City of Dresden• Positioning of paintings? Building physical questions Reprinted with permission...

Current topics and challenges in German building physics research

Prof. Dr.-Ing. John GrunewaldTechnische Universität DresdenInstitute of Building ClimatologyGermany

City of Dresden

John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013

Dr. Andreas NicolaiHead of the Modeling and Software Development Group

Dr. Rudolf PlaggeHead of the Building Physics and Materials Laboratory

Dr. Andreas SöhnchenHead of the Knowledge Transfer and Engineering Experts Group

Institute of Building Climatology @ TU Dresden

Prof. John GrunewaldChair of Building Physics

Prof. Stefan StüerChair of Building Services

• 20 Scientific Employees (3 permanent)

• 10 PhD Candidates (3 external)

• 20 Student Research Assistants

Professors

Research Groups

Employees


Research topics

New insulation systemsDurability & damage analysisComfort & indoor air qualityEnergy storage & savings


Rijksmuseum Amsterdam Thermal Insulation of Envelope Walls

Historical City of DresdenFlooding and Drying of old Brickwork Masonry

Kumamoto CastleTemperature and Humidity conditions in the exhibition room

Netherlands

Germany

Japan

Museum Application Examples


The Rijksmuseum undergoes its most comprehensive renovation in its history

Indoor conditions do not meet museum requirements

Moist walls ~ bricks tested, high moisture contents found up to 20 Vol% (close to capillary saturation)

Moisture buffer capacity of the walls should be improved

Reprinted with permission from

Rijksmuseum Amsterdam



Which insulation material, Which thickness?Drying behavior?

Condensation, Risk of mold?

Moisture buffering, Indoor climate?

Frost damages by rain?

• How design details?

• Micro climate near wall surfaces?

• Positioning of paintings?

Building physical questions

Reprinted with permission from




44 mmInsulation

480 mmhistoricalBrick

120 mmClinker

1. Existing construction

2. Foam glass insulation

3. Calcium silicate insulation

Hygrothermal performance of heavy brickwork masonry


Relative humidityWindRainCloudiness

Temperature Short wave radiationLong wave radiation

• Weather data from Amsterdam (1964/65, from the Arup Company)

• Long wave radiation from nearest location (Bremen)

• Rain fall data from nearest location (Bremen - amount of rain adjusted to monthly mean values of Amsterdam)

Natural climateMuseum conditions

Ambient hygrothermal design conditions – Arup 2002

Summer: 23°C / 54% Winter: 20°C / 50% Tolerance: ±2K / ±5%



Rijksmuseum: Simulation results

Drying:

Initial state

after 1 month

after 3 months

after 6 months

after 9 months

after 1 year

Location in [m]0.60.50.40.30.20.10

Loca

tion

in [m

]0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0

Location in [m]0.60.50.40.30.20.10

Loca

tion

in [m

]

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0

Location in [m]0.60.50.40.30.20.10

Loca

tion

in [m

]

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0

Location in [m]0.60.50.40.30.20.10

Loca

tion

in [m

]0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0

Location in [m]0.60.50.40.30.20.10

Loca

tion

in [m

]

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0

Location in [m]0.60.50.40.30.20.10

Loca

tion

in [m

]

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0

Location in [m]0.60.50.40.30.20.10

Loca

tion

in [m

]0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0

Location in [m]0.60.50.40.30.20.10

Loca

tion

in [m

]

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0

Location in [m]0.60.50.40.30.20.10

Loca

tion

in [m

]

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0

Location in [m]0.60.50.40.30.20.10

Loca

tion

in [m

]0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0

Location in [m]0.60.50.40.30.20.10

Loca

tion

in [m

]

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0

Location in [m]0.60.50.40.30.20.10

Loca

tion

in [m

]

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0

Location in [m]0.60.50.40.30.20.10

Loca

tion

in [m

]0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0

Location in [m]0.60.50.40.30.20.10

Loca

tion

in [m

]

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0

Location in [m]0.60.50.40.30.20.10

Loca

tion

in [m

]

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0

Location in [m]0.60.50.40.30.20.10

Loca

tion

in [m

]0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0

Location in [m]0.60.50.40.30.20.10

Loca

tion

in [m

]

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0

Location in [m]0.60.50.40.30.20.10

Loca

tion

in [m

]

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0

ExistingConstruction

Foamglassinsulation

Calcium silicateinsulation

40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 3029 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 1918 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 87 6 5 4 3 2 1

Water content in Vol%

0.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

Vorhandene KonstruktionSchaumglas-DämmungCalciumsilikat-Dämmung

Integral Water mass

Wat

er m

ass

in k

g/m

2

Time in years



during the 5th year for a 400mm brick wall


Time in years54.84.64.44.24

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity in

%

85

80

75

70

65

60

55

(1) 400mm brick wall without insulation(2) 30mm Cellular glass on 400mm brick wall(3) 30mm Calcium silicate on 400mm brick wall

Relative humidity on inner wall surface

70 % limit

60 % limit

not acceptable(mold growth, danger of condensation)

acceptable(paintings must have spacing)



Hygrothermal Application Examples

Risks being analyzed by Delphin 5 simulations

Internal wall surface• Dampness• Condensation• Improper microclimate• Salt efflorescence• Mold growth

External wall surface• Surface wetting, Condensation, Algae growth• Deterioration due to temperature and moisture cycles• Crack induction according to magnitude and frequency of gradients• Frost damage by crystallization, freezing-thawing cycles

Wall body• Interstitial condensation• Reduction of thermal insulation• Decay of materials due to moisture accumulation


Building energy performance

Net energyEnd energyPrimary energy


Radebeul, Pestalozzistr. 13

B.2 Siedlungswohnbauten 1920er-1950er Jahre

Building Energy Balances

Building model for energy analysis


Net energy Final energy Primary energy

Gains

Losses

Transmission

Ventilation

Solar

Internal

Windows

Walls

Lighting

Equipment

Inhabitants

Walls

Windows/Doors

Ceilings/Floors

Infiltration

Nat. Ventilation

Mech. Ventilation

Funding?- Low energy- Zero energy- Plus energy

Prim

ary

ener

gy fa

ctor

s

Demand

Generation

minus

Coe

ffici

ents

of P

erfo

rman

ce

Electr.

Gas



Building model for energy analysis


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

gy p

Hea

t Bal

ance

(kW

h/m

2)

Year

General Lighting Computer + Equip OccupancySolar Gains Exterior Windows Zone Sensible Heating

Net energy gains

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

gy p

Hea

t Bal

ance

(kW

h/m

2)

Year

Glazing Walls Ceilings (int) Floors (int) Ground FloorsPartitions (int) Roofs Doors and vents Floors (ext)External Infiltration External Vent.

Net energy losses

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Fuel

(kW

h/m

2)

Year

Room Electricity Lighting System Misc Heat Generation (Gas)DHW (Gas)

Final energy demand

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Fuel

(kW

h/m

2)

Year

Electricity Gas

Final energy demand

Electricity bill

Gasbill


Federal energy research program

• Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 80 to 95% compared to 1990 (2020: 40%)

• Reduction of primary energy consumption by 50% compared to 2008

• Reduction of power consumption by approximately 25% compared to 2008 (2020: 18%)

• Development of renewable energy sources at a proportion of 60% in gross (2020: 18%) or 80% of gross electricity consumption (2020: at least 35%).

Aims 2050



Residential Area (+energy*)Ludmilla Wohnpark Landshut

Duration: 2010 – 2013

With financial support from

www.eneff-stadt.info (energy efficient cities / networks)

*primary energy supply > demand

• Earth heat exchangers (research focus)• Building energy monitoring & model calibration• Influence of energy metering information on human behavior• Role of residential area in the electricity / gas network (national grids)


Layout of the residential area

Source: Ludmilla-Wohnbau GmbH www.ludmilla-wohnpark-landshut.de

Ludmilla Wohnpark Landshut (2010-2013)

• 8 multi-family multi-storey houses

• 14 single-family houses

• 1 energy concept



Energy concept

Renewable energy Energy supply Energy demand

Solar

Geothermal

Biogas

Combined Heat+Power

HeatPump

Photo-voltaik

Gas-fired hot water tank

single-family houses

multi-family multi-storey houses

Source: PhD Volker Stockinger


Source: Ludmilla-Wohnbau GmbH www.ludmilla-wohnpark-landshut.de


Whole Residential Area• Biogas demand

• Combined heat-power generated electricity

• Final heating energy

Each Building• Generated PV electricity

• Electricity demand of controlled ventilation

• Temperatures/Humidities/CO2 in air ducts

Each Apartment• Electricity demand

• Heating and DHW energy demand

• Room temperature and relative humidity in 18 apartments

• CO2 concentration in 10 apartments

Monitoring on the Residential / Building / Apartment level


Source: Bachelor thesis by Huber/Bichler


Building model to estimate energy demand

created by using DesignBuilder software

Analysis of energy balances and indoor comfort


18,000

19,000

20,000

21,000

22,000

23,000

24,000

25,000

26,000

27,000

28,000

29,000

30,000

31,000

32,000

33,000

20,00 15,00 10,00 5,00 0,00 5,00 10,00 15,00 20,00 25,00 30,00 35,00

operativeRaum

tempe

ratur[°C]

Außentemperatur [°C]

stündlicheoperative RaumtemperaturWohnen/ Essen (Normal)

Simulation Variante Fensterlüftung Simulation Basisfall

Hourly operative room temperatures vs. outdoor temperature

Comfort area




Source: Bachelor thesis by Huber & Bichler

Natural vs. mechanical ventilation (min. fresh air provided)



shallow geothermal energy

Source: PhD Volker Stockinger


Ground model created by using Delphin 5 software

2018.5

1715.5

1412.5

119.5

86.5

53.5

20.5-1

-2.5-4

-5.5-7

-8.5

Temperature field in °C after 15 [d]

Location in [m]3.532.521.510.50

Loca

tion

in [m

]

3.5

3

2.5

2

1.5

1

0.5

0

2018.5

1715.5

1412.5

119.5

86.5

53.5

20.5-1

-2.5-4

-5.5-7

-8.5

20 [d]

Location in [m]3.532.521.510.50

Loca

tion

in [m

]

3.5

3

2.5

2

1.5

1

0.5

0

2018.5

1715.5

1412.5

119.5

86.5

53.5

20.5-1

-2.5-4

-5.5-7

-8.5

30 [d]

Location in [m]3.532.521.510.50

Loca

tion

in [m

]

3.5

3

2.5

2

1.5

1

0.5

0


Issues to be addressed:• Collector model + Heat pump• 3D Approximation• Ground water flow• Freezing / Thawing processes

* www.bauklimatik-dresden.dehttp://champs.syr.edu/



National Funding by German Ministry of Economics and Technology

Research and Development

Demo Buildings AccompanyingResearch

MONITOR

• workshops• symposiums• analysis • simulation• teaching • learning platform

new energy-optimized buildings

energy-optimized retrofitting

low exergy technologies

vacuum insulation

other technology clusters

Optimized building operation

evaluation, case studies, methods

Structure of the EnOB Research Program


Monitoring results of retrofitted buildings

70% Savings



75% Savings



67% Savings


Examples of demonstration projects

German Federal Environmental Agency

Service and Administration Center Barnim

Municipal Library and Museum Nuremberg

More than 50 demonstration projects in total, about 25 still running.

John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013John Grunewald, CHAMPS Workshop, Syracuse 2009

Challenges

• low heating energy demand (50 % less than standard)

• preconditioning of air with earth heat exchanger

• ventilation with heat recovery = 73 %

• limitation of electric power usage

• minimization of (solar) cooling requirements by sun protection, optimized window to wall ratio, low internal gains, high thermal mass with adobe walls etc.

glazing of forum and facade


temperature measurements of the earth heat exchanger

John Grunewald, Finnish Building Physics Symposium Tampere 2013John Grunewald, CHAMPS Workshop, Syracuse 2009




Municipal Library and Museum Nuremberg




Challenges

• well-insulated wood facade elements with cellulose insulation

• windows with triple glass panes, low emissivity coating

• sophisticated daylight and artificial lighting concept, with a large amount of transparent surface area facing the interior combination zones

• foundation piles equipped with absorber registers for heating and cooling

• ventilation systems with heat recovery efficiency of up to 80%

• vacuum insulation and PCM in selected rooms

daylight simulation

Facade construction with wooden panels


Monitoring results of new buildings

mean: 89

mean: 136

Primary energy in kWh/m2a

mean: 94Offi

ce b

uild

ings

Educ

atio

nPr

oduc

tion

mean: 89

mean: 136

mean: 94

Energy demand by occupancy and building operation

Energy gain by production

from renewable resources





Municipal Library Nuremberg




historic Luitpolt-House

built in 1911

destruction in WW II

re-erected in 1950s

used as public library

general reconstruction 2009/2010


aerial photograph

Challenges

• building will contain the various library functions at a central location in Nuremberg

• energy consumption 30% below EnEV (German Energy Saving Ordinance)

• optimized glazing area

• massive construction, heat insulation on outside and between areas with different operating temperatures

• ground water cooling

• storage of manuscripts, incunabula, prints and maps from the Middle Ages

• climate stabilization in magazines with historic books and documents

visualization of the new facade








Building model to simulate annual energy demand


• Effective energy demand

• Effective energy gains

• Final (end) energy

• Primary energy


Final energy power = 121 kWh/m²Final energy gas = 82 kWh/m²Primary energy = FE power * 2.7 + FE gas * 1.1 = 365 kWh/m²


Simulation results:by EnergyPlus

Lighting

Heating

Electricity

DHW Misc.

Effective energy demand break down in kWh/m2a


Activity mapping in the 1st & 2nd floor

Rooms with special building physical requirements

• Objective: ensure stable room climate conditions, dimensioning of HVAC, low energy demand

• Measurement of sorption isotherm for paper and historic books

Nuremberg City Library


TRNSYS + Delphin simulation of climate in magazines

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

17520 18520 19520 20520 21520 22520 23520 24520 25520 Tage

rel.

Feuc

hte

[%]

PHI_ZONE01_2UG_MAG_Ohne Speicher

PHI_ZONE01_2UG_MAG_Mit Buchhspeicher

without moisture storage

with moisture storage of books

required climate corridor45 ..55 % rel. hum.

Rel

ativ

e hu

mid

ity in

mag

azin

e fo

r his

toric

boo

ks in

%

Time in h

Nuremberg City Library


Building performance simulation

Buildings - Energy demandRooms - Thermal comfortConstructions - Moisture, Durability


IBK Software Development

1988 2000 2006 20092003

Wal

l Ass

embl

ies

Who

le B

uild

ings

Libs

Roo

m M

odel

s

DIM 1, DIM 2, DIM 3

DELPHIN 4Heat-Air-Moisture analysis

COND 1 + Delphin 5+ Salts

CVODE lib, CC lib

CHAMPS-BES+ Pollutants (VOC adsorption, diffusion)

Sundials, IBK, Airflow, Pollutants, Solver libs

CHAMPS-Multizone …Multi-zone, single-node HAMP model

2012

+ Multi-language and multi-platform support COND 2 + Delphin 6 . . .

HAJAWEE . . .Single-zone, multi-node HAM model, 3D-walls

Single-zone, single-node thermal model, 1D-walls Therakles …

Framework . . .

NANDRAD . . .Multi-zone framework, IDF-Import


National Funding by German Ministry of Economics and Technology

Research and Development

Demo Buildings AccompanyingResearch

MONITOR

• workshops• symposiums• analysis • simulation• teaching • learning platform

new energy-optimized buildings

energy-optimized retrofitting

low exergy technologies

vacuum insulation

other technology clusters

Optimized building operation

evaluation, case studies, methods

Structure of the EnOB research program


EnTool Research Initiative



• Temperature• Moisture• Air pressure• VOC concentration

NANDRAD

Zonal single-node network model for calculation of

Compatible to

by support of IDF standard

in each zone.

• Building geometry• Construction data + Materials• Zone activities (user profiles) • Lighting systems• HVAC systems• Climate data





NANDRAD + HAJAWEE T1

T2

Tn

HAJAWEE Room model

Discretisation of rooms• TTemperature stratification• AAir convection in rooms• EExternal radiation balances• IInternal radiation• CComfort calculation• IInternal heat sources (e.g.

radiators)

• Building geometry• Construction data + Materials• Zone aactivities (user profiles) • Lighting systems• HVAC systems• CClimate data



NANDRAD + DELPHIN

Discretisation of constructions• DDurability of constructions• MMoisture & thermal buffering• TThermo-active systems• Capillary-active systems• Panel heating systems• EEmissions from materials• Micro climate

DELPHIN Wall Models

e.g. thermo-activeconstructions

e.g. capillary activeinsulation

• Building geometry• Construction data + Materials• Zone aactivities (user profiles) • Lighting systems• HVAC systems• CClimate data


Thank you for your attention!

City of Dresden• Positioning of paintings? Building physical questions Reprinted with permission...

Documents

Transcript of City of Dresden• Positioning of paintings? Building physical questions Reprinted with permission...