hiroshima

Melbourne

Sydney

AparecidaGuaratinguetáLorena

Curitiba

Porto AlegreCaxias do Sul

Montevideo

Santiago

Belo HorizonteBetim

Rio de JaneiroDuque de CaxiasSão Gonçalo

Goiânia

Cali Bogotá

CaracasBarranquilla

Guayaquil

SalvadorCamaçari

RecifeJaboatão dos Guararapes

LimaPunta Hermosa

Buenos Aires

San FranciscoOakland

HaywardSan JosePalo Alto

Benicia

VictoriaSeattle

Brandon

Edmonton

Vancouver

Saskatoon

TorontoWinnipeg

London

Ft WayneIndianapolis

Pittsburgh

Philadelphia

ColombusCincinnati

Boston

Hamilton

Montreal

Lexington

Ft Worth

San Antonio

San Diego

Long BeachSanta Monica

Los Angeles

Richmond

Guatemala

Juarez

PueblaSan Luis Potosi

Salt Lake CityPark City

FlorianopolisBlumenau

Maceió

Uberlândia

Cuiabá

Fortaleza

Belem

Brasilia

São PauloCampinasGuarulhosItuAtibaiaSão CaetanoSão João da Boa VistaSorocabaTatuíCaieirasVinhedoMauáÁguas de São PedroCabreúvaCapivariFranco da RochaMairiporãPorto Feliz

CosmópolisOlímpia

Aparecida de GoiâniaSão Jose do Rio Preto

Bauru

São Bernardo do CampoCubatão

Macapá

Aracaju

Natal

Vitoria

São Luis

Pretoria

Nairobi

Dar es Salaam

Karachi

Wellington

YokohamaNagoya

Shenzhen

ChuncheonHoengseongHongcheonHwacheonInje

JecheonSamcheokWonjuUljin

JangseongImsil

NonsanPyeongtaek

SeocheonYoengwang

DaejeonChangwonGeojeGeumsanTongyeong

GokseongGuryeGwangjuGwangyangHaenamJangheungJejuMokpoSeogwipoShinanBoseong CountyJeong-sun Metro GovernmentJeonju Metro GovernmentMuan CountyNajuSunchang

FafePorto

ÁguedaBraga

LamegoVila Nova de Famalicão

Matosinhos Cascais

LisbonSantarém

SeixalMoita

FaroBarreiro

Torres Vedras

Rome

BolognaFerrara

PiacenzaRavenna

BolzanoPaduaVeniceReggio EmiliaUdine

GenoaTurin

Gibraltar

MonacoNice

Glasgow

Turku

NorthAmerica

LatinAmerica

Europe and Middle East

Africa

South Asiaand Oceania

East Asia

Panama City

Tegucigalpa

Amiens

Cuernavaca

MonterreyMoclovaTorreón

CanberraAdelaide

Arlington

AspenAlbanyBurlington

Berlin

Bournemouth

Brownsville

CharlotteColumbiaDurhamWinston-Salem

Athens

El Paso

Eugene

Flagstaff

GuadalajaraLeón de los Aldamas

Helsinki

Lahti

Oklahoma City

Perth

Reykjavík

New YorkYonkers

New Orleans

Quito

Funchal

Nijmegen

Amman

Iskandar

Halifax

Rio Branco

Cordoba

La Paz

Arequipa

Medellín

Aguascalientes

MéridaPlaya del Carmen

Niseko

Montes Claro

Palmas

Santo Domingo

Essen

Heidelberg

Trondheim

Douala

Lausanne

Wuhan

Tampico

Where Vancouver fits

171 small<600k population

Total population of cities responding in 2015

446,186,833

600k-1.6m population77 medium

1.6m+ population

60 large

Vancouver (city proper)

603,500people


Vancouver in focus

Population

603,500

Area

115km2

Year reported

2015

Inventory method

International Emissions Analysis Protocol (ICLEI)

7City of Vancouver in Focus

144 cities reporting emissions in 2015

102 cities reporting emissions of less than 10,000,000 metric tonnes CO2e

22 cities reporting emissions of 10,000,000 to 20,000,000 metric tonnes CO2e

8 cities reporting emissions of 20,000,000 to 30,000,000 metric tonnes CO2e

12 cities reporting emissions of greater than 30,000,000 metric tonnes CO2e

Vancouver

2,625,609 Metric tonnes CO2e

30,000,000Metric tonnes CO2e







0 Introduction Vancouver is located on the west coast of Canada. With a population of 603,000 people (2011 census), Vancouver is the eighth largest Canadian city. Vancouver enjoys an international reputation as the world’s most liveable city, reinforced again in 2009 by The Economist. In 2010, Vancouver ranked second on the EIU Greenest City Index, thanks to bold decisions made by our predecessors, such as protecting the watersheds of the North Shore mountains, creating Stanley Park, maintaining public access to long stretches of the waterfront, and rejecting freeways through the City.

Introduction

9Introduction

More recently, Vancouver was one of the first cities in the world to recognize the gravity of the threat posed by climate change, with the Clouds of Change Task Force recommending in 1990 that we begin reducing CO2 emissions. Today, we have the Greenest City Action Plan (GCAP), adopted in 2010 as a comprehensive climate action plan to support the City’s transformation to a low-carbon, thriving economy.

The GCAP outlines the City’s goals and targets with respect to climate change. There are 10 goal areas and 15 targets supporting actions that are managed by different departments in the City and are monitored and reported on by the Sustainability Department. Another pillar of our climate actions is the City’s Climate Adaptation Strategy: a forecast and plan for adapting to the future impacts of climate change, which was adopted by Council in 2012.


Governance

1.1 Governance Vancouver’s process for managing progress and responsibility for climate action:

Emissions ReductionsAs mentioned, the GCAP adopted by Council outlines the City’s goals and targets with respect to climate change, climate adaptation, and other sustainability outcomes. There are 10 goal areas and 15 targets with supporting actions that are managed by the various departments in the City and are monitored and reported by the Sustainability Department which reports to the City Manager’s Office. Progress on the Greenest City Action Plan priority actions is monitored quarterly, with key indicators reported

11Governance

Governance

annually. Performance management through our internal Corporate Scorecard process includes organization-wide measurement as well as division and department-level scorecards. Corporate greenhouse gases (GHGs) and waste are measured and managed as a part of this process. Other sustainability targets related to the GCAP are also reflected in division- and department-level scorecards, updated quarterly. Oversight of this process is managed by the Greenest City Action Plan Steering Committee, comprising department and division level managers who monitor progress towards implementation of climate action initiatives as outlined in the GCAP. Executive reports are also prepared as required.

Adaptation The City of Vancouver adopted its Climate Change Adaptation Strategy in 2012. The strategy was the first adaptation plan in Canada developed using the Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI) framework. The strategy recommends nine primary actions and more than 50 supporting actions that the City can take to incorporate climate adaptation measures into new projects and daily operations for all City business. The actions are led by various departments in the City and are monitored and reported by the Sustainability Department, which


reports to the City Manager’s Office. While the Adaptation Strategy does not have targets, actions were prioritized and, in most cases, deadlines for completion were identified. Progress on the actions is tracked on an ongoing basis by the Sustainability Department and reported annually to the City Manager’s Office. Within the Sustainability Department, a senior sustainability specialist is responsible for overseeing the implementation of the Adaptation Strategy. The Adaptation Strategy is to be updated every five years, which will include reviewing the status of adaptation actions, updating climate information, and identifying new or revised actions. The updated strategy is to be approved by Council.

Vancouver has committed to adapting to climate change.

The Greenest City 2020 Action Plan

Vancouver has a plan that addresses climate change adaptation:

Vancouver Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, 2012

13Governance

Vancouver anticipates that national and/or regional climate change activities will have impacts on Vancouver’s own climate change activities.

The City has signed on to the British Columbia Climate Action Charter. Along with 179 other BC municipalities, the Charter requires municipalities to report their emissions, build compact energy efficient communities and achieve carbon neutrality in their operations. The challenges of becoming carbon neutral for many communities has led to the Provincial Government now allowing municipalities to be “making progress towards” carbon neutrality: an interim status. The City of Vancouver has committed to carbon neutrality, but there remains uncertainty as to the future of the Climate Action Charter’s requirements on neutrality and what it will require of municipalities in future.

British Columbia has also pulled out of the Western Climate Initiative, which severely weakens, if not eliminates, the prospect of a strong carbon market in British Columbia. Furthermore, the Pacific Carbon Trust, the Crown entity established to deliver BC’s carbon market has also been dissolved. As such, there is significant uncertainty as to the future of the carbon market in BC.


Furthermore, BC is facing a significant energy boom with the potential development of several liquefied natural gas plants to be supplied from tight and shale gas deposits in northern BC. The impacts of these developments, should they go ahead, are unclear and currently open to debate. Provincial policy to regulate these facilities is still under development, and as such the climatic, regulatory and social implications are uncertain.

Finally, these all exist against a backdrop of undefined and uncertain Federal direction on climate change within Canada.

Vancouver incorporates sustainability goals and targets into the master planning for the city.

The City does not have an explicit master plan, but rather a Regional Context Statement, which along with all the other regional cities’ Context Statements, are brought together under a regional Official Growth Strategy. This Strategy contains sections to “encourage land use and transportation infrastructure that reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, and improve air quality” and “encourage land use and transportation infrastructure that improve the ability to withstand climate change impacts and natural hazard risks”. The City of Vancouver abides by these sentiments in its Regional Context Statement, pointing to a number of strategies

15Governance

such as the Greenest City Action Plan, the Neighbourhood Energy Strategy and the Cambie Corridor Plan. Goal #2 of the Greenest City Action Plan commits the City to reduce GHG emissions by 33% over 2007 levels by 2020 using a number of measures that reduce vehicle-kilometres-travelled, increase mode share, reduce building GHGs for both new and old stock, and better manage waste for GHG reduction. These have been further been reinforced with the Council-approved Transport 2040 and Vancouver Building By-Law Update (2013) policies. Also, the Cambie Corridor is one example of numerous Neighbourhood Plans that the City has in place that commit to holding GHG emissions steady while increasing density (i.e., a reduction in GHG per square foot). In 2013 the City also launched its Large Site Rezoning Policy that applies to sites over 500,000 sq. ft. and requires developers to address eight sustainability areas above and beyond those of a standard rezoning; low carbon and district energy sources are one of those requirements.

Vancouver has a climate change action plan for reducing GHG emissions:

Greenest City 2020 Action Plan


Risks & Adaptation

2.1 Physical risks Current and/or anticipated effects of climate change present significant physical risks to Vancouver:

Seriousness

Long-termMedium-term

CurrentTimescale

Short-term

Extremely SeriousSeriousLess Serious

17Risks & Adaptation

Sea level riseRisk: Timescale:

Sea level rise will affect most sectors. Buildings will require more floodproofing measures and/or zoning different uses for flood prone areas in the future. Gravity-based stormwater systems will be affected in low-lying areas and may require new pumps or other solutions. Storm surge damage to docks, public amenities, streets etc. is likely. Bridge and infrastructure scour may increase. Increased rates of beach erosion, or loss of beaches, may occur.

More intense rainfallRisk: Timescale:

We already experience some surface flooding and private property sewer back-ups during heavy rainfalls. As intensity and frequency increase, we may see more sewer surcharge, street flooding, etc. The sewer system, especially in combined areas, will be impacted as well as streets and City reputation. Rainfall may also cause water ingress to poor housing stock with the potential for health impacts.

Increased frequency of large stormsRisk: Timescale:

An increase in storms will impact the safety and health of vulnerable populations including those that are homeless or poorly housed. There will be increased risk on streets due to infrastructure damage, etc. and more clean-up budget and coordination required (e.g., 2006 wind storm cost significant funds to clean up and had serious impacts to our parks and green spaces). Emergency response and response capacity will need to shift to dealing with more frequent, simultaneous events. Critical infrastructure will require back-up power and response routes need to be monitored and maintained.


Hotter summersRisk: Timescale:

Increased health and safety risks to vulnerable populations; water supply pressures in late summer; increasing vectors for disease and respiratory illness are all expected with hotter, drier summers.

More intense droughtsRisk: Timescale:

Reduced winter snowpack and earlier snowmelt could lead to low water levels in the region’s drinking water reservoirs and water supply shortages in late summer.

Multiple climate change effectsRisk: Timescale:

Buildings may be maladapted in terms of heating and cooling systems, rain on snow loads, wind durability etc. The durability of infrastructure and associated lifecycle may decrease.


Compounding factors may worsen the physical effects of climate change in Vancouver:

- Increasing population pressure will continue to push development in vulnerable areas (e.g., along the coast).

- Urban heat island effect may increase in new areas of the City as densification occurs.

- As the population ages, there may be an increase in vulnerability to more extreme climate events.

Vancouver considers that the physical impacts of climate change could threaten the ability of businesses to operate successfully.

Railways and arterial roads along the coast and in low areas could be affected by sea level rise, thereby affecting goods movement. Industrial land along the Fraser River may suffer more frequent flooding as a result of sea level rise, and could be vulnerable to a large storm surge. Supply chains could be impacted in a number of ways, including access and cost of goods, and disruption of critical services. Business infrastructure may need more frequent repairs and maintenance given anticipated increases in inclement weather. Insurance costs may continue to rise depending on business and location.


A climate change risk or vulnerability assessment has been undertaken for the Vancouver area.

Vancouver Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, 2012

Vancouver used ICLEI climate adaptation methodology (ADAPT) as the primary methodology to undertake its risk or vulnerability assessment.

A climate change risk and vulnerability assessment was done as part of the City’s Climate Change Adaptation Strategy. A more detailed risk and vulnerability assessment was done specifically for sea level rise, which is referred to as the City’s Coastal Flood Risk Assessment. Methods used include:

- ICLEI (workbook for municipal climate change adaptation with risk and vulnerability assessment methodology).

- Hazus (GIS-based model: we are using the version adapated to the Canadian context).


Vancouver currently experiences the following climate hazards:Sea level rise and coastal flood

More intense rainfall

Increased frequency of large storms

Flash/surface flood

Hotter summers

More intense drought

Extreme hot weather

Severe wind

Vancouver expects the following hazards to affect the city in the future: Rain storm

Severe wind

Heat wave

Extreme hot weather

Drought

Flash/surface flood

River flood

Coastal flood

Storm surge

Salt water intrusion

Landslide

Water-borne disease

Vector-borne disease

2.2 Climate Hazards


Actions Vancouver is taking to reduce risks to infrastructure, citizens, and businesses from climate changes include the following:

Sea level rise modellingHazard: Flooding from sea level riseCompleted a comprehensive sea level rise model, which was used to update the City’s designated floodplain map. The flood model is now being used to evaluate long-term flood management options for the City.

Building resilience and resistance measuresHazard: Flooding from sea level riseRaised minimum elevation levels by 1.1m for new buildings in flood-prone areas

Storm water capture systems Hazard: Flooding due to more intense rainfallSeveral examples of stormwater “green infrastructure” have been piloted in the City on new development sites.

Awareness campaign/education to reduce water useHazard: Water scarcity due to hotter summersSignificant community water efficiency and access to water campaigns: Waterwise water conservation; Garden Parties. Also website communications; water conservation kits.

Tree planting and/or creation of green spaceHazard: Extreme heatPlanting of 150,000 trees by 2020 target.

Hydrant leak detectionHazard: Water scarcity due to more frequent droughtsImproved leak-detection program to reduce water leaks in fire hydrants.

2.3 Adaptation


2.4 Social risksVancouver faces social risks as a result of climate change:

Fluctuating socio-economic conditions Timescale: Dependent on actions in the next few decades, sea level rise could have significant effects on rail and port transportation of goods.

Increased incidence and prevalence of disease Timescale: Increased vectors for disease.

Increased demand for public services (including health) Timescale: Potential increased risk of asthma, allergies, illness related to mould and pests (mosquitoes) Increased use of waterparks and air-conditioned public facilities during the summer.

Cities are at risk from climate change

This year,

1.2 billion metric tonnes of CO 2e have been reported

by 108 cities.

Of surveyed cities,

52% have completed an

emissions inventory...

Other

...and our research reveals that sources of emissions can vary

Cities are facing risks from climate change.

Percentage of cities facing di rent categories of natural risk.

Cities are undertaking 2110 activities to mitigate and adapt to climate change.

4.1m MTCO 2e

Denver3.5m

MTCO 2e

London

1.1m MTCO 2e

Taipei

1.6m MTCO 2e

Madrid

2.8m MTCO 2e

Durban

RotterdamCO 2 emissions reduction from industry

Five cities where carbon footprints have fallen since

2009 in metric tonnes CO 2e.

This is CDP Cities 2014Now in its fourth year, CDP Cities is the most comprehensive climate change reporting platform at the city level.

54% 46%

Building energy demand

Transport

Waste

37%

of risks reported as

serious and near-term

53%

of cities have completed a

risk assessment

54%

78%

68%

41%

30%

29%

Temperature increase /heatwaves

Frequent /intense rainfall

Drought

Sea level rise

Activities set to cut the most carbon

emissions in metric tonnes CO 2e.

Most popular sectors for emissions reductions activities by percentage

of cities.

4.0mMTC0 2e

$

$

3.0mMTC0 2e

Washington, DC

RotterdamLow or zero carbon energy supply generation

2.7mMTC0 2e

2.3mMTC0 2e

Washington, DCBuilding performance rating and reporting

2.1mMTC0 2e

Cleveland

From Rio to Boston, more and more cities are measuring their CO 2 emissions.

CDP cities represent a growing slice of the world’s economy.

That’s

28% of world GDP...

...an incredible

$21 trillion in total annual output.

Cities reporting to CDP have a combined annual budget of

$954 billion roughly the annual budget of the UK.

Commercial / institutional facilities

Industrial buildings

Industrial process and product use emissions

On-road transportation Cars, LDV, HDV / buses, others

Residential buildings

5%

17%

28%

50%

28%12%

11%

21%

13%

14%


Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsTimescale: Increased risk of injury or illness to homeless or poorly housed populations during storms or inclement weather. Increased morbidity and mortality of vulnerable populations during heat events.

Increased resource demandTimescale: Potential increased demand for water as summers get hotter. Increased wear on combined and storm sewer from increased precipitation. Increased demand for emergency management and response/recovery after storms. Increased demand for back-up power and fuel for generators.

Migration from rural areas to cities Timescale: Nearby communities may be less resilient to sea level rise. As a result, the City may be called upon to provide shelter capabilities during storm events in the future.


Opportunities

3.1 Opportunities Climate change action presents economic opportunities for Vancouver.

27Opportunities

Vancouver is positioning itself to take advantage of opportunities from taking climate change action:

Development of new business industries (e.g. clean tech)The GCAP Green Economy goal aims to boost number of ‘green’ jobs, through strategies such as creation of trade, attracting innovative businesses to Vancouver, creating demonstration hubs, and hosting green technology demonstrations.

Green jobsThe City has partnered with six post-secondary institutions to create the Campus City Collaborative (C3) program, where students across disciplines work on GCAP-related projects.

Longer growing seasonsClimate change may impact length of local growing seasons; also may provide more opportunities for urban agriculture.

Improved efficiency of operationsImplementing the Corporate Energy Management Plan will yield cost savings from improving efficiency of City’s building portfolio and lighting network.

Implementing the Fleet Management Plan will yield cost savings from right-sizing and fuel-switching of City fleets.

The GCAP Green Economy goal also aims to increase the number of businesses actively engaged in ‘greening’ their businesses. A program specifically for businesses is being developed.

Increased attention to other environmental concernsThe GCAP comprises a comprehensive community sustainability plan that looks at areas such as Local Food, Access to Nature, Clean Water and Green Buildings and others.


The Urban Forest Management Plan identifies opportunities to make progress on stormwater management, climate change adaptation, and biodiversity.

Increased green entrepreneurshipThe Vancouver Economic Commission has laid out a strategy for economic growth for the City which includes supporting the green economy and new businesses.

Additional funding optionsThrough the BC Carbon Action Revenue Incentive Program, rebates are provided for the purchase of fuel that incurs carbon tax. This provides a funding source for City’s continued work around sustainability and the GCAP.

Federal funding opportunities (e.g., National Resources Canada; Gas Tax Fund) and others may increase as climate adaptation and resilience are prioritized.

#CDPCities#COP21

...the combined population of three G7 nations - America, Britain and France.

of emissions (CO2e) for all reporting cities.

the number that reported in the survey’s first year, 2011.

IT’S6XMORE

people live in these cities, accounting for 6% of global population, or...

446,000,000

reported to the world’s definitive study on cities and climate change.

IN 2015,308CITIES

CAN CITIESQUIT FOSSIL FUELS? YES.of the 162 cities report that

already more than

35% of theirelectricity is

from non-fossilfuel sources.

75%Year on year, CDP is supporting more cities in tackling climate change. 2015 CDP data reveals that in many countries, cities are leading the way in making the global switch to renewable energy. Through their commitment to action and innovative identification of projects, cities are showing that the shift to non-fossil energy is within our reach. The challenge now is to match projects to funding, and to ensure a fair distribution between developed and developing cities - an important issue in the run up to COP21 in Paris in December 2015 and beyond.

TO PARISAND BEYOND

...innovationand collaboration.

More than half of the world’s people

live in them.Cities consume...

CITIESARE

HUBS FOR... 78% 12.6gt

CO2

...of energy globally.

Untapped potential in cities can significantly

accelerate a globalshift away from

fossil fuels.

Power generationis the single largest

carbon emitter - and by a big margin.

Per year, the power marketcurrently emits...

This number isprojected to

double by 2040.Our data reveals thatcities can directly and

indirectly influence thissector - in a big way.

Gas 2%

Geothermal 2%

46 LATINAMERICANCITIES

55 NORTH AMERICANCITIES

4 AFRICANCITIES

38 EUROPEANCITIES

19 ASIAN/OCEANIAN

CITIESEnergy mix by non-fossil %

76% 0%

Coal33%

Gas20%

Nuclear21%

Hydro16%

Oil 1%

Wind

6%

Geothermal 1%

Biomass 1%

Solar 1%

Hydro72%

Geothermal 2%

Biomass 2%

Oil13%

Gas8%

Coal 4%

Hydro25%

Wind13%

Nuclear11%

Gas18%

Coal16%

Oil7%

Biomass 4%Solar 4%

Gas36%

Coal32%

Oil17%

Hydro

6%

Nuclear 5%

Wind 3%

Solar 1%

Hydro50%

Coal40%

Nuclear 1%

Oil7%

revealing a diversity of responses, for cities large and small across all regions.

LONDON, UK

Hydro 1.2%

Gas26.7%

Wind 7.7%

Coal40.7%

Biomass21.1%

Nuclear 2.8%

NEW YORK, US

Hydro 1%

Nuclear19%

Gas78%

Oil 1%

CITIESAIM HIGH.These cities have set themselves renewable electricity targets:

JUST A LITTLECHANGEWILL GO FAR.

$57 TRILLIONwill be invested in infrastructure through 2030. That means that less than 0.01% of this sum, or just

$1 OF EVERY $8Kspent is required to support delivery of renewable goals for all the CDP cities that report a target. At just over $7 billion in total, this is still a large price tag and represents a considerable challenge for cities, but with global focus it can be achieved.

43 cities reported that they want private sector support to deliver community renewable projects. CDP data indicates that less than half of these projects are located in the global south.

96 CITIESor 1/3 of cities that reported are taking action to de-carbonize their energy supply.

CAN CITIES QUIT FOSSIL FUELS?

162 CITIES REPORTED THEIR ENERGY MIX,

REYKJAVÍK, IS

Hydro70%

Geothermal30%

Biomass 6.5%

STOCKHOLM, SE

Hydro58%

Nuclear21.5%

Wind 5.5%Coal 4.5%

Gas 4% Oil 4.4%Wind 1.1%

Biomass 7.6%

CAMPINAS, BR

Hydro70.6%

Gas11.3%

Coal 2.6%

1.67 BILLION TONNESREPORTED

ASPEN 100%SANTA MONICA 100%SAN FRANCISCO 100%STOCKHOLM 100%VANCOUVER 93%CANBERRA 90%AUSTIN 55%ADELAIDE 50%LOS ANGELES 33%SYDNEY 30%

CITIES TAKE ACTION.

CITIES PRESENT AN OPPORTUNITY.

THE RESULTS ARE DIVERSE. REVEALING MIXES FROM 100% NON-FOSSIL TO 100% CONTINUED RELIANCE ON FOSSIL AND MANY COMBINATIONS THEREOF.

86% of these cities see an

San Francisco has brought together public and private stakeholders to form a task force that highlighted barriers and opportunities for renewable electricity.

BUILDING CONSENSUS FROM SF TO STOCKHOLM.

Following a broad consultation, Stockholm prepared a roadmap outlining the steps the city and other have to take to achieve their 2050 goal.

1 MILtCO2

Cape Town could reduce CO2e by 1 million tonnes, equivalent to 300 wind turbines.

CAPETOWN

ECONOMICOPPORTUNITYin climate change.

100

100100

29Opportunities

Vancouver is hoping to attract private sector involvement for the following climate-related projects:The Southeast False Creek Neighbourhood Energy Utility (NEU) demonstrated the economic viability of large-scale urban renewable energy systems in the North American utility market, and provides a flexible platform for a variety of low-carbon technologies. City leadership, through the NEU, has catalysed significant private investment and traditional utility interest in district energy systems. In addition to Southeast False Creek (the neighbourhood that the NEU supplies), large new NEUs are also being established for two large development areas: Northeast False Creek (671,000 m2) and River District (532,000 m2). The City is also working with the two major hospitals to replace conventional boilers with low-carbon systems for significant GHG reductions from these existing facilities as well as provide heat for 2,750,000 m2 of residential development. Finally, work is currently underway at the City to investigate fuel-switching the natural-gas fired steam utility that services Vancouver’s downtown to a carbon-neutral source. This will require significant commitment from the private sector, as it is a private utility.


Emissions – Local Government

4.1 Date and boundary Vancouver is reporting a GHG measurement inventory for a period of one year.

Tue 01 Jan 2013 - Tue 31 Dec 2013

Boundary typology used for Vancouver’s GHG emissions inventory:

Departments, entities or companies over which financial control is exercised

31Emissions – Local Government

4.2 GHG emissions data Vancouver has included the following major sources of emissions in the municipal GHG emissions inventory:

Buildings

Landfills

Municipal vehicle fleet

Street lighting and traffic signals

Waste collection

Wastewater treatment

Water supply

Vancouver has used the following protocol to inventory emissions:

International Emissions Analysis Protocol (ICLEI)

Gases included in emissions inventory:

CO2CH4N2O

Total (Scope 1 + 2) emissions for Vancouver:

375,875Metric tonnes CO2e


Breakdown of Vancouver’s GHG emissions by scope:

Scopes are a common categorisation method. Scope 1: All direct GHG emissions (with the exception of direct CO2 emissions from biogenic sources). Scope 2: Indirect GHG emissions associated with the consumption of purchased or acquired electricity, steam, heating, or cooling.

Total Scope 1 activity




Total amount of fuel (direct/Scope 1 emissions) consumed in Vancouver during the reporting year:Diesel/Gas oil

3,785,283L

Motor gasoline (petrol)

2,355,660L

Biodiesels

296,648L


Ethanol

261,740L

Propane

10,884L

Electricity, heat, steam, and cooling (indirect/Scope 2 emissions) consumed by Vancouver during the reporting year:

Electricity

152,035,111kWhHeat

388,813GJSteam

6,799Short tons


Breakdown of Vancouver’s GHG emissions by department (total):

Solid Waste (Landfill) - Scope 1


Engineering Services - Scope 1


Parks and Recreation - Scope 1


Police Services - Scope 1


Real Estate - Scope 1


Civic Buildings - Scope 1


Real Estate - Scope 2

202Metric tonnes CO2e


Civic Buildings - Scope 2


Fire and Rescue Services - Scope 1


Engineering Services - Scope 2


Parks and Recreation - Scope 2


Business Flights - Scope 2


Engineering Services (Contracted Services) - Scope 2


Vancouver Public Library - Scope 1


Police Services - Scope 2



Fire and Rescue Services - Scope 2


Car Share - Scope 2


Vancouver Public Library - Scope 2


Vancouver’s emissions decreased.

Fleet right-sizing and replacement with electric vehicles continue to improve efficiency and lower fleet-related GHGs, despite service-level increases. Continued improvements in landfill gas capture efficiency, coupled with a decrease in overall electricity grid GHG intensity, reduced overall GHG emissions.


4.3 External verification Vancouver’s emissions have not been externally verified.

The City is continually improving its business process as well as data collection, analysis, and management process; however, the data available to the City at the moment still has some known shortcomings. The City has only three major documented sources of emissions: a landfill facility, corporate buildings, and corporate fleet vehicles. The City has implemented utility data management to better track facility fuel and energy use, and has a separate process to track vehicle fuel use.

The emissions from the Vancouver Landfill are third-party verified according to the Reporting Regulation of the BC Greenhouse Gas Reductions (Cap & Trade) Act, which requires a Verification conformant to ISO 14064-3 standards.

#CDPCities#COP21




IT’S6XMORE


446,000,000


IN 2015,308CITIES


already more than




TO PARISAND BEYOND




CITIESARE


CO2




fossil fuels.







Gas 2%

Geothermal 2%



4 AFRICANCITIES

38 EUROPEANCITIES

19 ASIAN/OCEANIAN


76% 0%

Coal33%

Gas20%

Nuclear21%

Hydro16%

Oil 1%

Wind

6%

Geothermal 1%

Biomass 1%

Solar 1%

Hydro72%

Geothermal 2%

Biomass 2%

Oil13%

Gas8%

Coal 4%

Hydro25%

Wind13%

Nuclear11%

Gas18%

Coal16%

Oil7%

Biomass 4%Solar 4%

Gas36%

Coal32%

Oil17%

Hydro

6%

Nuclear 5%

Wind 3%

Solar 1%

Hydro50%

Coal40%

Nuclear 1%

Oil7%


LONDON, UK

Hydro 1.2%

Gas26.7%

Wind 7.7%

Coal40.7%

Biomass21.1%

Nuclear 2.8%

NEW YORK, US

Hydro 1%

Nuclear19%

Gas78%

Oil 1%









REYKJAVÍK, IS

Hydro70%

Geothermal30%

Biomass 6.5%

STOCKHOLM, SE

Hydro58%

Nuclear21.5%

Wind 5.5%Coal 4.5%


Biomass 7.6%

CAMPINAS, BR

Hydro70.6%

Gas11.3%

Coal 2.6%



CITIES TAKE ACTION.







1 MILtCO2


CAPETOWN


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Emissions – Community

5.1 Date and boundary Vancouver is reporting a GHG measurement inventory for a period of one year.

Tue 01 Jan 2013 - Tue 31 Dec 2013

Boundary typology used for Vancouver’s GHG emissions inventory:

Administrative boundary of a local government.

39Emissions – Community

5.2 GHG emissions data Vancouver has used the ICLEI Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories.

Natural Gas: data have been provided by the natural gas utility for 2013

Electricity: data have been provided by the electricity utility for 2013

Light-Duty Vehicles (LDV): annual gasoline sales within city limits, multiplied by an emission factor for gasoline and a correction factor that accounts for Vancouver’s situation as the largest regional employment node and home to many regional recreational facilities. In short, considerably more people travel to Vancouver (and therefore purchase fuel here) from surrounding municipalities than leave it on a daily basis.

Heavy Duty Vehicles (HDV): based on Metro Vancouver modelling of regional air emissions inventory, per the “2005 Lower Fraser Valley Air Emissions Inventory & Forecast and Backcast - Full Report”, for the City of Vancouver.

Solid Waste: based on a model generated by Conestoga-Rovers & Associates’ July 2012 report. That model estimated past, present, and future landfill gas emissions incorporating anticipated increases in waste tonnages and projections of past assumptions regarding


Vancouver’s portion of waste in place at the Vancouver Landfill.

Gases included in emissions inventory:

CO2CH4N2O

Total (Scope 1 + 2) emissions for Vancouver:


Breakdown of Vancouver’s GHG emissions by scope: Scopes are a common categorisation method. Scope 1: All direct GHG emissions (with the exception of direct CO2 emissions from biogenic sources). Scope 2: Indirect GHG emissions associated with the consumption of purchased or acquired electricity, steam, heating, or cooling.






Breakdown of these emissions by end user, economic sector, IPCC sector, GHG or any other classification system used:End user: buildings, water, waste, transport. Economic sector: residential, commercial, industrial, institutional. IPCC sector: stationary combustion, mobile combustion, industrial processes, waste. Greenhouse gas: CO2, CH4, N2O etc.

Buildings – Scope 1


Transportation – Scope 1


Waste – Scope 1


Buildings – Scope 2



Total amount of fuel (direct/Scope 1 emissions) consumed in Vancouver during the reporting year:

Motor gasoline (petrol)

347,680,222L

Electricity, heat, steam, and cooling (indirect/Scope 2 emissions) consumed by Vancouver during the reporting year:

Electricity

5,127,450,250kWhHeat

27,451,721GJ

Vancouver does not measure Scope 3 emissions.

Currently there is insufficient data of sufficient quality to allow a meaningful assessment of Scope 3 emissions. Vancouver has very few industrial sites and no major transportation hubs, with the majority of its land use being residential/commercial. This implies that the majority of Scope 3 emissions are associated with consumption, which is the area most difficult to quantify.


Further, the City still has significant challenges to address under its Scope 1/2 sources, which it feels are better areas on which to focus City resources. As better progress is made, the City will start to play a more active role in its Scope 3 emissions.

As much as the City does not currently track Scope 3 emissions, several GCAP action areas address Scope 3 emissions. These include:

Goal #9: Local food, where efforts are being made to “increase city-wide and neighbourhood food assets by a minimum of 50% over 2010 levels”, which includes launching the City’s Food Strategy as well as increasing the use of local food at civic facilities and updating Farmers’ Market policies.

Goal #5: Zero Waste, where the City is working with the Provincial Government to develop new Extended Producer Responsibility programs for packaging and paper and other consumables.

Vancouver’s emissions have decreased. Community Light-Duty Vehicles (LDV) emissions have decreased with declining fuel sales within the city. Continued increase in landfill gas capture efficiency, coupled with a decrease in overall electricity grid GHG intensity, reduced overall GHG emissions.


5.3 External verification Vancouver’s emissions have not been externally verified.

The City’s community GHG inventory comes from a number of sources. The data associated with building loads and waste is robust, but the City’s data related to transportation is not rigorous enough at present to pass an ISO-standard verification. The City is exploring opportunities to enhance the robustness of its transportation emissions data and business processes associated with all community data. The City is also investigating where it may further enhance its waste data given an expanding organics diversion program. There is a desire at the City to have its inventories independently verified, but this decision will be made based upon the findings of the current work on enhanced transportation and waste data.


#CDPCities#COP21




IT’S6XMORE


446,000,000


IN 2015,308CITIES


already more than




TO PARISAND BEYOND




CITIESARE


CO2




fossil fuels.







Gas 2%

Geothermal 2%



4 AFRICANCITIES

38 EUROPEANCITIES

19 ASIAN/OCEANIAN


76% 0%

Coal33%

Gas20%

Nuclear21%

Hydro16%

Oil 1%

Wind

6%

Geothermal 1%

Biomass 1%

Solar 1%

Hydro72%

Geothermal 2%

Biomass 2%

Oil13%

Gas8%

Coal 4%

Hydro25%

Wind13%

Nuclear11%

Gas18%

Coal16%

Oil7%

Biomass 4%Solar 4%

Gas36%

Coal32%

Oil17%

Hydro

6%

Nuclear 5%

Wind 3%

Solar 1%

Hydro50%

Coal40%

Nuclear 1%

Oil7%


LONDON, UK

Hydro 1.2%

Gas26.7%

Wind 7.7%

Coal40.7%

Biomass21.1%

Nuclear 2.8%

NEW YORK, US

Hydro 1%

Nuclear19%

Gas78%

Oil 1%









REYKJAVÍK, IS

Hydro70%

Geothermal30%

Biomass 6.5%

STOCKHOLM, SE

Hydro58%

Nuclear21.5%

Wind 5.5%Coal 4.5%


Biomass 7.6%

CAMPINAS, BR

Hydro70.6%

Gas11.3%

Coal 2.6%



CITIES TAKE ACTION.







1 MILtCO2


CAPETOWN


100

100100


#CDPCities#COP21




IT’S6XMORE


446,000,000


IN 2015,308CITIES


already more than




TO PARISAND BEYOND




CITIESARE


CO2




fossil fuels.







Gas 2%

Geothermal 2%



4 AFRICANCITIES

38 EUROPEANCITIES

19 ASIAN/OCEANIAN


76% 0%

Coal33%

Gas20%

Nuclear21%

Hydro16%

Oil 1%

Wind

6%

Geothermal 1%

Biomass 1%

Solar 1%

Hydro72%

Geothermal 2%

Biomass 2%

Oil13%

Gas8%

Coal 4%

Hydro25%

Wind13%

Nuclear11%

Gas18%

Coal16%

Oil7%

Biomass 4%Solar 4%

Gas36%

Coal32%

Oil17%

Hydro

6%

Nuclear 5%

Wind 3%

Solar 1%

Hydro50%

Coal40%

Nuclear 1%

Oil7%


LONDON, UK

Hydro 1.2%

Gas26.7%

Wind 7.7%

Coal40.7%

Biomass21.1%

Nuclear 2.8%

NEW YORK, US

Hydro 1%

Nuclear19%

Gas78%

Oil 1%









REYKJAVÍK, IS

Hydro70%

Geothermal30%

Biomass 6.5%

STOCKHOLM, SEHydro58%

Nuclear21.5%

Wind 5.5%Coal 4.5%


Biomass 7.6%

CAMPINAS, BR

Hydro70.6%

Gas11.3%

Coal 2.6%



CITIES TAKE ACTION.







1 MILtCO2


CAPETOWN


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6.1 Local government operations – GHG emissions reduction

Vancouver has a GHG emissions reduction target in place for local government operations.

Strategy

49Strategy

Vancouver’s local government operations GHG emissions reduction target in detail:

Baseline year

2007Baseline emissions


Percentage reduction target per source

City fleet, Civic facilities, Police, Landfill, Street lighting, Traffic

lighting

50%Target date

2020


Activities undertaken to reduce Vancouver’s emissions in its government operations:

Buildings

Energy efficiency/retrofit measuresAnticipated total reduction: 2,300 metric tonnes CO2ePursuing efficiency strategies via retrofit projects, energy audits, continuous optimization and staff engagement, guided by Facilities Energy Management Plan.

#CDPCities#COP21




IT’S6XMORE


446,000,000


IN 2015,308CITIES


already more than




TO PARISAND BEYOND




CITIESARE


CO2




fossil fuels.







Gas 2%

Geothermal 2%



4 AFRICANCITIES

38 EUROPEANCITIES

19 ASIAN/OCEANIAN


76% 0%

Coal33%

Gas20%

Nuclear21%

Hydro16%

Oil 1%

Wind

6%

Geothermal 1%

Biomass 1%

Solar 1%

Hydro72%

Geothermal 2%

Biomass 2%

Oil13%

Gas8%

Coal 4%

Hydro25%

Wind13%

Nuclear11%

Gas18%

Coal16%

Oil7%

Biomass 4%Solar 4%

Gas36%

Coal32%

Oil17%

Hydro

6%

Nuclear 5%

Wind 3%

Solar 1%

Hydro50%

Coal40%

Nuclear 1%

Oil7%


LONDON, UK

Hydro 1.2%

Gas26.7%

Wind 7.7%

Coal40.7%

Biomass21.1%

Nuclear 2.8%

NEW YORK, US

Hydro 1%

Nuclear19%

Gas78%

Oil 1%









REYKJAVÍK, IS

Hydro70%

Geothermal30%

Biomass 6.5%

STOCKHOLM, SE

Hydro58%

Nuclear21.5%

Wind 5.5%Coal 4.5%


Biomass 7.6%

CAMPINAS, BR

Hydro70.6%

Gas11.3%

Coal 2.6%



CITIES TAKE ACTION.







1 MILtCO2


CAPETOWN


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100100

51Strategy

Waste

Recycling or composting collections and/or facilitiesAnticipated total reduction: Not reportedExpanding composting and recycling service, as well as tracking of demolition/deconstruction waste of City-owned buildings, guided by the Corporate Zero Waste Plan.

Motorized Vehicles

Improve fuel economy and reduce CO2 from motorized vehiclesAnticipated total reduction: 36,000 metric tonnes CO2eGreen fleet replacement with hybrid, electric, compressed-natural gas, idle-stop-equipped, and right-sized IC vehicles; also increased proportion of bio-fuel in fuel supplies; also driver training and improved fleet maintenance; all guided by Green Fleet Management Plan.


6.2 Community – GHG emissions reduction

Vancouver has a GHG emissions reduction target in place for its community.

Vancouver’s community GHG emissions reduction target in detail:

2007Baseline emissions


Percentage reduction target per source

All buildings, transportation and solid waste from the

community

33%Target date

2020

53Strategy

Activities currently being undertaken to reduce emissions city-wide:

Buildings

Energy efficiency/ retrofit measuresAnticipated total reduction: 334,000 metric tonnes CO2eRetrofit Strategy to address existing buildings (actions to be finalized)

Buildings

Building codes and standardsAnticipated total reduction: 221,000 metric tonnes CO2eDevelop neighbourhood energy system that uses low-carbon renewable energy sources.

Replacement of existing building stock with new more energy-efficient buildings, subject to more stringent policies via building-code and rezoning policy updates.

Private Transport

Improve fuel economy and reduce CO2 from motorized vehicles Anticipated total reduction: 2,000 metric tonnes CO2eInstallation of 76 publicly accessible electric vehicle charging stations


Waste

Landfill management Anticipated total reduction: 360,000 metric tonnes CO2eLandfill gas capture at City-operated landfill (ongoing, but impacts given to 12/2020)

Waste

Recyclables and organics separation from other waste Anticipated total reduction: 107,000 metric tonnes CO2eGreen Bin organics pickup program, following on regional organics ban to landfill (ongoing, but impacts given to 12/2020)

6.3 Planning The city-wide energy mix for Vancouver’s electricity:

Hydro

82.1%Biomass

10.8%Gas

5.6%Wind

1.1%

55Strategy

Vancouver has a renewable electricity target.

Vancouver’s renewable electricty target in detail:

2050 Target date

100% Of total electricity from renewable sources

Vancouver’s Renewable City Strategy has set a target to derive 100% of Vancouver’s energy use from renewable sources before 2050. This encompasses community-wide energy use in buildings and transportation and envisions a shift to renewable electricity, biofuels, and neighbourhood energy systems.


Vancouver foresees substantive risks to its water supply in the short or long term.

Risks to Vancouver’s water supply as well as timescale:

Long-termMedium-term

CurrentTimescale

Short-term

SeriousnessExtremely SeriousSeriousLess Serious

FloodingRisk: Timescale: Vancouver is a coastal city. Current estimates of sea-level rise are 1 metre by 2100 and 2 metres by 2200

Increased water stress or scarcityRisk: Timescale: Reduced snowpack in winter could reduce storage in reservoirs, exacerbated by longer, hotter summers

6.4 Water

57Strategy

Actions Vancouver is taking to reduce risks to its water supply include the following:

Floodwater management (natural or man made infrastructure)Risk: FloodCity recently completed a detailed coastal flood model, which identified infrastructure that could be impacted. Critical infrastructure for water is expected to be protected, adapted or relocated to minimize potential damage and disruption.

Municipal water efficiency retrofitsRisk: Increased water stress or scarcityImplemented hydrant leak detection improvements: projected annual savings of $200,000 and 2 million litres of water; Expanding water metering to all sectors; Water efficiency retrofits in City-owned buildings; WaterWise lawn and garden education; lawn sprinkling education and enforcement and revised bylaws; sale of rain barrels and indoor/outdoor water-saver kits.

59Strategy

CDP team

Conor Riffle Director, Cities and Data Product Innovation

Maia Kutner Head of Cities

Andreia Banhe Account Manager, Latin America

Hanah Paik Account Manager, Asia Pacific

Katie Walsh Account Manager, North America

Juliette Daniels Account Manager, Europe, Middle East, and Africa

Sara Telahoun Project Officer

Simeran Bachra Data Analyst

CDP Board of Trustees

Chairman: Alan Brown Wellcome Trust

Ben Goldsmith WHEB Group

Chris Page Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors

James CameronOverseas Development Institute (ODI)

Jeremy BurkeGreen Investment Bank

Jeremy Smith

Kate HamptonChildren’s Investment Fund Foundation

Martin Wise Relationship Capital Partners

Takejiro SueyoshiTessa Tennant

AECOM team

Claire Bonham-Carter Principal

Ben Smith Director of Sustainable Development

Culley Thomas Senior Strategic Planner

Christopher Pountney Principal Engineer, Sustainability

Daniel Elsea Creative Director

Contact Claire Bonham-Carter AECOM +1 415 955 2800 [email protected] www.aecom.com

C40 team

Seth Schultz Head of Research, Measurement and Planning

Michael Doust Head of Measurement and Planning

Brooke Russell Head of Editorial and Content

Kathryn Vines Head of Climate Change Adaptation Research

Hanya Gartner Manager, City Reporting

CDP 3rd Floor, Quadrant House,

4 Thomas More Square,

Thomas More Street,

London,

E1W 1YW

Tel: +44 (0) 20 3818 3900

www.cdp.net [email protected] @CDP

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