Citizenship After the Nation State (CANS) The United Kingdom.
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Citizenship After the Nation Citizenship After the Nation State (CANS)State (CANS)
The United KingdomThe United Kingdom
ContextContext
The choice of regionsThe choice of regions Identity Identity Institutional asymmetryInstitutional asymmetry WealthWealth
What a comparison of Scotland and Wales What a comparison of Scotland and Wales can tell us (and what it can’t)can tell us (and what it can’t)
DataData
FieldworkFieldwork ICM, telephoneICM, telephone
SampleSample Scotland 914Scotland 914 Wales 900Wales 900
Operationalisation: DVsOperationalisation: DVs Inter-regional solidarityInter-regional solidarity
Social solidarity (affinity)Social solidarity (affinity) Fiscal solidarity (state intervention, transfers)Fiscal solidarity (state intervention, transfers)
Political participationPolitical participation Perceived importance across levelsPerceived importance across levels Actual turnout (region, state)Actual turnout (region, state)
Regional policyRegional policy Regional policy control (5 areas)Regional policy control (5 areas) State-wide policy uniformity (4 areas)State-wide policy uniformity (4 areas)
Operationalisation: IVsOperationalisation: IVs
IdentityIdentity Attachment, pride, Linz/MorenoAttachment, pride, Linz/Moreno
Regional institutional authorityRegional institutional authority Perceived importance of decisions, regional Perceived importance of decisions, regional
influence (current and desired), who more influence (current and desired), who more concerned, independence scaleconcerned, independence scale
WealthWealth Current, prospective assessmentsCurrent, prospective assessments
HypothesesHypotheses1. Individuals with a greater sense of regional identity will 1. Individuals with a greater sense of regional identity will
feel a decreased sense of inter-regional solidarity (in feel a decreased sense of inter-regional solidarity (in terms of affinity and fiscal solidarity)terms of affinity and fiscal solidarity)
2. Individuals in regions with greater institutional autonomy 2. Individuals in regions with greater institutional autonomy will place greater emphasis on participation at the will place greater emphasis on participation at the regional level, relative to the state level, and have regional level, relative to the state level, and have greater tolerance for regional policy control and greater tolerance for regional policy control and divergencedivergence
3. Individuals in wealthier regions will display decreased 3. Individuals in wealthier regions will display decreased
support for state-wide intervention and fiscal transfers to support for state-wide intervention and fiscal transfers to poorer regions, and likewise will be more tolerant of poorer regions, and likewise will be more tolerant of regional policy divergence regional policy divergence
How unique are Scotland and Wales?How unique are Scotland and Wales?Independent variables (% agree)Independent variables (% agree)
ScotlandScotland WalesWales
Region is nationRegion is nation 8383 7070
Attachment to regionAttachment to region 8080 6969
Regional level most concernedRegional level most concerned 8181 8282
Regional level should have most Regional level should have most influenceinfluence
8282 7070
Want more powers/independenceWant more powers/independence 5959 5656
How unique are Scotland and Wales?How unique are Scotland and Wales?Dependent variables (% agree)Dependent variables (% agree)
ScotlandScotland WalesWales
Affinity to citizens in regionAffinity to citizens in region 5050 4646
State should interveneState should intervene 7474 8383
Importance of regional votingImportance of regional voting 6565 5050
Voted last regional electionVoted last regional election 7878 6666
ResultsResults
Territorial scale effectsTerritorial scale effects Distinction among indicatorsDistinction among indicators
Social not fiscal solidaritySocial not fiscal solidarity Perceived importance of voting but not actual Perceived importance of voting but not actual
participationparticipation Devolution paradoxDevolution paradox Relative importance of IVsRelative importance of IVs
Scale effects: social solidarity IScale effects: social solidarity IAffinityNeighbourhood
AffinityRegion
AffinityState
AffinityEurope
Relative affinity
Attachcity Sc: .346**W: . 427**
.208**
.366**.122**.177**
.118**
.126**.050.143**
Attachlocal .312**.329**
.261**
.344**.168**.192**
.170**
.183**.048.112**
Attachregion .195**.261**
.359**
.448**.058.074*
.051
.113**.245**.278**
Attachstate .184**.155**
.101**
.100**.365**.311**
.148**
.127**-.261**-.196**
AtachEU .112**.048
.082**
.090**.271**.204**
.443**
.407**-.188**-.105**
Relativeattach -.052.054
.121**
.214**-.307**-.198**
-.104**-.020
.380**
.352**
Scale effects: social solidarity IIScale effects: social solidarity IIAffinityNeighbourhood
AffinityRegion
AffinityState
AffinityEurope
Relative affinity
Importance local decisions Sc: .218**W: .197**
.171**
.258**.158**.116**
.194**
.161**-.013.103**
Importance regional decisions .150**.141**
.246**
.254**.119**.082*
.204**
.160*.081**.133**
Importance state decisions .068*.082*
.106**
.135**.272**.215**
.231**
.183**-.171**-.084*
Importance EU decisions .077*.071*
.038
.097**.161**.171**
.338**
.321**-.121**-.077*
Relative importance of decisions .075*.057
.120**
.117**-.158**-.124**
-.042-.020
.241**
.207**
Scale effects: participation IScale effects: participation IImportance
local voteImportance
region vote
Importance state vote
Importance EU vote
Relative importance
Attachcity Sc: .173**W: .277**
.085**
.206**.156**.185**
.085**
.138**-.083**.033
Attachlocal .231**.271**
.154**
.250**.176**.194**
.103**
.181**-.030.069*
Attachregion .170**.261**
.158**
.296**.098**.063
.050
.136**.059.239**
Attachstate .134**.117**
.055
.033.268**.190**
.084**
.110**-.250**-.143**
AttachEU .086**.094**
.082*
.168**.138**.197**
.327**
.431**-.066*-.012
Relativeattach -.021.087**
.044
.181**-.183**-.112**
-.046.009.
.258**
.285**
Scale effects: participation IIScale effects: participation IIImportance local
voteImportance region vote
Importance state vote
Importance EU vote
Relative importance
Importance local decisions
Sc: .547**W: .536**
.456**
.458**..354**.386**
.364**
.332**.108**.102**
Importance regional decisions
.466**
.389**.623**.571**
.366**
.338**.402**.376**
.278**
.263**
Importance state decisions
.394**
.303**.380**.262**
.583**
.543**.422**.363**
-.234**-.242**
Importance EU decisions
.371**
.294**.366**.343**
.372**
.364**.655**.599**
-.010.010
Relative importance of decisions
.045
.086*.204**.304**
-.231**-.194**
-.053.019
.490**
.486**
Devolution paradoxDevolution paradoxScotlandScotland WalesWales
Region should have most controlRegion should have most control 7575 7272
Regional policy control on:Regional policy control on:
EducationEducation 6767 5555
HealthHealth 5757 5454
CrimeCrime 4848 3232
UnemploymentUnemployment 3939 3030
EnvironmentEnvironment 3939 3737
Devolution paradoxDevolution paradox
Regional Policy control scale
Policy uniformity scale
Relative attachment .255**.211**
-.155**-.182**
Region should influence
.343**
.340**-.284**-.291**
Region more concerned
.267**
.244**-.167**-.154**
Independence scale .379**.341**
-.376**-.380**
Regional policy variationRegional policy variation
Education Health Unemployment Crime Environment
Scotland .300** .279** .223** .229** .189**
Wales .273** .253** .266** .229** .189**
State-wide policy uniformityState-wide policy uniformity
Tuition Elderly Young offenders
Unemp’t
Scotland -.216** -.200** -.231** -.248**
Wales -.252** -.221** -.190** -.240**
Comparing independent variablesComparing independent variables
Scale effects present with identity, Scale effects present with identity, institutional authorityinstitutional authority
Wealth less useful, even for understanding Wealth less useful, even for understanding fiscal autonomy …fiscal autonomy …
Fiscal solidarityFiscal solidarityState should State should
interveneinterveneTransfer money to Transfer money to
poorer regionspoorer regions
Region better off Region better off nownow
Sc: -.031Sc: -.031W: -.107**W: -.107**
-.008-.008-.041-.041
Region better off Region better off futurefuture
-.085*-.085*-.061-.061
.026.026-.028-.028
Multi-variate modelMulti-variate model
Impact of demographic variablesImpact of demographic variables Established impact on certain attitudes and Established impact on certain attitudes and
behaviourbehaviour Likely interaction with research questionLikely interaction with research question
Independent impact of identity, institutions, Independent impact of identity, institutions, wealthwealth
Analysis on 6 DV indicatorsAnalysis on 6 DV indicators
Multi-variate resultsMulti-variate resultsAffinityAffinity FiscalFiscal Attitudes re Attitudes re
participationparticipationParticipationParticipation Regional Regional
policy policy controlcontrol
Policy Policy uniformityuniformity
AgeAgeGenderGenderEthnic minorityEthnic minorityReligionReligionEducationEducationMarital statusMarital statusBirthBirth
.044.044
.057.057
.003.003-.044-.044-.047-.047.036.036.019.019
.064*.064*-.003-.003.005.005.011.011.025.025-.003-.003.022.022
-.018-.018.015.015-.024-.024-.008-.008-.016-.016-.008-.008-.036-.036
.308**.308**
.029.029-.005-.005.075**.075**.131**.131**.079**.079**.027.027
.167**.167**
.007.007
.019.019
.007.007
.040.040
.027.027-.045-.045
-.006-.006-.017-.017-.075**-.075**.001.001.021.021.004.004.047.047
AttachmentAttachmentPridePrideDecisionsDecisionsRegion should influenceRegion should influenceIndependenceIndependencePerceived wealthPerceived wealthScotlandScotland
.245**.245**
.130**.130**
.070**.070**
.095**.095**
.084**.084**
.005.005
.007.007
-.085**-.085**.057.057-.018-.018-.049-.049-.043-.043-.086**-.086**-.062*-.062*
.097**.097**
.038.038
.368**.368**
.038.038
.159**.159**
.015.015
.055*.055*
-.007-.007.105**.105**.098**.098**.013.013.065*.065*.038.038.088**.088**
.109**.109**
.013.013
.145**.145**
.157**.157**
.177**.177**
.107**.107**
.034.034
-.062**-.062**-.020-.020-.038-.038-.078**-.078**-.264**-.264**-.051-.051-.121**-.121**
Adj RAdj R22 .19.19 .04.04 .28.28 .13.13 .21.21 .16.16
Multi-variate analysisMulti-variate analysis
1.1. Impact of demographic variablesImpact of demographic variables2.2. Place mattersPlace matters3.3. Ranking of IVsRanking of IVs4.4. Conceptualisation of IVs and DVsConceptualisation of IVs and DVs5.5. An incomplete model?An incomplete model?