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Cities provided opportunities
•Machine-made jobs•high wages
•ended monotony of the farm.
Cities provided opportunities
•Machine-made jobs•high wages
•ended monotony of the farm.
Cities
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Job opportunities for Women• School teaching
• Domestic service • Women doctors
• Lawyers, typists, telephone girls, librarians, journalists and social workers. • Women gainfully employed rose from 2.5
million in 1880 to 8 million in 1910.
Job opportunities for Women• School teaching
• Domestic service • Women doctors
• Lawyers, typists, telephone girls, librarians, journalists and social workers. • Women gainfully employed rose from 2.5
million in 1880 to 8 million in 1910.
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Cities were attractive •with telephones
•bright lights and electricity. •Central heating
•public water systems• indoor plumbing•sewage disposal
•asphalt pavements and transportation.
Cities were attractive •with telephones
•bright lights and electricity. •Central heating
•public water systems• indoor plumbing•sewage disposal
•asphalt pavements and transportation.
Cities
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Cities had many faces•Slums
•Criminals•Beggars•Pollution
•bad smells •grafters
(corrupt politicians)
Cities had many faces•Slums
•Criminals•Beggars•Pollution
•bad smells •grafters
(corrupt politicians) Cities
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•Cities offered beautiful parks, museums, libraries, churches,
hospitals and schools.
•Became the intellectual nerve center of the country.
•Cities offered beautiful parks, museums, libraries, churches,
hospitals and schools.
•Became the intellectual nerve center of the country.
Cities
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•Kept detailed files on people who received their help
•Decided who was worthy of help•Wanted immigrants to adopt American, middle-class standards.
•Sought to apply the gospel teachings of Christ: charity and justice to society’s problems.
•Moved into poor communities•Their settlement houses served as community centers and social service agencies.
•Hull House, founded by Jane Addams a model settlement house in Chicago, offered cultural events, classes, childcare, employment assistance, and health-care clinics.
The Charity Organization
Movement
The Social Gospel Movement
The Settlement Movement
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The Settlement House Movement• Social welfare reformers work to relieve urban poverty• Social Gospel movement—preaches salvation
through service to poor• Settlement houses—community centers in slums,
help immigrants• Run by college-educated women, they:
- provide educational, cultural, social services- send visiting nurses to the sick- help with personal, job, financial problems
• Jane Addams founds Hull House with Ellen Gates Starr in 1889
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Child LaborChild Labor
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Child LaborChild Labor
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“Galley Labor”“Galley Labor”
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The Corporate “Bully-Boys”:
PinkertonAgents
The Corporate “Bully-Boys”:
PinkertonAgents
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Management vs. Labor
Management vs. Labor
“Tools” of Management
“Tools” of Labor
“scabs”
P. R. campaign
Pinkertons
lockout
blacklisting
yellow-dog contracts
court injunctions
open shop
boycotts
sympathy demonstrations
informational picketing
closed shops
organized strikes
“wildcat” strikes
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A Striker Confronts a SCAB!
A Striker Confronts a SCAB!
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The Tournament of Today:
A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly
The Tournament of Today:
A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly
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Anarchists Meet on the Lake Front in
1886
Anarchists Meet on the Lake Front in
1886
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Haymarket Riot (1886)
Haymarket Riot (1886)
McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.
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Haymarket MartyrsHaymarket Martyrs
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Governor John Peter Altgeld
Governor John Peter Altgeld
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The American Federation
of Labor: 1886
The American Federation
of Labor: 1886
Samuel Gompers
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How the AF of L Would Help the
Workers
How the AF of L Would Help the
Workersù Catered to the skilled worker.
ù Represented workers in matters of national legislation.
ù Maintained a national strike fund.
ù Evangelized the cause of unionism.
ù Prevented disputes among the many craft unions.
ù Mediated disputes between management and labor.
ù Pushed for closed shops.
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President Grover Cleveland
President Grover Cleveland
If it takes the entire army and navy to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card
will be delivered!
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The Pullman Strike of 1894
The Pullman Strike of 1894
Government by injunction!
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The SocialistsThe Socialists
Eugene V. Debs
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International Workers of the World (“Wobblies”)
International Workers of the World (“Wobblies”)
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“Big Bill” Haywood of the
IWW
“Big Bill” Haywood of the
IWW
Violence was justified to overthrow capitalism.
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I W W & the InternationaleI W W & the
Internationale
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The Hand That Will Rule the World One
Big Union
The Hand That Will Rule the World One
Big Union
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Under imperialism, stronger nations attempt to create
empires by dominating weaker nations.
The late 1800s marked the peak of European imperialism, with much of Africa and Asia under
foreign domination.A policy of extending your rule
over foreign countries A major departure of the US
policy of “isolation” to involvement in world affairs.
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EconomicThe growth of industry increased the need for natural resources.
CommerceNew markets and expansion of trade into Asia & Latin America.
Nationalistic European nations competed for large empires was the result of a rise in nationalism
What are the factors involved in a country becoming imperialists?
MilitaryEurope had better armies than Africa and Asia, and it needed bases around the world to refuel and supply navy ships.
HumanitarianDesire/duty to spread western civilizations to other countries.
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Trade into Asia & Latin America Keep up with Europe
Annex strategic islands in the S. Pacific and Caribbean Sea.Trade center of the world
Build a canal International policeman
Large naval presence
The New Manifest Destiny
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American Foreign Trade:
1870-1914
American Foreign Trade:
1870-1914
Commercial/Business Interests
Commercial/Business Interests
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2. Military/Strategic Interests
2. Military/Strategic Interests
Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783
Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783
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• Originally meant that the United States declared itself neutral in European wars and warned other nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere.
• Later, the doctrine was interpreted to mean a more active role to protect the interests of the United States.
The Monroe Doctrine
Expanding U.S. Interests
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Imperialists• Theodore Roosevelt• William Mckinley• William Randolph
Hearst• Joseph Pulitzer
Anti-Imperialist League
• Mark Twain• Andrew Carnegie• Susan B. Anthony
FOR EXPANSION■Keep up with European
nations■Desire for prestige■Theory of racial
superiority■Provide market for
surplus goods and investments
AGAINST EXPANSION
■America’s vastness provided enough of an outlet for the country’s
energies■America should not rule
over other peoples
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Cartoon-European grab
bag
European nations colonizing--US needed to do the same or become an insignificant county……
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Cartoon-European grab
bag
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Cartoon-European grab
bag
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Cartoon-US Expansion1US goal was always expansion
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documents expan1
Isolationism
Expansionism
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documents expan2
Expansion
Expansion and a large naval fleet to protect interests
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documents expan3
Expansion and spreading our culture
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documents expan3
Source: Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis…
American Home Missionary Society, 1885….
It seems to me that God, with infinite wisdom and skill, is training the Anglo-Saxon race for an hour sure to come in the world’s future….The unoccupied
arable lands of the earth are limited, and will soon be taken. Then will the world enter upon a new stage of its history----the final competition of races, for which
the Angle-Saxon is being schooled….
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documents expan3
Source: Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis…
American Home Missionary Society, 1885….
Then this race of unequalled energy, with all the majesty of numbers and the might of wealth behind it----the representative,
let us hope, of the largest liberty the purest Christianity, the highest
civilization…will spread itself over the earth…. If I read not amiss, this
powerful race will move down
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documents expan3
Source: Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis…
American Home Missionary Society, 1885….
upon Mexico, down Central and South America, out upon the islands of the sea, over upon Africa and beyond. And can
any one doubt that the result of this competition of races will be the “survival
of the fittest”?
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Social Darwinist ThinkingSocial Darwinist Thinking
The White Man’sBurden: to civilize the world
The Hierarchyof Race
The Hierarchyof Race
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Rudyard Kipling The White Man's Burden" in 1899
• appealed to the United States to of develop the Philippines
• poet of British imperialism• Take up the White Man's burden--
Send forth the best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives' need;To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild--Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.
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Religious/Missionary Interests
Religious/Missionary Interests
American Missionaries
in China, 1905
American Missionaries
in China, 1905
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Source: Platform of the American Anti-Imperialist League, 1899
“Much as we abhor the war of “criminal aggression” in the
Philippines, greatly we regret that the blood of the Filipinos is on
America hands, we more deeply resent the betrayal of American
institutions at home……
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Whether the ruthless slaughter of the Filipinos shall end next month or next year is but an incident in a contest that must go on until the Declaration of Independence and
the Constitution of the US are rescued from the hands of their
betrayers.
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documents expan1
Those who dispute about standards of value while the foundation of the Republic is
undermined will be listened to as little as those who would wrangle about the small economies of the household while the house is on
fire.
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The training of a great people for a century, the aspiration for
liberty of a vast immigration are forces that will hurl aside those who is the delirium of conquest seek to destroy the character of
our institutions.”
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• In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia.
Seward’s Folly
• Seward bought the uninhabited Midway Islands for use as repairing and refueling stations for navy vessels in the Pacific.
Midway Islands
• The United States signed a treaty with Hawaii and took a more active role in protecting Latin America.
• US policy would expand into the Philippines and negotiate trade treaties.
Latin America, Hawaii and Asia
Expanding U.S. Interests
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“Seward’s Folly”: 1867“Seward’s Folly”: 1867
$7.2 million$7.2 million
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Seward’s Icebox: 1867Seward’s Icebox: 1867
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Island Possessions
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Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii for the Hawaiians!
Hawaii for the Hawaiians!
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U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii
U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii
1875 – Reciprocity Treaty
1890 – McKinley Tariff
1893 – American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani.
Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.
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To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898
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The Spanish-American War• Spanish brutality towards Cubans
• The Butcher---Valeriano Weyler• Yellow Press/Journalism----Sensational• Spanish Ambassador de Lôme insulted
President McKinley.• The USS Maine exploded, and the American
public blamed Spain.• Congress recognized Cuban independence
and authorized force against Spain.• Teller Amendment: US was fighting this
war to help Cuba gains its independence and would not seek any land gains from Cuba.
• War is declared April 17, 1898
Steps to War
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Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy
Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy
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“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism
“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism
Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer
William Randolph Hearst
William Randolph Hearst
Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!
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De Lôme LetterDe Lôme Letter
Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishAmbassador to the U.S.
Criticized PresidentMcKinley as weak and abidder for the admirationof the crowd, besidesbeing a would-be politicianwho tries to leave a dooropen behind himself whilekeeping on good termswith the jingoes of hisparty.
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Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt
Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration.
Imperialist and American nationalist.
Criticized PresidentMcKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair!
Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.
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Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst
• Both imperialists and wanted war with Spain.
• Their “Yellow Press” propaganda led Americans to support war with Spain.
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• Spain controlled Cuba since 1500’s.
• Cuban people were fighting a revolution
against Spanish brutality
• Cubans wanted their independence from
Spain• 90 miles from U.S.• Protect our trade
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yellow journalism
How long are the Spaniards to drench Cuba with the blood and tears of her people?
How long is the peasantry of Spain to be drafted away to Cuba to die miserably in a hopeless
war, that Spanish nobles and Spanish officers may get medals and honors?
How long shall old Cuban men and women and children be murdered by the score, the innocent
victims of Spanish rage against the patriot armies they cannot conquer?
How long shall the sound of rifles in Castle Morro at sunrise proclaim that bound and
helpless prisoners of war have been murdered in cold blood?
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yellow journalism
How long shall Cuban women be the victims of Spanish outrages and lie sobbing and bruised in
loathsome prisons?How long shall women passengers on vessels
flying the American flag be unlawfully seized, stripped and searched by brutal, jeering Spanish officers, in violation of the laws of nations and of
the honor of the U.S.?How long shall American citizens, arbitrarily
arrested while on peaceful and legitimate errands, be immured in foul Spanish prisons
without trial?How long shall the U.S. sit idle and indifferent within sound and hearing or rapine and murder?
•HOW LONG?
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USS Maine
• American citizens threatened by revolution in
Cuba.• Pres. McKinley sent USS Maine to rescue US citizens.
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USS Maine
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• USS Maine---260 US sailors killed
• Spain accused of blowing up the
Maine…..
• Polarized Americans to support the war
against Spain.
• Hearst was heard to say, “Supply me
with pictures and I’ll give you a war”.
Yellow Press
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Yellow Press• Joseph Pulitzer
and William Randolph Hearst
were popular newspaper editors
trying to sell newspapers.
• Expansionist’s war with Spain.
• Hearst was heard to say, “Supply me with pictures and
I’ll give you a war”.
Yellow Press
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The Spanish-American War
The Spanish-American War
• May 1, 1898: The United States launched a surprise attack in Manila Bay and destroyed Spain’s entire Pacific fleet in seven hours.
• July 1: Roosevelt led the Rough Riders up San Juan Hill.
• July 3: The United States Navy sank the remaining Spanish ships.
“A Splendid
Little War”
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SP War in Pacific
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SP War in Pacific
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Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!
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SP War in Caribbean
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Rough Riders
• Captured San Juan Hill which led to the end of the war once Santiago was surrendered by the Spanish.
• Became a hero of the Spanish American War.
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The “Rough Riders”
The “Rough Riders”
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Rough Riders
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The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War
• With Spain’s defeat their government recognized Cuba’s independence.
• Spain gave up the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico to the US in return for $20 million.
• The island nations then became unincorporated territories of the United States.
• President McKinley installed a military government to protect American business interests.
The Treaty
of Paris, 1898
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The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War
Puerto Rico and
Cuba
• Puerto Rico strategic post in Caribbean, for protection of future canal
• 1900, Foraker Act sets up civil government
- president appoints governor, upper house• 1917, Puerto Ricans made U.S. citizens; elect both
houses• President McKinley installed a military government to
protect American business interests.• Cuba drafted a constitution in 1900 that did not allow
for U.S. involvement.• The U.S. government only agreed to remove its
troops if Cuba included the Platt Amendment.• The Platt Amendment remained in place until 1934. It
allowed for U.S. naval bases on the island and intervention whenever necessary.
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Cartoon-Sp & US War
• Spanish and American War was referred to as a “Splendid Little War”
• Cost of war in terms of loss of life and money was minimal
• US became a world power as a result of this war.
• Gained the following areas:• Philippines• Guam• Puerto Rico