CITIZEN & EMBEDDED JOURNALISM

JOURNALISM

•The activity or profession of writing for newspapers or magazines or of broadcasting news on radio or television

TYPES OF JOURNALISM• Photo journalism • Community journalism• online journalism • Broadcast journalism • Embedded journalism • Citizen journalism

CIVIC JOURNALISM DEFINITIONS;• From “Techopedia”:

Citizen journalism refers to the reporting of news events by members of the public using the Internet to spread the information.

• From “Educause Learning Initiative (2007):

A wide range of activities in which everyday people contribute information or commentary about news events.

SOME OTHER NAMES;

• Collaborative citizen journalism • Personal publishing• Grassroots media• Networked journalism• Open source journalism• Citizen media• Participatory journalism

• Hyperlocal journalism• Distributed journalism• Stand-alone journalism• Bottom-up journalism• Nonmedia journalism• Indymedia• Guerrilla journalism

CIVIC JOURNALISM & SOCIAL MEDIA• Rise in Civic Journalism with the growth of new communication and

information tools.

EXAMPLES;

“2009 in Iran”

2009 Iranian uprising broadcasted through Twitter, updates through users, such as Change_For_Iran.

“Hudson River plane landing”

New York on January 15, 2009Twitter users witnessed a landing of a plane in Hudson river and they started reporting it for help.

“Salam Pax (Blogger)”

An Iraqi blogger who chronicled events of the Iraqi war on his blog through 2002-2004

Also was named as the most famous blogger in the world.

• Originally Civic Journalism was confined to a few non-professional reporting sites, such as NowPublic, and Cyber Journalists.

• Now use of blogs, wikis, digital storytelling application, photo-video sharing sites, and other means are playing as vehicle for civic journalism.

• Media Outlets also have cooperated with Civic Journalism.

Examples;

I. CNN’s I ReportII. BBC’s user generated content

hubIII. Reuters’ partnership with

blogging sites.

EMBEDDED JOURNALISM

• Embedded journalism refers to news reporters being attached to military units involved in armed conflicts.

IN PAKISTAN

• DG-ISPR

• Gen Kayani(critical situation of Pak-Army)

• Gen Raheel Shareef (Better image of Pakistan army,lobbying,shows based on army point of view)

MAJOR OPERATIONS• Swat valley operation -2009• Operation black Thunderstorm• Operation Rah e Rast - 2009• Operation Rah e Nijaat - 2009• Operation Zarb e Azb - 2014• Operation Khyber 1& Khyber 2 – 2014(lobbying of army, journalist embed etc.)

HOW JOURNALIST DIED BY EMBEDDED JOURNALISM

• IED’s (improvised explosive devices)

• Kidnapping

• Shoot out

PROMINENT EMBEDDED JOURNALIST

• Wajahat Saeed khan

• Arshad Khan

• Ghareeda Faruki

• Imran khan junior

INTERNATIONAL• Embedded journalism• Journalist contracts with military units.

CHANNELS• BBC• CNN• Al Jazeera• Russia today• Arab news

EXAMPLESPAST• Iraq Invasion • Afghanistan issue

PRESENT• Syria• Yemen

MILITARY CONTROL OVER EMBEDDED JOURNALISTS

• The first journalist to run afoul of U.S. military rules in Iraq was freelancer Philip Smucker,

• Fox News Channel correspondent Geraldo Rivera

•  U.S. Coalition Forces Land Component Command in Kuwait pulled the credentials of two embedded journalists on a two-week assignment for the Virginian-Pilot newspaper in Norfolk, Virginia,

“Criticism”• The ethics of embedded journalism are

considered controversial. Military Control more than expectation.

• Gina Cavallaro, a reporter for the Army Times, said, "They’re [the journalists] relying more on the military to get them where they want to go, and as a result, the military is getting smarter about getting its own story told." But, she added, "I don't necessarily consider that a bad thing."

“Dangers”• During both Iraq and Afghan Wars.

• Improvised Explosive Devices (IED)

• World News Tonight anchor and camera man incident on Jan 26,2006.

THANKYOU!!