Citations and References

Components of a Reference

• Author’s or authors’ name(s)• Year of publication• Article or Chapter Title• Journal or Book Title• Volume Number• Issue Number• Location of Publication

– City, State or City, Country outside of US– DOI or web address or database name

• Publisher Information

Journal Article

• Author, A. A.• (YEAR).• Title of the journal article.• Title of The Journal, xx(#), pp-pp.• doi: xxx.xxxxx.xx/xxxor• URL of journal home page

http://www.journal.edu/ref/filenameor• Retrieved from Name of database

An Entire Book

• Author, A. A.

• (YEAR).

• Title of the book.

• City, State or Country (outside of US): Publisher.

A Chapter in a Book

• Author, A. A.

• (YEAR).

• Title of the chapter.

• In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.),

• Title of the book (pp. xx-xx).

• City, State: Publisher.

Technical or Research Report

• Author, A. A.

• (YEAR).

• Title of report (Report No. XXXX).

• City, State: Publisher

or

• Retrieved from Agency Site: http://agency.gov/location/filename

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Components of a Citation

• Author(s):– Last name(s) only for citations

• Year of publication:

• Page number, if you are using a direct quote

• If the document is not paged, give paragraph number

One Author

• First use:– Smith (1999) found that youth...– ...more like to engage in substance use (Smith,

1999).

• Second and subsequent use:– Smith also found that......– However, Smith also found...– ...are at greater risk (Smith, 1999).

• First in a new paragraph:– Smith (1999)...

Two Authors

• First use:– Nation and Heflinger (2006) define – ...exposed to risk factors (Nation & Hiflinger, 2006).

• Subsequent use:– Nation and Heflinger explain....– ...risk factors are compounded (Nation & Heflinger,

2006)

• First use in a new paragraph:– Nation and Heflinger (2006)

Three, Four, and Five Authors

• First use:– De Kemp, Scholte, Overbeek, and Engels (2006) ...– ...related to increased delinquency (De Kemp,

Scholte, Overbeek, & Engels, 2006)• Second use:

– De Kemp et al. (2006)...– ...association with deviant peers (De Kemp et al.,

2006)• Subsequent use:

– De Kemp et al. found that....– ...in youth (De Kemp et al., 2006).

• First use in a new paragraph:– De Kemp et al. (2006)...

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Six or More Authors

• First use:– Jones et al. (2003) examined....– ...are more likely to see a difference (Jones et

al., 2003)

• Subsequent use:– Jones et al. found– ...greater understanding (Jones et al., 2006)

• First use in a new paragraph:– Jones et al. (2003)

Different Sources That Could Be Confused When Shortened

• Jones, Jackson, Martin, Howard, and Simms (1999) Jones et al. (1999)

• Jones, Madison, Howard, and Brown (1999) Jones et al. (1999)

• Jones, Jackson, et al. (1999)

• Jones, Madison, et al. (1999)

More Than One Source

• ... interactions between youth and their parents (De Kemp, Scholte, Overbeck, & Engles, 2006; Mount & Steinberg, 1995; Walker-Barnes & Mason, 2001; Walker-Barnes & Mason, 2004).

• The order of authors in parenthetical citations is alphabetical (identical to the reference page).

Secondary Sources

• Did you actually read the original reference?

• Smith (1978) originally found that...is more likely (as cited in James & Andrews, 2001)

Quotations

• When quoting from a source, “if the quotation comprises fewer than 40, incorporate it into text and enclose with double quotation marks” (APA, 2009, p. 170).

• Quotes in the middle of a sentence have (p. #) directly after the quote

Quotations

• Quotes with 40 or more words appear as an indented block.

• The citation information follows the punctuation of the quote.

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