Citizen s perspectives for a better world: What Ghanaians ... · The survey employs the use of both...

Citizen’s perspectives for a better world: What Ghanaians prioritise as their development needs, problems, and solutions.

Report of a Household Survey

Report of a National Survey - Ghana

The UN Millennium Campaign gratefully acknowledges the Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the Department for International Development – UK (DfID) for the support they have extended to the MYWorld Survey, Ghana


IPREFACE

In 2000 the United Nations (UN) provided global leadership in the adoption of eight international development goals (The Millennium Development Goals – MDGs), to be achieved by the end of the year 2015. These goals have guided development planning in the poorest countries and international partnerships globally. As 2015 draws closer, there is evidence that the MDGs have contributed to building national and international consensus for the fight against poverty and in some cases have directly contributed to reducing poverty and suffering of millions of people around world.. But as 2015 approaches, it is clear that many of the MDGs will not be met in Ghana and many other developing countries. But even if all of the MDGs were to be met, millions will still be left behind because they were not targeting zero poverty or 100% access to services..

Clearly therefore, a successor development agenda is necessary if the task of eradicating poverty is to be achieved. “What will be the nature of this post MDGs agenda?” Who should define it? To answer these questions, The UN Secretary General put in place a process, following the 2010 High Level Summit on the MDGs in New York, which emphasises inclusivity and broad participation of the world’s citizens. The World We Want website, a complex array of national, regional and thematic consultations as well as the My World Global survey are some of mechanisms rolled out by the UN Development Group to ensure effective participation in the process.

The MY World survey aims to capture people’s voices, priorities and views from a variety of constituencies all over the world; so that global leaders can be informed as they begin the process of defining the new development agenda .


II

The survey employs the use of both online and offline facilities and methodologies by seeking the individuals’ opinion on which six of the sixteen possible issues they think would make the most difference to their lives. The Ghana survey goes further than the 16 options used by the global MY World Survey, by including broader livelihoods aspirations, constraints to these aspirations and their proposals for addressing these constraints. In that sense, the survey is a My World Plus (+)

This report is an outcome of an offline representative sample survey conducted in Ghana, nation-wide, between April and May 2013 based on the Ghana Living Standards Survey 6 (GLSS 6).framework. It involved 3,600 households (8,388 respondents) selected from 18,200 households that were sampled for the (GLSS 6).

The results obtained in this report feed into the global MYWorld survey (www.myworld2015.org) as part of the post-2015 development agenda consultations process. More importantly, it is hoped that the findings will also be relevant for national conversations and planning processes.

The survey in Ghana was facilitated by the Integrated Social Development Centre (ISODEC), in collaboration with the Ghana Statistical Service whose personnel did the data collection, analysis and contributed immensely in the report writing, and supported by the United Nations Millennium Campaign (UNMC).


III

To conduct a survey of this nature and magnitude within a period of one month is definitely a big challenge. However, this was made possible by many who worked hard to ensure the attainment of the outcome captured in this report.

ISODEC wishes to thank the UN Millennium Campaign team for their tremendous effort for not only ensuring that the funds are made available on time for the assignment but also providing the technical direction that greatly influenced the outcome of the survey and the content of this report.

We are especially grateful to our collaborators, the Ghana Statistical Service for allowing this survey to ride on the back of the fourth and fifth cycles of the GLSS 6. To all the personnel of Ghana Statistical Service who accepted the extra responsibility of collecting, analysing data and contributing to produce this wonderful report we say thank you very much for your effort.

We are also especially grateful to the staff of the Institute for Fiscal Policy – IFP (an affiliate organization of ISODEC) who, on their own initiative, took special interest in this survey and participated in the facilitation of the processes along the line.

And to my colleagues at ISODEC who not only provided inputs but also worked hard to provide and maintain that strong link between us, the UN Millennium Campaign team and Ghana Statistical Services which ensured that the assignment was carried out within the stipulated time period and budget, I say a big thank you.

Bishop AkolgoExecutive Director ISODEC - Accra

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT


IVEXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The conduct of MYWorld survey is a call by the United Nations and partners to invite citizens everywhere to join the post-2015 process to define the world we want after 2015.The survey conducted in Ghana is a representative sample of the total population covering 8,388 respondents nationwide. The questionnaire used was designed by the United Nations Millennium Campaign.

Of the total number of respondents interviewed, females constituted 52.6 per cent whilst 55.6 per cent of them resided in rural localities. The Youth group (40.7%) constituted the largest proportion, followed by the Adult group (31.2%), Children group (17.4%), and the Elderly group (10.7%).

Considering the educational level of the respondents, the largest proportion (25.9%) had completed the Junior High School/Middle School.

The dominant economic activity or source of livelihood of respondents was farming/agriculture (30.4 per cent). With regards to the main economic activity/source of livelihood categories, Children had the largest proportion of ‘Dependents’, the Youth had the largest proportion in ‘Unemployed’ and ‘Skills training’, the Adult in ‘Formal employment’, ‘Business’ and ‘Petty trading’, and the Elderly in ‘Farming/agriculture’ and ‘Pensioners’ categories.

Almost half (48.4%) of respondents in rural localities were engaged in farming/agriculture, compared to 7.8 per cent in urban localities.

‘Money’ as the main constraint to the achievement of livelihood ambitions dominated the responses, as was indicated by 32.5 per


Vcent of the respondents. The second largest livelihood constraint attributed by 12.2 per cent of the respondents is ‘Access to capital’. This picture cuts across gender, place of residence, and population groups.

‘Discrimination’, ‘Gender biases, ‘Ethnic tension’, and ‘Marginalization’ are among the least of the constraints preventing the achievement of livelihood ambition.

Approximately one-fifth of the respondents (the largest proportion) attributed ‘Lack of Access to capital’ as the main factor responsible for the constraints to their livelihoods ambitions. ‘Lack of jobs’ (14.0%) was cited as the second most important factor, followed by ‘high cost of living’ (11.0%). The order of importance of these factors as responsible for the livelihood constraints is the same when analysed by gender and place of residence. By population groups, only the Children group did not have its largest proportion attributing ‘Lack of Access to capital’ as the main factor for the livelihood constraint.

On the actions to be taken to counteract the factors constraining the achievement of livelihood ambitions, action on ‘Access to finance’ had the largest proportion of respondents (31.3%), followed by ‘Job creation’ (23.1%) and ‘Improve Governance’ (16.5%). For the Children group, ‘Better education’ (26.1%) was the largest suggested action.

On the issue of who is responsible to implement the suggested actions, majority (85.9%) of the respondents want the government to take the necessary action to solve the problems, indicating a very high degree of trust in, or expectations, of The State.


VIIn terms of the 16 MYWorld priority options, ‘Better healthcare’ (14.3%) topped the list of overall, followed by ‘Access to clean water and sanitation’ (11.9%), ‘Better job opportunities’ (11.8%) and ‘Good education’ (11.3%).

The pattern remains largely unchanged when the analysis is disaggregated by gender. However, proportions of females that advocated for ‘Better healthcare’, ‘Access to clean water and sanitation’, ‘Affordable and nutritious food’ and ‘Support for people who cannot work’ are higher than males. On the other hand, higher proportions of males than females prioritise ‘Good education’, ‘Better transport and roads’, and ‘Honest and responsive government’.

The Children group ranked, almost equally, ‘Better healthcare’ (14.1%) and ‘Good education’ (14.0%) as the topmost priorities. ‘Better job opportunities’ is the second highest ranked priority for the Youth group, while ‘Access to clean water and sanitation’ is the second highest ranked priority for the Adult and Elderly groups.

Differences exist in the order of importance of the six top priorities between the rural and urban populations. ‘Better healthcare’ is the top priority for both rural and urban respondents, with the rural proportion (14.5%) being marginally higher than the urban (14.0%). The next five priorities in the order of importance for rural respondents are ‘Access to clean water and sanitation’ (12.4%),‘Good education’ (11.7%), ‘Better job opportunities’ (11.2%), ‘Better transport and roads’ (10.6%) and ‘Affordable and nutritious food’ (7.0%).


VIIHowever, while ‘Access to clean water and sanitation’ is ranked the second priority of respondents in rural localities, ‘Better job opportunities’ is the second priority for urban respondents. ‘An honest and responsive government’ is among the six top priorities of the urban respondents, which is not the case with rural respondents.

‘Better healthcare’ is the topmost priority of all geographic/administrative regions except The Upper East that has ‘Access to clean water and sanitation’ as its highest ranked priority. ‘An honest and responsive government’ featured in the top six priorities of only the Greater Accra region.

‘Support for people who cannot work’ featured in the top six priorities of only the Volta and Upper East regions, while ‘Affordable and nutritious food’ featured in the Central and Upper West regions only.

On the issue of which institution should take responsibility for addressing the livelihood constraints an overwhelming majority of Ghanaians, expect the government to do so rather than NGOs or the private sector.


VIII

Children – persons aged 10 to 18

Youth – persons aged 19 to 35

Adult – persons aged 36 to 59

Elderly – persons aged 60 or older

Population group -categorization of the respondents into different age groupings

Rural locality – a locality with population below 5,000 persons

Urban locality – a locality with a population of 5,000 persons or more

Sample - a subset of individuals from within a statistical population selected to estimate characteristics of the whole population

Sub-sample - a sample drawn from a larger sample.

Eligible household member – any household member who is 10 years or older who is of sound mind

Dependent - a person who depends on other as a source of income or livelihood

Disability – a physical or mental condition that limits a person’s movements, senses, or activities

CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS


IXTABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

PREFACE I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT III

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY IV

CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS VIII

LIST OF TABLES 2

LIST OF FIGURES 4

1.0 OVERVIEW OF MY WORLD SURVEY 5

1.1 Background 5

1.2 Objectives 6

1.3 Sample design 6

1.4 Survey methodology 8

1.4.1 Questionnaire 8

1.4.2 Training and fieldwork 8

1.4.3 Problems encountered during data collection 9

1.4.4 Data processing 10

2.0 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 11

2.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents 11

2.2 Social characteristics 12

2.2.1 Disability status of respondents 12


1

2.2.2 Level of education 13

2.2.3 Place of residence 14

3.0 CURRENT LIVELIHOOD CONSTRAINTS 16

3.3 Respondents’ opinion regarding the most important factor responsible for the constraint preventing the achievement of livelihood ambitions

28

3.4 The single most important action that needs to be taken to solve the problem

33

3.5 Institutions responsible for undertaking the needed actions

37

4.0 MYWORLD PRIORITIES 41

4.1 Overall priorities 41

4.2 Priorities by gender 42

4.3 Priorities by population group 44

4.4 Priorities by place of residence 47

4.5 Priorities by geographic/political region 49

5.0 OBSERVATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICIES AND ADVOCACY

52

5.1 Observations 52

5.2 Recommendations 54

5.2.1 Improving questionnaire design and data collection 54

5.3 Implications for policy-making and advocacy 56

APPENDIX 1: FIELD QUESTIONNAIRE 58


2LIST OF TABLES

PAGETable 2.1: Demographic Characteristics of respondents 11

Table 2.2: Disability status of respondents 13

Table 2.3: Place of residence of respondents 15

Table 3.1: Percentage distribution of respondents by main economic activity/ source of livelihood and population group

17

Table 3.2: Percentage distribution of main economic activity/source of Livelihood by gender and place of location

18

Table 3.3: Respondents’ most important constraint preventing the achievement of livelihood ambitions

20

Table 3.4: Percentage distribution of respondents by main economic activity/sources of livelihood and the main livelihood constraint

23

Table 3.5: Percentage distribution of the most important constraint by population group

24

Table 3.6: Percentage distribution of the most important constraint by gender

25

Table 3.9: Percentage distribution of factors responsible for livelihood Constraints by population group

30


3Table 3.10: Percentage distribution of factors responsible

for livelihood Constraints by gender 31

Table 3.11: Percentage distribution of factors responsible for livelihood Constraints by place of residence

32

Table 3.12: Action to be taken to solve the problems 33

Table 3.13: Percentage distribution of actions to be taken by population group

35

Table 3.14: Percentage distribution of actions to be taken by gender

36

Table 3.15: Percentage distribution of actions to be taken by place of residence

37

Table 3.16: Suggested institutions responsible for needed actions

38

Table 3.17: Percentage distribution of institutional responsibility by population group

39

Table 3.18: Percentage distribution of institutional responsibility by gender and place of residence

40

Table 4.2: Percentage distribution of development priorities by gender

43

Table 4.3 Percentage distribution of development priorities by population group

45

Table 4.4: Percentage distribution of development priorities by place of residence

48

Table 4.5: Six topmost development priorities of the regions

50


4

Fig 1 Percentage distribution of respondents by

population group12

Fig 2 Level of education of respondents 13Fig 3 Main economic activity/source of livelihood of

respondents16

LIST OF FIGURES

PAGE


5

1.1 Background

The United Nations has teamed up with youth groups, private sector bodies and NGO partners all over the world to launch MYWorld, which is the United Nations Survey for a Better World. MYWorld asks people everywhere about the issues that make the most difference to their lives. The data will be presented to global leaders and will paint a reliable global picture of the top six issues that impact people’s lives the most.

As the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) continue to mobilize global action in the fight against poverty, efforts are also underway to include citizens’ voices in the global debate for the development agenda after the MDGs target date of 2015. In the run up to 2015, MYWorld will continue gathering people’s voices and results will be shared with the Secretary-General and other global leaders. This initiative is coordinated by UNDP, the United Nations Millennium Campaign, ODI and the Worldwide Web Foundation – with the support of partners across the world.

MYWorld aims to be a simple entry point for ordinary citizens to engage in the post-2015 development process while also introducing voters to the World We Want web platform – a joint initiative between the UN and Civil Society where citizens and stakeholders are participating in a more extensive and interactive post-2015 debate.

MYWorld survey was conducted in Ghana under the leadership

1.0 OVERVIEW OF MY WORLD SURVEY


6

of the Integrated Social Development Centre (ISODEC), one of Ghana’s largest indigenous NGOs, in collaboration with the Ghana Statistical Service.

1.2 Objectives

i) Gather voices of the citizens of Ghana on the Post-2015 process through a sample survey of about 10,000 Ghanaian citizens nationwide;

ii) Disseminate the analysis of the survey nationally and globally as part of the preparation for, and during, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in New York in September 2013;

iii) Upload the data on the MYWorld global data base.

iv) Use findings to support policy-oriented advocacy at the national level

1.3 Sample design

MYWorld survey was tagged onto an on-going national sample survey conducted by the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS). The Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS) is a nation-wide household survey which provides periodic information to assess the living conditions of the Ghanaian households. The GLSS has emerged as one of the most important tools in Ghana’s welfare monitoring system.

A sub-sample of 3,600 households was selected from the 18,000 sampled households used for the sixth round of the GLSS (GLSS 6). This sub-sample covered the households selected for the fourth and fifth cycles of the GLSS 6. The sample covered all the ten


7

regions.

In order to meet the minimum required number of respondents (8,000) for the MYWorld survey, a maximum of three eligible respondents aged 10 years and above were selected from each of the sampled household. The following approach was used in selecting the respondents:

a) In each household, the head and spouse were automatically selected, and the third respondent was selected randomly taking into consideration the population groupings. The population groups are:( i) ages 10 to 18 are classified as children (ii) ages 19 to 35 are classified as youth (iii) ages 36 to 59 are classified as adults, and (iv) ages 60 and above are classified elderly. For example, if both head of household and spouse are youth (i.e. 19-35 years), then the third respondent, if possible, should not be a youth.

b) If there are three or less than three eligible respondents in the household, then all eligible persons qualify to be interviewed.


8

1.4 Survey methodology

1.4.1 Questionnaire

MYWorld is anonymous and asks participants only for their gender, age and other social characteristics, to allow for disaggregation of data.

The questionnaire had the following sections:

a) Background information; which collected basic information on all eligible household members such as age, marital status, level of education, place of residence etc.

b) Current livelihood constraints; which solicited information on main economic activity, important constraints to livelihood ambitions, factors responsible for such constraints, actions required to solve such problems, and which institutions should bear the responsibility for those actions

c) Development priorities; which asked respondents to choose the six most important development needs from sixteen options.

1.4.2 Training and fieldwork

There was no group or classroom training for the field officers. The supervisors were taken through the questionnaire face-to-face or one-on-one through the telephone. The supervisors then trained the interviewers. The first eight (8) questions were in the GLSS 6 questionnaire, so the emphasis of the training was on the six additional questions. Further clarification of questions and difficulties with classification during data collection were


9communicated to the consultant on phone for solution.

Data collection was undertaken by 150 well-trained GLSS6 field staff comprising 120 interviewers and 30 supervisors. The questionnaires were administered as an additional task for enumerators when they visited the households to administer the GLSS 6 questionnaire. The supervisors edited all completed questionnaires before forwarding them to the office for processing. An office editor made the final editing of the questionnaires before data entry.

1.4.3 Problems encountered during data collection

Data collection went on smoothly, except the following problems that cropped up:

1. Questions in sections 2.0 and 3.0 were difficult to be answered by children below 15 years and a lot of explanation had to be given before some could answer;

2. Respondents with hearing or speech impairments had to be interviewed through interpreters and the quality of the responses could not be guaranteed;

3. Respondents who were unemployed and were therefore dependent on others found it difficult to classify themselves as “unemployed” or “dependent;

4. Which activities are categorized as business? This was a question which was frequently asked by interviewers because the categories did not include some informal


10sector activities such as small-scale manufacturing, sale of prepared food, mining and quarrying etc.;

5. Interviewers found it difficult to know the difference between the responses given as constraints for the following options in 2.2 when they are translated in the local language:a) “Finances” and “access to capital”. b) “Employment” and “lack of jobs”c) “Ineffective government” , “Poor economy” and

“Governance issues”.

1.4.4 Data processing

Data were captured using CSPro (census processing) software. To ensure quality by avoiding data entry errors, questionnaires were double entered. Processed data were further checked for consistency by cross-tabulating responses for obvious wrong coding or data entry errors. For example, a child cannot be a pensioner, or 10 year old having completed post-secondary education.

Data were analysed using the SPSS software, and tables formatted in EXCEL.


11

2.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents

A total of 8,388 respondents were covered during the survey (Table 2.1). Majority (52.6%) of the respondents were females. The 2010 population and housing census (2010 PHC) estimated the proportion of female population as 51.2 per cent. In respect of the marital status of the respondents, about half (49.5%) of them were married, with 37.1 per cent being single. Widowed and divorced constituted the remaining group.

Table 2.1: Demographic Characteristics of respondents

About two out of every five respondents (40.7%) were youth, and this represents the largest group (Fig 2.1). Adult respondents (31.2%) constitute the second largest group, followed by children (17.4%), with the elderly (10.7%) being the smallest group.

Demographic charactreristics No. of respondents Percent Gender Male 3,977 47.4 Female 4,411 52.6 Total 8,388 100.0

Marital Status Married 4,152 49.5 Divorced 549 6.5 Widowed 576 6.9 Single 3,111 37.1 Total 8,388 100.0

2.0 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS


12Fig 2.1: Percentage distribution of respondents by population group

2.2 Social characteristics

2.2.1 Disability status of respondents

Table 2.2 shows the disability status of respondents. Only 117 of the respondents, representing 1.4 per cent, had some form of disability. Majority (57.4%) of the disabled had a physical type of disability and the blind constituted 23.8 per cent. Those with hearing or speech impairment constituted 14.0 per cent.


13

No. ofDisability status respondents respondentsDisabled 117 1.4No disability 8,271 98.6Total 8,388 100.0

Disability typePhysical 70 57.4Blind 29 23.8Deaf 9 7.4Speech impaired 8 6.6Other 1 4.9Total 117 100.0

Table 2.2: Disability status of respondents

2.2.2 Level of education

Fig 2.2: Level of education of respondents

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Post Secondary

SecondaryJHS / MiddleIncomplete Secondary

PrimaryIncomplete primary

No formaleducation

23.6

11.9 11.4

4.4

25.9

13.6

9.1


14

The educational levels of the respondents are shown in Fig 2.2. About one quarter (25.9%) of the respondents had completed Junior High School/Middle School, followed closely by those who have had no formal education (23.6%). Those who completed Secondary and Post-Secondary constituted 22.7 per cent. The lowest group comprised those who had not completed secondary school (4.4%).

The distribution of the educational level of the sampled respondents is very close to that recorded in the 2010 PHC. Those who had no formal education in the 2010 Population and Health Census (PHC) was 23.4% against the survey proportion of 23.6%.The proportion for those with a Primary School education was 24.6% for the 2010 PHC and 23.1% for the current survey, and for Junior High School(JHS)/middle school graduates the 2010 PHC recorded 25.0% of respondents compared with 25.9% for the current survey.

2.2.3 Place of residence

The place of residence of respondents is shown in Table 2.3. Rural respondents dominated in the survey as they constitute 55.6 per cent of the total. This is in contrast to the 2010 PHC rural population proportion of 49.1 per cent. A higher proportion of the respondents came from the Volta, Ashanti and Brong Ahafo regions (12.9%) on average. The next largest group of respondents resided in the Northern Region (10.3%), followed by Eastern (10.2%) and Greater Accra (10.1%). The Upper East Region (6.1%) had the lowest share of respondents.


15

Table 2.3: Place of residence of respondents

It should be noted that the differences in the proportions in the sampled respondents for the survey and the population proportions recorded in the 2010 PHC may be partly due to age structure and sizes of the households in each region as well as the number of selected enumeration areas for each region for each cycle of the GLSS6 survey. The higher proportion of respondents coming from the two Upper regions compared to the PHC survey may be appropriate in emphasising the issue of poverty, given that these two regions also have the highest proportion of populations living in absolute poverty.

No. of

respondents Percent

2010 PHC (%)

Place of residence Rural 4,667 55.6 49.1 Urban 3,721 44.4 50.9 Total 8,388 100.0 100.0

RegionWestern 541 6.4 9.6 Central 694 8.3 8.9 Greater Accra 851 10.1 16.3 Volta 1,079 12.9 8.6 Eastern 859 10.2 10.7 Ashanti 1,082 12.9 19.4 Brong Ahafo 1,078 12.9 9.4 Northern 864 10.3 10.1 Upper East 509 6.1 4.2 Upper West 831 9.9 2.8


16

3.1 Main source of livelihood/main economic activity

Without productive employment, achieving the goals of decent living standards, social and economic integration, personal fulfilment and social development is hard to achieve Fig 3.1 displays the main economic activity or main source of livelihood of respondents. A total of 2,550 respondents, representing 30.4 per cent, were engaged in farming/agricultural activities. Petty trading (11.4%), Skills trading (10.1%) and Business activities (7.1%) constituted the remaining economic activities of respondents.

Fig 3.1: Main economic activity/source of livelihood of respondents

About one-fifth (19.0%) of the respondents were dependents and 11.1 per cent unemployed. Pensioners (1.3%) constituted the least.

800 597 956 849

2,550

929

1,595

112

No. o

f res

pond

ents

Main economic activity/source of livelihood

3.0 CURRENT LIVELIHOOD CONSTRAINTS


17As shown in Table 3.1, the majority (73.9%) of the children interviewed were dependents, and 15.5 per cent were unemployed. For the children who were engaged in some form of economic activity as a source of livelihood, 5.5 per cent were engaged in farming/agriculture.

About one out of every four (25.9%) youth interviewed was engaged in farming/agriculture, 14.8 per cent in Skills trading, 12.7 per cent in Petty trading, 11.5 per cent in Formal employment and 8.0 per cent in Business. The unemployed youth constituted15.7 per cent while 11.4 per cent were dependents. The adult respondents had the lowest proportions in the unemployed (3.7%) and dependents (0.8%) categories. More (43.9%) were engaged in farming/agriculture than any other economic activity. Among the elderly, about half (48.7%) were engaged in farming/agriculture, while dependents and pensioners constituted 12.0 per cent and 11.5 per cent respectively.

Table 3.1: Percentage distribution of respondents by main economic activity/ source of livelihood and population group

Population group Main economic activity/

source of livelihood

Children Youth Adult Elderly

Formal Employment 0.3 11.5 14.3 3.1 Business 1.0 8.0 10.6 3.6 Petty Trading 2.0 12.7 15.8 9.0 Skills Trading 1.8 14.8 10.6 4.3 Farming/Agriculture 5.5 25.9 43.9 48.7 Unemployed 15.5 15.7 3.7 7.7 Dependent 73.9 11.4 0.8 12.0 Pensioner - - 0.3 11.5 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


18With regards to the main economic activity/source of livelihood categories, Children had the largest proportion of Dependents, the Youth had the largest in Unemployed and Skills trading, the Adult in Formal employment, Business and Petty trading, and the Elderly in Farming/agriculture and Pensioners. The size of the unemployed youth interviewed confirms the ILO’s assertion that young people are three times more likely to be unemployed than adults.

Table 3.2: Percentage distribution of main economic activity/source of

Livelihood by gender and place of location

Irrespective of gender, farming/agriculture is the main economic activity/source of livelihood for the largest proportion of respondents (Table 3.2), with males having a higher proportion (34.9%) than females (26.4%). Gender bias in economic activity is exhibited strongly in Petty trading (18.9% of females against 3.0% of males) and Formal employment (12.7% of males and 6.7% of females). Females (12.1%) have larger proportion of

Gender Place of residenceMain economic activity/ source

of livelihood

Male Female Rural Urban

Formal Employment 12.7 6.7 4.2 16.3

Business 7.4 6.9 4.2 10.8

Petty Trading 3.0 18.9 7.9 15.7

Skills Trading 11.0 9.4 7.1 13.9

Farming/Agriculture 34.9 26.4 48.4 7.8

Unemployed 9.9 12.1 8.8 13.9

Dependent 19.0 19.0 18.5 19.6

Pensioner 2.1 0.6 0.9 1.9

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


19the unemployed than males (9.9%), while the proportion of dependents was the same for both sexes.

Significant differences in the proportion of respondents’ main economic activity/source of livelihood by the place of residence are shown in Table 3.2. Almost half (48.4%) of respondents in rural localities were engaged in farming/agriculture, while only 7.8 percent of their counterparts in urban localities are engaged in this activity. Urban respondents have larger proportions engaged in formal employment, business, petty trading and skills trading than respondents in rural localities. With respect to the categories of the unemployed, dependents and pensioners, urban localities had larger proportions of respondents than rural.

3.2 Constraints preventing the achievement of livelihood ambitions

As stated earlier, MY World asks citizens about the issues that make the most difference to their lives. It is clear that having a job does not guarantee the ability to escape from poverty. In Table 3.3, respondents voiced out the single most important constraint inhibiting the achievement of their livelihood ambitions.


20Table 3.3: Respondents’ most important constraint preventing the

achievement of livelihood ambitions

Money-related constraints dominated the responses, as 32.5 per cent and 12.2 per cent attributed finances and access to capital respectively as the most important constraints. High cost of living (9.9%), dependency (7.1%) and lack of jobs (7.0%) are other significant constraints.

Most important constraintNo. of respondents

Percent

Money 2,723 32.5Access to capital 1,022 12.2High cost of living 828 9.9Dependacy 596 7.1Lack of jobs 586 7.0Employees 421 5.0Lack of opportunity 399 4.8Lack of education 367 4.4Poor economy 348 4.2Lack of infrastructure 209 2.5Corruption 174 2.1Ineffective Governemnt 160 1.9Poor policy 154 1.8Security 73 0.9Discrimination 63 0.8Land ownership 59 0.7Housing 55 0.7Governance issues 47 0.6Gender Bias 38 0.5Ethnic Tension 29 0.3Marginalization 20 0.2Political freedoms 6 0.1Total 8,377 100.0


21Constraints such as discrimination (0.8%), gender bias (0.5%), ethnic tension (0.3%), and marginalization (0.2%), which have the potency of stifling opportunities, wasting the human talent needed for economic progress, and accentuating social tensions and inequalities, are among the lowest challenges preventing the achievement of livelihood ambitions of respondents (Table 3.3). Political freedom is the least constraint as indicted by an insignificant proportion (0.1%) of the respondents.

Constraints preventing the achievement of livelihood ambitions may be correlated with factors such as the economic activity respondents are engaged in, age, gender and locality of residence. The survey sought to find out whether these correlations exist.

Table 3.4 shows the percentage distribution of respondents by main economic activity/source of livelihood and main livelihood constraint. Except the Unemployed category, the largest proportions of respondents in the other economic activity/source of livelihood categories indicated ‘Money’ as the main constraint. For the unemployed, though money (17.7%) was an important constraint, employment-related constraints (lack of jobs - 21.5% and employment - 20.0%) are the two leading constraints.

High cost of living’ is the second most important constraint to those in the Formal employment and Pensioner categories, while for those in Business, Petty trading, Skills trading, and Farming/agriculture, Access to capital is the second.


22Table 3.4: Percentage distribution of respondents by main economic activity/sources of livelihood and the main livelihood constraint

Main economic activity/source of livelihoodMost important

constraint

Formal

Employment

Business Petty

Trading

Skills

Trading

Farming/

Agriculture

Unemployed Dependent Pensioner Total

Money 28.9 35.6 42.3 29.1 41.3 17.7 24.2 25.0 32.5 Employment 1.9 3.5 2.4 4.1 2.9 20.0 4.3 0.9 5.0 Discrimination 1.5 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.9 0.8 Housing 1.0 0.3 0.4 1.3 0.7 0.6 0.3 1.8 0.7 Corruption 8.0 4.2 0.8 2.6 0.8 1.6 0.6 8.0 2.1 Dependency 2.3 1.8 0.9 0.9 1.9 5.2 28.3 1.8 7.1 Ineffective

Government

3.6 3.4 1.9 2.9 1.1 1.3 1.4 5.4 1.9

Access to Capital 5.9 13.3 23.9 21.5 15.8 5.2 2.1 2.7 12.2 Security 1.9 0.7 1.0 0.4 0.7 0.4 1.1 1.8 0.9 Lack of

Infrastructure

2.4 1.5 0.7 1.7 3.0 1.1 4.5 0.9 2.5

Lack of Opportunity 5.4 1.8 1.9 5.2 4.8 5.6 6.8 0.9 4.8 Governance issues 1.0 0.8 - 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.4 3.6 0.6 Poor policy 6.5 2.9 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.5 1.5 8.0 1.8 Ethnic Tension 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.4 - - 0.3 Political Freedoms 0.1 - - 0.1 0.0 - 0.2 - 0.1 Marginalisation 0.3 - 0.1 - 0.2 0.1 0.4 2.7 0.2 Gender Bias 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.9 0.5 Lack of Jobs 4.6 6.4 4.0 7.0 5.4 21.5 4.8 0.9 7.0 Poor Economy 5.3 7.0 4.3 4.5 2.9 5.2 3.6 6.3 4.2 High Cost of Living 16.5 12.6 10.3 12.6 7.9 6.7 7.8 25.9 9.9 Land ownership 0.5 0.2 - 0.5 1.8 0.1 0.1 - 0.7 Lack of education 2.0 2.5 3.0 2.9 5.1 4.1 7.0 1.8 4.4 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note: "-" means there was no response on that issue "0.0" means there was a response but the value is insignificant


23Table 3.4: Percentage distribution of respondents by main economic activity/sources of livelihood and the main livelihood constraint

Main economic activity/source of livelihoodMost important

constraint

Formal

Employment

Business Petty

Trading

Skills

Trading

Farming/

Agriculture

Unemployed Dependent Pensioner Total

Money 28.9 35.6 42.3 29.1 41.3 17.7 24.2 25.0 32.5 Employment 1.9 3.5 2.4 4.1 2.9 20.0 4.3 0.9 5.0 Discrimination 1.5 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.9 0.8 Housing 1.0 0.3 0.4 1.3 0.7 0.6 0.3 1.8 0.7 Corruption 8.0 4.2 0.8 2.6 0.8 1.6 0.6 8.0 2.1 Dependency 2.3 1.8 0.9 0.9 1.9 5.2 28.3 1.8 7.1 Ineffective

Government

3.6 3.4 1.9 2.9 1.1 1.3 1.4 5.4 1.9

Access to Capital 5.9 13.3 23.9 21.5 15.8 5.2 2.1 2.7 12.2 Security 1.9 0.7 1.0 0.4 0.7 0.4 1.1 1.8 0.9 Lack of

Infrastructure

2.4 1.5 0.7 1.7 3.0 1.1 4.5 0.9 2.5

Lack of Opportunity 5.4 1.8 1.9 5.2 4.8 5.6 6.8 0.9 4.8 Governance issues 1.0 0.8 - 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.4 3.6 0.6 Poor policy 6.5 2.9 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.5 1.5 8.0 1.8 Ethnic Tension 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.4 - - 0.3 Political Freedoms 0.1 - - 0.1 0.0 - 0.2 - 0.1 Marginalisation 0.3 - 0.1 - 0.2 0.1 0.4 2.7 0.2 Gender Bias 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.9 0.5 Lack of Jobs 4.6 6.4 4.0 7.0 5.4 21.5 4.8 0.9 7.0 Poor Economy 5.3 7.0 4.3 4.5 2.9 5.2 3.6 6.3 4.2 High Cost of Living 16.5 12.6 10.3 12.6 7.9 6.7 7.8 25.9 9.9 Land ownership 0.5 0.2 - 0.5 1.8 0.1 0.1 - 0.7 Lack of education 2.0 2.5 3.0 2.9 5.1 4.1 7.0 1.8 4.4 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note: "-" means there was no response on that issue "0.0" means there was a response but the value is insignificant


24Across all the population groups, Money was the main constraint for the largest proportion of respondents (Table 3.5). Access to capital was the second largest constraint for all population groups except the Children group which indicated Dependency as the second most important constraint. High cost of living was third largest constraint for all population groups except the youth. For the Youth, Lack of jobs was the main constraint for a tenth (10.1%) of the respondents.

Table 3.5: Percentage distribution of the most important constraint by

population group

Population groupMost important

constraint

Children Youth Adult Elderly

Money 25.2 32.4 36.5 33.3 Employment 4.7 7.7 2.8 2.0 Discrimination 0.3 0.8 0.9 0.8 Housing 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.3 Corruption 1.2 1.9 2.6 2.8 Dependency 24.4 3.9 2.0 6.1 Ineffective

Government

1.2 2.0 2.2 1.9

Access to Capital 2.4 13.6 16.2 11.0 Security 1.1 0.7 0.8 1.2 Lack of

Infrastructure

4.6 1.8 2.6 1.5

Lack of Opportunity 6.2 5.2 3.9 3.3 Governance issues 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.9 Poor policy 1.2 1.9 1.8 2.8 Ethnic Tension 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 Political Freedoms 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1


25

About one out of every three males or females indicated the lack of Money as the main constraint (Table 3.7). Proportionately, more females (14.5%) indicated lack of Access to capital as a constraint than males (9.6%). Almost the same proportions of males (9.8%) and females (9.9%) found high cost of living as a constraint.

More females (0.7%) saw gender bias as a constraint than males (0.2%). However, almost the same proportions indicated discrimination as a constraint.

Table 3.6: Percentage distribution of the most important constraint by

gender

Marginalisation 0.2 0.1 0.2 1.2 Gender Bias 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.9 Lack of Jobs 4.8 10.1 5.6 2.9 Poor Economy 4.3 3.8 4.3 4.8 High Cost of Living 8.1 7.7 11.5 16.3 Land ownership - 0.6 1.3 0.7 Lack of education 8.6 4.3 2.4 3.7 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note: “-” means no response

Male FemaleMost important

constraint

Percent Most important

constraint

percent

Money 31.2 Money 33.7High cost of living 9.8 Access to capital 14.5Access to capital 9.6 High cost of living 9.9Lack of jobs 7.4 Dependency 7.5Dependency 6.7 Lack of jobs 6.6Lack of opportunity 5.4 Employment 4.8


26

There are significant differences between the proportions of the respondents who indicated Money, Access to capital, High cost of living, Lack of education and Lack of infrastructure as the main constraints with regards to place of residence (Table 3.6). While more respondents in the rural localities indicated Money, Access to capital, Lack of infrastructure and Education as main constraints than their urban counterparts, the reverse is true when it comes to High cost of living and Lack of jobs.

Employment 5.3 Lack of education 4.5Poor economy 4.9 Lack of opportunity 4.2Lack of education 4.3 Poor economy 3.5Lack of infrastructure 3.2 Lack of infrastructure 1.8Corruption 2.5 Corruption 1.7Ineffective government 2.4 Ineffective Government 1.5Poor policy 2.3 Poor policy 1.4Security 1.1 Discrimination 0.7Land ownership 0.9 Gender Bias 0.7Discrimination 0.8 Security 0.7Government issues 0.8 Housing 0.6Housing 0.7 Land ownership 0.6Ethnic Tension 0.4 Government Issues 0.4Gender Bias 0.2 Marginalization 0.3Marginalization 0.2 Ethnic tension 0.3Political Freedoms 0.1 Political Freedoms 0.1


27Table 3.7: Percentage distribution of the most important constraint by place of residenceRural respondents Urban respondentsMost important

constraint

Percent Most important

constraint

percent

Money 35.6 Money 33.7Access to capital 14.4 Governance issues 14.5High cost of living 7.4 Employment 9.9Dependency 6.6 Security 7.5Lack of jobs 6.4 Lack of education 6.6Lack of education 5.3 Access to capital 4.8Lack of Opportunity 4.8 Ethnic Tension 4.5Employment 4.5 Poor policy 4.2Poor economy 3.7 Lack of jobs 3.5Lack of infrastructure 3.2 Political freedoms 1.8Poor policy 1.3 Lack of opportunity 1.7Corruption 1.1 Ineffective

Government

1.5

Ineffective government 1.1 Lack of infrastructure 1.4Land ownership 0.8 Poor economy 0.7Housing 0.8 High cost of living 0.7Discrimination 0.6 Corruption 0.7Gender Bias 0.5 Marginalization 0.6Security 0.5 Dependency 0.6Ethnic tension 0.5 Gender Bias 0.4Governance Issues 0.5 Discrimination 0.3Marginalization 0.3 Land ownership 0.3Political freedoms 0.1 Housing 0.1


283.3 Respondents’ opinion regarding the most important factor responsible for the constraint preventing the achievement of livelihood ambitions

Respondents were asked to share their opinions on the factors that they perceived as being responsible for the livelihood constraints. The responses have been analysed by population groups, gender, and place of residence.

Approximately one-fifth of the respondents (the largest proportion) attributed inaccessibility to capital as the main factor responsible for the constraints to their livelihood ambitions (Table 3.8). Lack of jobs (14.0%) was cited as the second most important factor, followed by high cost of living (11.0%), lack of opportunity (8.1%) and poor economy (8.1%). Governance-related issues were also significant.

Table 3.8: The most important factor responsible for the livelihood constraint

Factor No. of respondents PercentIn-access to capital 1,772 21.2Lack of jobs 1,173 14.0High cost of living 918 11.0Lack of opportunity 682 8.1Poor economy 682 8.1Dependency 615 7.3Ineffective government 572 6.8Poor policy 499 6.0Lack of education 412 4.9Corruption 360 4.3Lack of infrastructure 236 2.8


29

Insufficient housing (0.2%), marginalisation (0.3%), gender bias (0.6%) and ethnic tension (0.8%) are the factors that were least cited as responsible for the constraints.

Factors responsible for the livelihood constraints as cited by the different population groups are shown in Table 3.9. The proportion that cited lack of access to capital as the most important factor is the largest (between 22.2% and 26.6%) for all population groups except the children group which indicated dependency (24.1%) as the main factor. Lack of jobs is the second most cited factor by the children and youth group, while for the adults and the elderly, high cost of living featured as the second most cited factor.

The children group recorded the lowest proportions in relation to governance-related issues (that is, ineffective government, governance issues and poor policy) as factors. However, the group recorded the largest proportion with regards to lack of education as responsible for livelihood constraint.

Governance issues 180 2.1Discrimination 115 1.4Ethnic tension 70 0.8Gender bias 48 0.6Marginalization 26 0.3Insufficient housing 18 0.2Total 8,378 100.0


30

Population GroupFactor Children Youth Adult Elderly TotalCorruption 2.9 4.5 4.5 5.3 4.3Dependency 24.1 3.9 3.0 5.8 7.3Ineffective

government

4.7 7.1 7.6 7.3 6.8

Inaccessibility to

capital

8.0 22.2 26.6 22.7 21.2

Lack of jobs 13.2 17.9 11.5 7.7 14.0Lack of

infrastructure

5.0 2.4 2.4 2.0 2.8

Lack of

opportunity

8.8 8.9 7.3 6.6 8.1

Governenance

issues

1.6 2.1 2.3 2.8 2.1

Poor policy 5.1 5.4 6.1 8.9 6.0Rthnic tension 1.0 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.8Dicrimination 1.1 1.3 1.2 2.5 1.4Marginalization 0.1 0.1 0.3 1.2 0.3Gender Bias 0.2 0.5 0.7 1.1 0.6Lack of

education

8.6 4.5 3.6 4.2 4.9

Insufficient

housing

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2

High cost of

living

9.7 9.7 12.8 12.8 11.0

Poor economy 5.8 8.6 7.9 7.9 8.1Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 3.9: Percentage distribution of factors responsible for livelihood

Constraints by population group


31Both males and females cited, in order of importance, lack of access to capital, lack of jobs, and high cost of living as the three main factors responsible for the livelihood constraints, with proportionately more females than males in all three categories (Table 3.10). On the other hand, proportion of males that cited governance-related issues as factors was more than the proportion of females.

Again, lack of access to capital, lack of jobs and high cost of living, are the three leading factors cited by respondents in both rural and urban localities (Table 3.11). Inaccessibility of capital was indicated by 26.5 per cent of rural respondents against 14.5 per cent by their urban counterparts. Significant differences have been identified in proportions between rural and urban respondents in relation to those who cited corruption and governance-related issues as factors. Proportion of urban respondents was more than double that of the rural respondents in connection with corruption and governance-related factors.


Constraints by gender

Male FemaleFactor Percent Factor PercentInaccessibility to capital 17.7 Inaccessibility to capital 24.3

Lack of jobs 13.6 Lack of jobs 14.4High cost of living 10.5 High cost of living 11.4Poor economy 8.7 Poor economy 7.7Lack of opportunity 8.6 Lack of opportunity 7.6Ineffective government 8.2 Ineffective government 7.4Dependency 7.2 Dependency 5.6


32


Constraints by place of residence

Rural respondents Urban respondentsFactor Percent Factor percentIn- access to capital 26.5 n-access to capital 14.5Lack of jobs 14.3 lack of jobs 13.6High cost of living 10.3 high cost of living 11.8Lack of opportunity 8.6 poor economy 9.6Dependency 7.0 ineffective government 9.3Poor economy 7.0 poor policy 8.7Lack of education 6.2 dependency 7.8Ineffective government 4.9 lack of opportunity 7.6Poor policy 3.8 corruption 6.5Lack of infrastructure 3.5 lack of education 3.3Corruption 2.6 governance issues 2.4Governance issues 2.0 lack of infrastructure 2.0discrimination 1.3 discrimination 1.5ethnic tension 1.2 gender bias 0.6gender bias 0.5 ethnic tension 0.3marginalization 0.3 insufficient housing 0.3insufficient housing 0.1 marginalization 0.3

Poor policy 6.9 Poor policy 5.1Corruption 5.2 Corruption 5.1Lack of education 4.7 Lack of education 3.4Lack of infrastructure 3.2 Lack of infrastructure 2.5Governance issues 2.3 Governance issues 2.0Discrimination 1.4 Discrimination 1.3Ethnic tension 1.1 Ethnic tension 1.0Insufficient housing 0.3 Insufficient housing 0.6marginalization 0.3 marginalization 0.3Gender bias 0.1 Gender bias 0.1


333.4 The single most important action that needs to be taken to solve the problem

Respondents were asked to give the actions that they think can be undertaken to solve the problems. The results are shown in Table 3.12.

Money-related issues dominated respondents’ responses to the most important constraints inhibiting the achievement of their livelihood ambitions. It is therefore not surprising that about one-third (31.3%) of the respondents opined that action to be taken is to tackle access to finance. Nearly a quarter (23.1%) cited job creation as the action to be taken, while 16.5 per cent said improvement in governance is the solution.

Other actions, although scoring significantly low, are better education and tackling corruption, as 7.9 per cent and 6.8 per cent respectively indicated these actions. Political reform (0.1%) is the least suggested action, meaning Ghanaians appear to be satisfied with the state of their democratic governance. Ghanaians also rank security, social inclusion and land reforms very low as constraints to their development.

Table 3.12: Action to be taken to solve the problems

Action to be taken No. of Respondents

Percent

Access to finance 2,620 31.3Job creation 1,936 23.1Improve governance 1,382 16.5Better education 664 7.9Tackle corruption 572 6.8


34

Taking action on access to finance is suggested by the largest proportion of all population groups except children (Table 3.13). In the case of the Children group, ‘Access to finance’ is relegated to the third position as ‘Better education’ (26.1%) is the action suggested by the largest proportion, with the other population groups having proportions of less than 6 per cent. ‘Job creation’ is the second most important action suggested by the children and youth groups, while ‘Improve Governance’ is the second most important action by the Adult and Elderly groups.

With the need to take action on ‘Social protection’, the Elderly group recorded the largest proportion (7.9%), followed by the Children group (4.5%).

Improve infrastructure 272 3.2Social protection 266 3.2Legislative reform 140 1.7Improve service delivery 107 1.3Land reform 93 1.1Public/ private partnership 92 1.1Improve security 86 1.0Access to information 82 1.0Inclusion 57 0.7Political reforms 9 0.1Total 8,378 100.0


35Table 3.13: Percentage distribution of actions to be taken by population group

‘Access to finance’ is the action suggested by the largest proportion of both male and female (Table 13.4), though the proportion of females (35.0%) is significantly higher than that of males (27.2%). Action on ‘job creation’ is indicated as the second largest suggestion by both sexes as improvement in governance is also suggested by both sexes as the third most important action to be taken. Once again, the need to tackle corruption ranks low as a concern for all population groups. Ghanaians also do not think that political reforms, access to information are important constraints to their development at the moment. A surprising finding is the relatively low ranking of the need to improve public services in general with only the children group ranking the need for better education highly.

Population groupAction to be taken Children Youth Adult ElderlyTackle corruption 4.0 7.2 7.4 8.4 Improve governance 12.7 15.9 18.6 19.0 Improve security 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.7 Improve infrastructure 5.5 2.8 2.9 2.5 Job creation 23.3 29.3 18.5 12.6 Access to finance 17.8 30.7 38.5 34.3 Legislative reform 0.5 1.5 2.0 3.2 Social protection 4.5 1.9 2.5 7.9 Better education 26.1 5.2 2.9 3.2 Land reform 0.5 1.1 1.4 1.3 Inclusion 0.6 0.4 0.7 1.9 Public/private partnership 0.5 1.3 1.1 1.1 Access to information 1.5 0.9 0.7 1.1 Political reforms 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 Improve service delivery 1.2 1.0 1.5 1.7 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


36Table 3.14: Percentage distribution of actions to be taken by gender

As shown in Table 3.15, significantly higher proportion of respondents (37.7%) in rural localities want action to be taken on access to finance compared to 23.2 per cent in urban localities. Urban respondents, on the other hand, have significantly higher proportions of persons who want action to be taken on corruption and improving governance than rural respondents, although the

Male FemaleAction to be taken percent Action to be taken percentAccess to finance 27.2 Access to finance 3.5.0Job creation 23.5 Job creation 22.8Improve governance 18.0 Improve governance 15.8Better education 7.9 Better education 8.0Tackle corruption 7.8 Tackle corruption 5.9Improve

infrastructure

3.5 Social protection 3.5

Social protection 2.8 Improve

infrastructure

3.0

Legislative reform 1.7 Legislative reform 1.6Improve service

delivery

1.6 Access to

information

1.0

Public /private

partnership

1.5 Improve service

delivery

1.0

Improve security 1.4 Land reform 0.9Land reform 1.3 Public / private

partnership

0.8

Access to

information

1.0 Improve security 0.7

Inclusion 0.7 Inclusion 0.6Political reforms 0.1 Political reforms 0.1


37

scoring in these areas are low in comparison with the need for jobs and access to finance..

Table 3.15: Percentage distribution of actions to be taken by place of residence

3.5 Institutions responsible for undertaking the needed actions

“Who should take this action?” This was a question posed to respondents after they had suggested the actions needed to tackle the problems inhibiting the achievements to their livelihood ambitions. Summary of the results is shown in Table 3.16.

Rural respondents Urban respondentsAction to be taken Percent Action to be taken Percent Access to finance 37.7 Access to finance 23.2Job creation 23.5 Job creation 22.7Improve governance 1.3 Improve governance 21.7Better education 7.6 Tackle corruption 10.7Improve infrastructure 3.9 Better education 8.3Social protection 3.8 Legislative reform 2.4Tackle corruption 3.8 Social protection 2.4Land reform 1.4 Improve infrastructure 2.4Access to information 1.3 Improve service delivery 1.5Improve service delivery 1.1 Public / private

partnership

1.3

Legislative reform 1.1 Inclusion 1.0Improve security 1.0 Improve security 1.0Public / private

partnership

0.9 Land reform 0.7

Inclusion 0.4 Access to information 0.6Political reform 0.2 Political reforms 0.1


38Table 3.16: Suggested institutions responsible for needed actions

Majority (85.9%) of the respondents want the government to take the necessary action to solve the problems (Table 3.16). Five per cent of the respondents want NGOs to take the necessary action, with the community being the least suggested to take the necessary action.

Table 3.17 shows the distribution of institutions to take needed action according to population groups. The picture is not different from that of Table 3.14, as majority of respondents in all population groups want government to be responsible for the actions to be taken. Seven per cent of the children group (higher than the average of 3.9%) wants individuals to take action, while 6.3 per cent (higher than the average of 5.0%) of the elderly want NGOs to take action.

Overall, it will seem that Ghanaians either have a lot of faith in their government or a lot of expectations of them. They seem satisfied with the state of security, access to information and over all democratic governance; moderately satisfied with the state of public services but de-satisfied with the impacts of the economy in their pockets. They will judge any government by its impact jobs, access to capital and money in their pockets.

Institution No. of respondents Percent Government 7,187 85.9 NGOs 414 5.0 Private sector 247 3.0 Community 185 2.2 Individuals 329 3.9 Total 8,362 100.0


39Table 3.17: Percentage distribution of institutional responsibility by population

group

There is slight gender and locational differences in the ratings of the roles of the private sector and NGOs. As shown in Table 3.18 below, larger proportions of females give greater responsibility for actions to the Private sector, Community, and Individuals than their male counterparts. On the other hand, larger proportions of males have faith in NGOs for solving their problems than the private sector. Males also marginally have greater expectations of governments than females.

Proportionately, more urban respondents place more faith in the Government, Private sector and the Community than their rural counterparts, although these differences are marginal. However, the proportion of rural respondents who trust or have expectations of NGOs is more than twice that of the urban respondents.

Gender Place of residenceInstitution Male Female Rural UrbanGovernment 86.7 85.2 84.6 87.6 NGOs 5.0 4.9 6.9 2.5 Private sector 2.6 3.3 2.6 3.4 Community 2.0 2.4 1.8 2.8 Individuals 3.8 4.1 4.1 3.7 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


40Table 3.18: Percentage distribution of institutional responsibility by gender

and place of residence



41

The MYWorld survey which is run globally on-line asks global citizens to prioritise the top six out of sixteen issues that impact on their lives the most and which should inform the post-2015 development agenda the most. The Ghana survey also asked respondents to do the same. Table 4.1 below summarise the results.

4.1 Overall priorities

‘Better healthcare’ (14.3%) topped the list of priorities respondents had to choose from, followed by ‘Access to clean water and sanitation’ (11.9%), ‘Better job opportunities’ (11.8%) and ‘Good education’ (11.3%). Other priorities that scored more than 5 per cent are ‘Better transport and roads’ (9.2%), ‘Reliable energy at home’ (7.8%), ‘An honest and responsive government’ (6.6%), ‘Affordable and nutritious food’ (6.6%), and ‘Support for people who cannot work’ (5.6%).

Table 4.1: Respondents’ top six development priorities

Actions that violate the most basic human right and also have wider social and economic consequences such as ‘Equality between men and women’ (2.5%) and ‘Freedom from discrimination and persecution’

4.0 MYWORLD PRIORITIES



42

(1.8%) are among the least priorities, re-echoing the findings in the earlier section on livelihood constraints.. Action on climate change (0.6%) is the least priority.

4.2 Priorities by gender

Like the overall priority ranking, ‘Better healthcare’ is the top-ranked priority for both male and female (Table 4.2). However, there are slight differences between males and females Proportions of females that advocated for ‘Better health care’, ‘Access to clean water and sanitation’, ‘Affordable and nutritious food ’and‘ Support for people who cannot work” are larger than that of their male counterparts. Larger proportions of males than females are also found in the following recognizable priority groups: ‘Good education’, ‘Better transport and roads’, and ‘Honest and responsive government’.

The most remarkable difference in the ranking can be seen with ‘Equality between men and women’. While males scored ‘Equality between men and women’ as the 15th-ranked priority, it occupies the 11th position for the females.


43

Male FemaleMy world

priorities

Percent Rank My world

priorities

Percent Rank

Better healthcare 14.1 1 Better healthcare 14.4 1Better job

opportunities

11.8 2 Access to clean

water and

sanitation

12.1 2

Access to clean

water and

sanitation

11.8 3 Better job

opportunities

11.8 3

Good education 11.5 4 Good education 11.2 4Better transport

and roads

9.5 5 Better transport

and roads

8.9 5

Reliable energy at

home

7.8 6 Reliable energy at

home

7.8 6

An honest and

responsive

government

7.2 7 Affordable and

nutritious food

7.1 7

Affordable and

nutritious food

6.1 8 An honest and

responsive

government

6.1 8

Support for

people who

cannot work

5.2 9 Support for

people who

cannot work

5.9 9

Protection

against crime and

violence

3.3 10 Protection

against crime and

violence

3.4 10

Table 4.2: Percentage distribution of development priorities by gender


44

4.3 Priorities by population group

Priorities by population groups are shown in Table 4.3. Unlike the gender categories, there are differences in the order of importance of the overall top priorities with respect to population groups. Though ‘Better healthcare’ topped the list of development priorities across all population groups, the Elderly (15.1%) group ranked this the highest.

Political freedoms 3.0 11 Equality between

men and women

3.4 11

Equality between

men and women

2.7 12 Political freedoms 2.3 12

Protection forests,

rivers and oceans

1.9 13 Protection forests,

rivers and oceans

2.0 13

Freedom from

discrimination and

persecution

1.8 14 Freedom from

discrimination and

persecution

1.8 14

Phone and

internet access

1.6 15 Phone and

internet access

1.3 15

Action taken on

climate change

0.6 16 Action taken on

climate change

0.5 16


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nd

road

s9.

7

5Be

tter

tran

spor

t and

ro

ads

8.3

Bett

er tr

ansp

ort

and

road

s9.

1Be

tter

tran

spor

t and

ro

ads

9.6

Goo

d ed

ucati

on9.

2

6Aft

brda

ble

and

nutr

itiou

s fo

od8.

0Re

liabl

e en

ergy

at

hom

e7.

8Re

liabl

e en

ergy

at

hom

e8.

1Su

ppor

t for

peo

ple

who

can

not w

ork

8.4

7Re

liabl

e en

ergy

at

hom

e7.

7An

hon

est a

nd

resp

onsiv

e go

vern

men

t

6.9

An h

ones

t and

re

spon

sive

gove

rnm

ent

7.0

Relia

ble

ener

gy a

t ho

me

7.2

8An

hon

est a

nd

resp

onsiv

e go

vern

men

t

5.7

Affird

able

and

nu

triti

ous

food

6.2

Affor

dabl

e an

d nu

triti

ous

food

6.2

Affird

able

and

nu

triti

ous

food

7.1

9Su

ppor

t for

peo

ple

who

can

not w

ork

4.9

Supp

ort b

r pe

ople

who

ca

nnot

wor

k

5.2

Supp

ort f

or p

eopl

e w

ho c

anno

t wor

k5.

6An

hon

est a

nd

resp

onsiv

e go

vern

men

t

6.2


46

10Pr

otec

tion

agai

nst

crim

e an

d vi

olen

ce3.

4Pr

otec

tion

agai

nst c

rime

and

viol

ence

3.4

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ectio

n ag

ains

t cr

ime

and

viol

ence

3.4

Prot

ectio

n ag

ains

t cr

ime

and

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ence

3.4

11Ph

one

and

inte

rnet

ac

cess

2.6

Equa

lity

betw

een

men

an

d w

omen

2.7

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reed

oms

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ectin

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omen

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dom

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dom

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eedo

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om

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litica

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edom

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rsec

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ecuti

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rsec

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et

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tion

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imat

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5


47The second most important priority for the Children group is ‘Good education’ (14.0%), whilst for the youth it is ‘Better job opportunities’ (12.5%) , for the “Adult” and elderly groups it is, ‘Access to clean water and sanitation’ 12.0% and 12.2% respectively.

A picture that is worth noting is the proportion of respondents who chose ‘Good education’ and ‘Support to people who cannot work’ and ‘Phone and internet access’. The proportion that selected ‘Good education’ and ‘Phone and internet access’ as priorities reduce with the increasing age bracket of the population group and the reverse is true for those who chose ‘Support to people who cannot work’ as a priority.

4.4 Priorities by place of residence

As shown in Table 4.4, differences exist in the order of importance of the six top priorities between the rural and urban localities. ‘Better healthcare’ remains the top priority for both rural and urban respondents, with the rural proportion (14.5%) being higher than the urban (14.0%). The next five priorities in the order of importance for rural respondents are ‘Access to clean water and sanitation’ (12.4%),‘Good education’ (11.7%), ‘Better job opportunities’ (11.2%), ‘Better transport and roads’ (10.6%) and ‘Affordable and nutritious food’ (7.0%).

The order of importance of priorities changes with the urban respondents as ‘Better job opportunities’ (12.6%) is second, followed by ‘Access to clean water and sanitation’ (11.4%), ‘Good education’ (10.9%), ‘Reliable energy’ (9.2%), and ‘An honest and responsive government’ (7.8%).


48

Table 4.4: Percentage distribution of development priorities by place of

residence

Rural respondents Urban respondentsMy world priorities Percent Rank My world priorities Percent RankBetter healthcare 14.5 1 Better healthcare 14.0 1Access to clean water and sanitation

12.4 2 Better job opportunities

12.6 2

Good education 11.7 3 Access to clean water and sanitation

11.4 3

Better job opportunities

11.2 4 Good education 10.9 4

Better transport and roads

10.6 5 Reliable energy at home

9.2 5

Affordable and nutritious food

7.0 6 An honest and responsive government

7.8 6

Reliable energy at home

6.7 7 Better transport and roads

7.4 7

Support for people who cannot work

6.1 8 Affordable and nutritious food

6.1 8

An honest and responsive government

5.7 9 Support for people who cannot work

5.0 9

Protection against crime and violence

2.9 10 Protection against crime and violence

4.0 10

Protecting forests, rivers and oceans


Equality between men and women

2.4 12 Equality between men and women

2.6 12

Political freedoms 2.1 13 Freedom from discrimination and persecution

2.1 13


49

4.5 Priorities by geographic/political region

Table 4.5 summarises the six topmost priorities of each of the ten regions. Development priorities that featured in the top six of the regions are, ‘Better healthcare’, ‘Access to clean water and sanitation’, ‘Better job opportunities’, ‘Good education’, ‘Better transport and roads’, ‘Reliable energy at home’, ‘An honest and responsive government’, ‘Affordable and nutritious food’, and ‘Support for people who cannot work’. However, the order of importance differs from region to region.

‘Better healthcare’ is the topmost priority of all regions except Upper East that has ‘Access to clean water and sanitation’ as its number one. ‘An honest and responsive government’ featured in the top six priorities of only the Greater Accra region.

‘Support for people who cannot work’ featured in the top six priorities of only the Volta and Upper East regions, while ‘Affordable and nutritious food’ featured in the Central and Upper West regions only.

Phone and internet access

1.7 14 Protecting forests, rivers and oceans

1.9 14

Freedom from discrimination and persecution

1.6 15 Phone and internet access

1.4 15

Action taken on climate change

0.7 16 Action taken on climate change

0.4 16

Rural respondents Urban respondentsMy world priorities Percent Rank My world priorities Percent RankBetter healthcare 14.5 1 Better healthcare 14.0 1Access to clean water and sanitation

12.4 2 Better job opportunities

12.6 2

Good education 11.7 3 Access to clean water and sanitation

11.4 3

Better job opportunities

11.2 4 Good education 10.9 4

Better transport and roads

10.6 5 Reliable energy at home

9.2 5

Affordable and nutritious food

7.0 6 An honest and responsive government

7.8 6

Reliable energy at home

6.7 7 Better transport and roads

7.4 7

Support for people who cannot work

6.1 8 Affordable and nutritious food

6.1 8

An honest and responsive government

5.7 9 Support for people who cannot work

5.0 9

Protection against crime and violence

2.9 10 Protection against crime and violence

4.0 10

Protecting forests, rivers and oceans


Equality between men and women

2.4 12 Equality between men and women

2.6 12

Political freedoms 2.1 13 Freedom from discrimination and persecution

2.1 13


50Table 4.5: Six topmost development priorities of the regions

Region 1st ranked priority 2nd ranked priority 3rd ranked piimity 4th ranked priority 5th ranked priority 6th ranked priority

Western

Better healthcare(14.3%)

Better job opportunities(13.2%)

Access to clean waterand sanitation (12.9%)

Good education (11.1%)

Reliable energy at home(10.0%)

Better transport androads (8.7%)

Central






Affordable and nutritiousfood (7.9%)

Greater AccraBetter healthcare(14.1%)




An honest andresponsive government(10.1%) Reliable energy at home

(8.7%)

VoltaBetter healthcare(14.8%)



Better transport androads (10.4%) Good education (9.9%)

Support for people whocannot work (8.9%)

Eastern







Ashanti







Brong Ahafo







Northern







Upper East







Upper West








51

Region 1st ranked priority 2nd ranked priority 3rd ranked piimity 4th ranked priority 5th ranked priority 6th ranked priority

Western







Central







Greater AccraBetter healthcare(14.1%)




An honest andresponsive government(10.1%) Reliable energy at home

(8.7%)

VoltaBetter healthcare(14.8%)



Better transport androads (10.4%) Good education (9.9%)


Eastern







Ashanti







Brong Ahafo







Northern







Upper East







Upper West








52

5.1 Observations

The three-killer constraints/factors identified by respondents include lack of capital, high cost of living and lack of job opportunities.

Key actions required for addressing constraints were identified as access to finance, jobs and good governance. Social protection was a priority in only the Volta and upper East regions. This has implications for how society is prepared to take responsibility for those who fall through the cracks in the market place. The Upper East is the second poorest region in terms of per capita incomes and food deficiency in the country and Volta Region has large pockets of very poor communities. It may also be that the scattered government initiatives like the Literacy, Empowerment and Action Project (LEAP) and the Savannah Accelerated Development Agency (SADA), etc. are yet to make a significant impact;

However, good governance was not identified as a constraint. In terms of development priorities, all regions (except the Upper East who chose water/sanitation), identified health as number one, followed by access to clean water/sanitation and then job opportunities.

Climate change received the least attention even though we know that the health and water and sanitation priorities chosen by respondents have climate change dimensions. This suggests

5.0 OBSERVATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICIES AND ADVOCACY


53that we need to intensify our awareness creation and linking climate change to health, livelihoods, disasters and development generally.

There were regional or geographical differences in priorities. Whereas all regions had health as a priority, the Upper East Region chose water, sanitation and hygiene. This may be viewed as a result of the fact that from the PHC data, most Out-patient Department OPD hospital attendance are due to water-borne illnesses like malaria, diarrhoea, etc. Our health education may have to be more holistic in terms of building the link between water and health. The Upper-East Region is also one of the driest in the country.

An open and honest government featured as a priority in Accra only, an urban area. This may be due to the fact that urban and in particular, people living in Accra, are in the seat of government and are able to observe how government functions more closely. . What is a bit surprising is the low score this received in the other urban areas. This has implications to the work linking corruption with the lack of development, including jobs and personal incomes. Rural people have more confidence in NGOs than urban dwellers. This raises the question on whether NGOs are supplanting the state, somewhat, in rural Ghana and whether that is a good thing or a bad thing.

Interestingly, telephone and internet access were not identified as priorities even among the youth. This may be because of the rapid expansion of mobile telephony in particular and internet cafes, providing relatively good access to young people.


54

It is important to note that even though respondents identified the need to protect forests, rivers and oceans, they did not see the state of these natural resources as strong enough constraints on development or as r development priority. This may require more work to determine if this is low awareness of the state of our natural resources or low appreciation of the links between these, climate change and development.

5.2 Recommendations

The overall assessment of the survey suggests a need for a forum to share this report with government, citizen groups and international development partners including the UN system. It will be necessary to interrogate further the reasons for the low scoring of climate change, ICT and governance. Why do governance issues like transparency, corruption and accountability ranked low as priority issues to address even though good governance was identified as one of the three top solutions to the development constraints.

5.2.1 Improving questionnaire design and data collection

During data collection, there was an issue on the clear line between unemployed and dependency. Most unemployed are also dependents, therefore, it is suggested that if the respondents are not in school and are looking for work, then they can be classified as unemployed whether they are dependents or not. Otherwise, they should be classified as dependents. The difficulty of defining dependency is largely cultural – all who cannot survive and thrive


55

on their own have family and friends to depend on. This applies to age, one’s economic, health and physical conditions.

Again, the economic activity categorized as ‘Business’ needs to be clarified further in future surveys. It is suggested that respondents engaged in the following activities should be classified under ‘Business’ or there should be more disaggregation of economic activity:

i) Informal preparation and sale of food

ii) Informal wholesaling of goods

iii) Informal mining and quarrying

iv) Other activities not elsewhere classified

Obviously, these activities do not fall under ‘petty trading’ and ‘skills trading’.

It is also recommended that the following options on the question on main livelihood constraints (2.2) should be merged:

a) Poor economy, governance issues and ineffective government should be summed as ‘governance issues’.

b) Employment and lack of jobs should be ‘employment-related issues’.


565.3 Implications for policy-making and advocacy

i) The survey reveals a need for targeted advocacy to build and sustain appreciation and priority around Climate change and civil society engagement in the multi-stakeholders in the post-2015 discussions, whilst recognising the people’s priority needs – money in their pockets, jobs, health care, water and sanitation and to some extent, better quality and accessible education;

ii) In particular, the survey suggests a need for more engagement on building the links /connections between corruption, transparency and mal-development, whilst also recognising that the nature of the prioritisation may well reflect accurately that by and large, Ghanaians feel that their Governments are working reasonably well.

iii) The survey shows a need for public engagement (citizens and government) to tackle low priority accorded to social protection for the vulnerable. This is important to sustain public responsibility in this area, that the society remains caring and that no one is left behind in the development process

iv) Among other things, the survey suggests the need to link these outputs to the citizen voices of the social pact consultations for more public engagement and for use during the review of the medium term development strategies and the programmes of the Government Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs and MMDAs) as well as those of District Assemblies.


57v) Most importantly, there is a need for engagement with

the government and financial system on ways to expand access to financial capital for development generally and for the productive activities of the rural and urban poor in particular

vi) Finally, the survey reveals a strong need for Advocacy on the linkages between ICT, livelihoods and development-going beyond the use of phones and internet for entertainment.


58

1.0 Background information:

1.1 Age (in years) (if respondent does not know age, please ask

them to estimate)

1.2 Gender : Male Female

1.3 Marital Status: Married Divorced Widowed Single

1.4 Disabled: Yes No

1.4 a; if yes, type: Physical [ ] blind [ ] Deaf [ ] Speech Impaired [ ] other

…………….

1.5 Region: District:

1.6 Place of Residence Rural Urban Other (Please Specify)

1.7 Level of Education No formal education Incomplete secondary

Incomplete primary JHS Secondary

Primary Post- Secondary

APPENDIX 1: FIELD QUESTIONNAIRE


59

2.0 Current Livelihood constraints:

2.1. What is your main source of livelihood/main economic activity? (Select only one)1. Formal Employment 2. Business 3. Petty

Trading

4. Skills Training

5. Farming/Agricultural 6. Un-employed 7. Dependent 8. Pensioner

2.2. What is the single most important constraint that is preventing you from achieving your livelihood ambitions? (Select only one)

Finances Employment Discrimination Housing

Corruption Dependency Ineffective

Government

Access to

Capital

Security Lack of

infrastructure

Lack of

opportunity

Governance

issues

Poor policy Ethnic tension Political

freedoms

Marginalization

Gender bias Lack of jobs Poor economy High cost of

living

Land

ownership

Lack of

education


602.

3 W

hat s

ingl

e fa

ctor

is re

spon

sibl

e fo

r thi

s con

stra

int?

(Sel

ect o

nly

one)

1. C

orru

ption

2. D

epen

denc

y3.

Ineff

ectiv

e

Gov

ernm

ent

4.In

-acc

ess

to

capi

tal

5. L

ack

of jo

bs6.

Lac

k of

infr

astr

uctu

re

7. L

ack

of

oppo

rtun

ity

8. G

over

nanc

e

issue

s

9. P

oor p

olic

y10

. Eth

nic

tens

ion

11. D

iscrim

inati

on12

.

Mar

gina

lizati

on

13. G

ende

r bia

s14

. Lac

k of

educ

ation

15. I

nsuffi

cien

t

hous

ing

16. H

igh

cost

of

livin

g

17. P

oor E

cono

my

2.4:

Wha

t is t

he si

ngle

mos

t im

port

ant a

ction

that

nee

ds to

be

take

n to

solv

e th

e pr

oble

m?

(Sel

ect

only

one

)

1. T

ackl

e co

rrup

tion

2. Im

prov

e go

vern

ance

3. Im

prov

e se

curit

y

4. Im

prov

e in

fras

truc

ture

5.

Job

crea

tion

6. A

cces

s to

fina

nce

7. L

egisl

ative

refo

rm8.

Soc

ial p

rote

ction

9. B

etter

edu

catio

n

10. L

and

refo

rm11

. Inc

lusio

n12

. Pub

lic/p

rivat

e

part

ners

hips

13. A

cces

s to

info

rmati

on14

. Pol

itica

l fre

edom

s15

. Im

prov

e se

rvic

e

deliv

ery

2.5:

Who

shou

ld ta

ke th

is a

ction

? (S

elec

t onl

y on

e)

1.G

over

nmen

t2.

NG

Os

3. P

rivat

e se

ctor

4. C

omm

unity

5. In

divi

dual

s

3.0

Deve

lopm

ent P

rioriti

es: M

y W

orld

. P

leas

e se

lect

six

(6)

1. P

oliti

cal F

reed

oms

10. R

elia

ble

ener

gy a

t hom

e

2. P

rote

cting

fore

sts,

rive

rs a

nd o

cean

s11

. Fre

edom

from

disc

rimin

ation

and

per

secu

tion

3. A

fford

able

and

nut

ritiou

s fo

od12

. Bett

er tr

ansp

ort a

nd ro

ads

4. A

n ho

nest

and

resp

onsiv

e

gove

rnm

ent

13. P

rote

ction

aga

inst

crim

e an

d vi

olen

ce

5. A

cces

s to

cle

an w

ater

and

san

itatio

n14

. Sup

port

for p

eopl

e w

ho c

an’t

wor

k

6. P

hone

and

inte

rnet

acc

ess

15. A

goo

d ed

ucati

on

7. E

qual

ity b

etw

een

men

and

wom

en16

. Bett

er jo

b op

port

uniti

es

8. B

etter

hea

lthca

re17

. Sug

gest

ano

ther

prio

rity

(opti

onal

)

9. A

ction

take

n on

clim

ate

chan

ge


61

2.3

Wha

t sin

gle

fact

or is

resp

onsi

ble

for t

his c

onst

rain

t? (S

elec

t onl

y on

e)

1. C

orru

ption

2. D

epen

denc

y3.

Ineff

ectiv

e

Gov

ernm

ent

4.In

-acc

ess

to

capi

tal

5. L

ack

of jo

bs6.

Lac

k of

infr

astr

uctu

re

7. L

ack

of

oppo

rtun

ity

8. G

over

nanc

e

issue

s

9. P

oor p

olic

y10

. Eth

nic

tens

ion

11. D

iscrim

inati

on12

.

Mar

gina

lizati

on

13. G

ende

r bia

s14

. Lac

k of

educ

ation

15. I

nsuffi

cien

t

hous

ing

16. H

igh

cost

of

livin

g

17. P

oor E

cono

my

2.4:

Wha

t is t

he si

ngle

mos

t im

port

ant a

ction

that

nee

ds to

be

take

n to

solv

e th

e pr

oble

m?

(Sel

ect

only

one

)

1. T

ackl

e co

rrup

tion

2. Im

prov

e go

vern

ance

3. Im

prov

e se

curit

y

4. Im

prov

e in

fras

truc

ture

5.

Job

crea

tion

6. A

cces

s to

fina

nce

7. L

egisl

ative

refo

rm8.

Soc

ial p

rote

ction

9. B

etter

edu

catio

n

10. L

and

refo

rm11

. Inc

lusio

n12

. Pub

lic/p

rivat

e

part

ners

hips

13. A

cces

s to

info

rmati

on14

. Pol

itica

l fre

edom

s15

. Im

prov

e se

rvic

e

deliv

ery

2.5:

Who

shou

ld ta

ke th

is a

ction

? (S

elec

t onl

y on

e)

1.G

over

nmen

t2.

NG

Os

3. P

rivat

e se

ctor

4. C

omm

unity

5. In

divi

dual

s

3.0

Deve

lopm

ent P

rioriti

es: M

y W

orld

. P

leas

e se

lect

six

(6)

1. P

oliti

cal F

reed

oms

10. R

elia

ble

ener

gy a

t hom

e

2. P

rote

cting

fore

sts,

rive

rs a

nd o

cean

s11

. Fre

edom

from

disc

rimin

ation

and

per

secu

tion

3. A

fford

able

and

nut

ritiou

s fo

od12

. Bett

er tr

ansp

ort a

nd ro

ads

4. A

n ho

nest

and

resp

onsiv

e

gove

rnm

ent

13. P

rote

ction

aga

inst

crim

e an

d vi

olen

ce

5. A

cces

s to

cle

an w

ater

and

san

itatio

n14

. Sup

port

for p

eopl

e w

ho c

an’t

wor

k

6. P

hone

and

inte

rnet

acc

ess

15. A

goo

d ed

ucati

on

7. E

qual

ity b

etw

een

men

and

wom

en16

. Bett

er jo

b op

port

uniti

es

8. B

etter

hea

lthca

re17

. Sug

gest

ano

ther

prio

rity

(opti

onal

)

9. A

ction

take

n on

clim

ate

chan

ge

Citizen’s perspectives for a better world: What Ghanaians prioritise as their development needs, problems, and solutions.

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