Citing, Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism Louise Livesey Academic Skills Adviser This workshop...

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Citing, Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism Louise Livesey Academic Skills Adviser This workshop will Explain what plagiarism is and how it can be avoided Demonstrate how citation takes place within a written assignment and give tips on where to place citations. Cover the basics of numeric and author-date (Harvard) referencing systems

Transcript of Citing, Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism Louise Livesey Academic Skills Adviser This workshop...

Citing, Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism

Louise Livesey

Academic Skills Adviser

This workshop will

− Explain what plagiarism is and how it can be avoided  − Demonstrate how citation takes place within a written

assignment and give tips on where to place citations. − Cover the basics of numeric and author-date (Harvard)

referencing systems

1. What plagiarism is

2. How to avoid plagiarism

3. What a citation is

4. Tips on where to place a citation

5. When to use citations

6. The numeric referencing system

7. The Harvard referencing system

Today’s Plan

Reference to show been thorough and to

avoid plagiarism

• Pass off others’ work as yours• No acknowledgement of sources:

− Citations− Reference list

1.What plagiarism is

What plagiarism looks like

Many international students fear analysing and critiquing academic arguments, despite wanting to be successful.

Excerpt adapted from Neville (2009)

1.What plagiarism is

‘Safe’ text

The prospect of deconstructing and commenting on academic arguments in an essay, rather than simply acknowledging and restating them, is a genuinely fearful one [for many international students], despite the obvious desire of these students to want to get things ‘right’ and go home with the qualification they came here to get (Johnson, 2007).

1.What plagiarism is

1.What plagiarism is

TALKING POINT

1 & 2: Together, we will decide if these describe plagiarism or not

Activity 1: Plagiarism or not?

3-6: In pairs, you decide if they describe plagiarism or not

Strategies:• Interpret the assignment question or task • Give yourself time to organise and structure your • Write all your notes in your own words: so you do not

confuse them with quotes• Write down exactly where you read the information you

put in your notes• In your assignment, cite the sources of ideas and

information even if you are not giving a quotation• Make it clear when you are using a direct quotation • Write out a full list of references at the end of your written

work

2.How to avoid plagiarism

Tips:

Put your pen or keyboard out of reach Read a passage without taking any notes Stop reading and cover up the page If possible, sum up what you have read out loud

to hear your own words in your own voice Once you can say what the passage is about,

note it down in your own words Write a quotation down in a different colour –

this will help you find it easily and show you how much you copy!

2.How to avoid plagiarism

• Placed within the text• Signal to reader• In brackets:

− Author/s or editor/s name− Publication date− Page number (if direct quote)

• Or as an added number

3.What a citation is

ParaphrasingNonetheless, the film was deliberately inaccurate about José Marti, who, contrary to the image depicted in American films, spent much of his life in poverty (Colon, 1983: 81-82).

OR

Nonetheless, the film was deliberately inaccurate about José Marti, who, contrary to the image depicted in American films, spent much of his life in poverty (Colon, 1983, p. 81-82).

Quoting:Nonetheless, the film was deliberately inaccurate about the life of José Marti. Colon (1983: 81-82) explains that ‘José Marti never had a mansion or a hut of his own. Needless to say, he never had slaves.’

OR

Nonetheless, the film was deliberately inaccurate about the life of José Marti. Colon (1983, p. 81-82) explains that ‘José Marti never had a mansion or a hut of his own. Needless to say, he never had slaves.’

4.Tips on where to place a citation

It has been suggested that we can believe ourselves to be incapable of a task that is well within our capacities. This can occur simply because we do not recognise the similarity of two tasks when the circumstances appear different. This view is supported by research. It has been demonstrated that students who spend more time early on actively looking for similarities between writing tasks and areas of existing expertise are then more successful at the writing task. This suggests that academic success may be more a question of good strategy and of building upon experience rather than underlying intelligence.

4.Tips on where to place a citation

TALKING POINT

Butterworth (1992) has suggested that we can believe ourselves to be incapable of a task that is well within our capacities. This can occur simply because we do not recognise the similarity of two tasks when the circumstances appear different. This view is supported by research. It has been demonstrated that students who spend more time early on actively looking for similarities between writing tasks and areas of existing expertise are then more successful at the writing task (Bloggs, 2014). This suggests that academic success may be more a question of good strategy and of building upon experience rather than underlying intelligence.

4.Tips on where to place a citation

TALKING POINT

A. References are listed alphabetically by author at the end of your written work. A reference provides all the information a reader would need to find the text you have used. For hard copies of books this is: author, date of publication, name of the text, location of the publisher and publisher name. Additional information is provided for other types of text, such as article name, journal issue and number; web page name, web address and date of access for on-line information; etc. X (Cottrell: 2013).

4.Tips on where to place a citation

B. Various psychologists have used experiments on identical twins to suggest that anything up to 80% of our intelligence could be genetically based X (Thompson: 2001, Perking: 1995). Others argue that twins’ similar physical appearance and cultural upbringing could account for similarities in their performance X (Gardner: 1993). Whilst people who do well on one intelligence test do well on other such tests, there is evidence that such performance is also affected by familiarity with the culture and thinking of those who designed the text X (Mckintosh and Mascie-Taylor: 1985).

4.Tips on where to place a citation

C. Research shows that students who do best at problem-solving spend longer than other students at working out exactly what problem is before they try to solve it. Weaker students look at the surface of the problem and do not see the underlying structure that makes it similar to problems they already know X ( Keane, Kahney and Brayshaw: 1989).

4.Tips on where to place a citation

5.When to use citations

You must use a citation when…

 

Using quotations, statistics (or other data), and visuals that are the result of work by another person

Using information from websites. [If no named writer, author or editor is shown, you should cite and reference the name of the website, e.g. (ED Bites 2007)]

Paraphrasing which may be just your own words or include quotation/s but is drawn from or inspired by ideas or information attributable to a source.

You do not have to use a citation if….

Summarising in your own words within a conclusion provided you have already referenced appropriately in the main body of your written work

Using ‘common knowledge’. General public awareness of undisputed facts can also be treated as common knowledge. However, the sources for any contested or contentious discussion of the same events would need to cited and referenced.

• Each source in the text has a number following it (start at 1) in brackets, e.g.

Baker (1) has suggested that government intervention hinders the economy limits productivity. However, an alternative view has been advanced by Jones (2). Or

Baker 1 has suggested that government intervention hinders the economy limits productivity. However, an alternative view has been advanced by Jones 2.

• Can add page number/s, e.g.Baker’s argument (1: 25) that government intervention hinders economic growth is addressed in detail by Andrews (2: 45-65).

6.The numericreferencing system

Reference list: in numerical order how they appear in the text, e.g.

1.Baker, S. (2011) Best-laid intentions. London: Livesey Press.

2.Andrews, M. (2012) Saviour or Destroyer? Manchester: Reed Publications.

6.The numericreferencing system

• Each source in the text has the author/s’ last name in brackets and year of publication, e.g.

In a recent study (Smith, 1996) the solution was shown to be…’

OR

In a recent study Smith (1996) argued that…

• Can add page number/s, e.g.A recent study (Smith 1996, p.51) found that 10% of people had experienced…

OR

A recent study by Smith (1996, p.51) found that ‘45% of people disliked…’

6.The Harvardreferencing system

Reference list: in alphabetic order by author/s’ last name e.g.

Andrews, M. (2012) Saviour or Destroyer? Manchester: Reed Publications.

Baker, S. (2011) Best-laid intentions. London: Livesey Press.

6.The Harvardreferencing system

Look at my reference list

Activity 3: Harvard referencing system listAnderson, 2003

Astin, 2002

Bandura, 1977

Brown, 2001

Bruner, 1996

Johnson, 1981

Kata, 2009

Holmberg, 1989

Hou & Wu, 2011

Hrastinski, 2008

Lave & Wenger, 2005

Meyer, 2004

Tinto, 2010

Vygotsky, 1978

TALKING POINT

6.The Harvardreferencing system

References

Cottrell, S. (2013) The Study Skills Handbook. 4th ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.

Evans, M. and Moore, J. (2013) Peer tutoring with the aid of the Internet. British Journal of Educational Technology. Vol. 44:1. pp. 144–155. [online] Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2011.01280.x/full [Accessed 12.9.2014] Greetham, B. (2013) How to Write Better Essays. 3rd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.

Johnson, T. (2007) How do international students engage with learning about study skills in British higher education? Paper delivered at the Adult Learning Devleopment in Higher Education Symposium, Bournemouth.

References

Hunt, J. (2008) Civilisation and its Disconnects. Aslib Journal of Information Management. Vol. 60: 5. pp. 417-443 [online] Available at: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1108/00012530810908175 [Accessed 18.9.2014]

McDevitt., T.M. and Ormrod, J.E. (2010) Effects of Heredity and Environment on Intelligence. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. [online] Available at: http://www.education.com/reference/article/effects-heredity-environment-intelligence/ [Accessed 12.9.2014] Motluck, A. (2001) IQ is inherited, suggests twin study. New Scientist [online]. Available at: http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1520-iq-is-inherited-suggests-twin-study.html#.VBL0v5RdV8F [Accessed 12.9.2014]. Neville, C. (2009) How to Improve your Assignment Results. Maidenhead: OUP

Academic Skills Advice Service

• Where are we? Chesham Building B0.23• What do we do? Support undergraduate students with

their academic skills by running clinics and workshops, having bookable appointment slots, and enabling students to drop-in for Instant Advice.

• Who are we? Michael and Helen specialise in Maths Support; Lucy and Russell advise students on study skills; and I (Louise) deliver the workshops

• When can you come for help? Everyday both face to face and on-line

• How do I get in touch? Email: [email protected] or website www.brad.ac.uk/academic-skills

Any questions?