Citation Styles Comparing MLA Chicago and APA

ThePurdueOWL:CitationChart

1

Category MLA APA CMS

GeneralApproach TheModernLanguageAssociation

(MLA)providesamethodforsource

documentationthatisusedinmost

humanitiescourses.Thehumanities

placeemphasisonauthorship,somost

MLAcitationinvolvesrecordingthe

authorsnameinthephysicaltext.The

authorsnameisalsothefirsttoappear

intheWorksCitedpageattheendof

anessay.ThemostrecentMLA

formattingcanbefoundintheseventh

editionoftheMLAmanual.

TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation

(APA)providesamethodforsource

documentationthatisusedismost

socialsciencecourses.Thesocial

sciencesplaceemphasisonthedatea

workwascreated,somostAPAcitation

involvesrecordingthedateofa

particularworkinthephysicaltext.The

dateisusuallyplacedimmediatelyafter

theauthorsnameintheReferences

pageattheendofanessay.Themost

recentAPAformattingcanbefoundin

thesixtheditionoftheAPAmanual.

TheChicagoManualofStyle(CMS)providesa

methodforsourcedocumentationthatisused

inmosthistorycourses.Historyplacesmuch

emphasisonsourceorigins,sofootnotesand

endnotesareusedtodemonstrateonpage

whereaparticularpieceofinformationwas

derivedfrom.InCMS,anumberisassignedto

aparticularfactinthetext,andafootnoteor

endnotewillappearatthebottomofthepage

linkingthesourcetothetext.Themostrecent

CMSformattingcanbefoundinthesixteenth

editionoftheCMSmanual.

CitingBooks BookcitationsinMLAgenerallyrequire

theauthorname,worktitle,

publicationcity,publisher,year

published,andanindicationofthe

publicationmedium,suchasprint.

BookcitationsinAPAgenerallyrequire

authorname,publicationyear,work

title,publicationcity,andpublisher.

BookcitationsinCMSstylegenerallyrequire

theauthorname,worktitle,publicationcity,

publisher,andpublicationyear.

Generalbook

format

Pollan,Michael.TheOmnivores

Dilemma.NewYork:Penguin

Group,2006.Print.

Pollan,M.(2006).Theomnivores

dilemma.NewYork,NY:Penguin

Group.

Pollan,Michael.TheOmnivoresDilemma.

NewYork:PenguinGroup,2006.

Singleauthor Pollan,Michael. Pollan,M.(2006). Pollan,Michael.

Twoorthree

authors

Bell,JamesK.,andAdrianA.Cohn. Bell,C.,&CohnA.(1968).

Bell,JamesK.andAdrianA.Cohn.

Morethan

threeauthors

Kernis,Michael.etal. Kernis,M.H.,Cornell,D.P.,Sun,C.R.,

Berry,A.,Harlow,T.,&Bach,J.S.

(1993).

Kernis,MichaelandOthers,

Morethan

sevenauthors

Kernis,Michael.etal. Kernis,M.H.,Cornell,D.P.,Sun,C.R.,

Berry,A.,Harlow,T.,&Bach,J.

SLastAuthorsName(1993).

Kernis,MichaelandOthers,

Corporate/ AmericanPsychiatricAssociation. AmericanPsychiatricAssociation. AmericanPsychiatricAssociation.


2

Organization

author

(2005).

Unknown

author

OxfordEssentialWorldAtlas. Oxfordessentialworldatlas.(2001). OxfordEssentialWorldAtlas.

Twoormore

worksbythe

sameauthor

Nochangetonameformat,change

notedbytitle.

Slechty,P.C.(1997).

Slechty,P.C.(2001).

Nochangetonameformat.

Twoormore

worksbythe

sameauthor

inthesame

year.

Nochangetonameformat,change

notedbytitle.

Slechty,P.C.(1997a).

Slechty,P.C.(1997b).

Nochangetonameformat.

Authorwith

aneditor

Poston,Ted.ADraftofHistory.Ed.

KathleenA.Hauke.

Poston,T.(2000).Adraftofhistory

K.A.Hauke,(Ed.).

Poston,Ted.ADraftofHistory.Editedby

KathleenA.Hauke.

Authorwitha

translator

Laplace,P.S.APhilosophicalEssayon

Probabilities.Trans.F.W.Truscott

andF.L.Emory.

Laplace,P.S.(1951).Aphilosophical

essayonprobabilities.(F.W.

Truscott&F.L.Emory,Trans.).

P.S.Laplace.APhilosophicalEssayon

Probabilities.TranslatedbyF.W.Truscott

andF.L.Emory.

Editorwithno

author

ConsequencesofGrowingUpPoor.

Eds.G.J.DuncanandJ.Brooks

Gunn.

Duncan,G.J.,&BrooksGunn,J.(Eds.).

(1997).Consequencesofgrowing

uppoor.

Duncan,G.J.andJ.BrooksGunn,eds.

Workinan

anthology

Harris,Muriel."TalktoMe:Engaging

ReluctantWriters."ATutor's

Guide:HelpingWritersOneto

One.Ed.BenRafoth.Portsmouth,

NH:Heinemann,2000.2434.

Print.

Harris,Muriel.(2000).Talktome:

Engagingreluctantwriters.InBen

Rafoth(Ed.),Atutorsguide:

Helpingwritersonetoone(pp.24

34).Portsmouth,NH:Heinemann.

Harris,Muriel."TalktoMe:Engaging

ReluctantWriters."InATutor'sGuide:

HelpingWritersOnetoOne,editedby

BenRafoth,2434.Portsmouth,NH:

Heinemann,2000.

Editionother

thanfirst

Helfer,M.S.,R.S.Keme,andR.D.

Drugman.TheBatteredChild.5th

ed.

Helfer,M.S.,Keme,R.S.,&Drugman,

R.D.(1997).Thebatteredchild(5th

ed.).

Helfer,M.S.,R.S.Keme,andR.D.Drugman.

TheBatteredChild.5thed.

Multivolume

work

DictionaryoftheHistoryofIdeas.Ed.

P.Wiener.4Vols.

Wiener,P.(Ed.).(1973).Dictionaryof

thehistoryofideas(Vols.14).

Weiner,P.,ed.DictionaryoftheHistoryof

Ideas.4vols.


3

Encyclopedia/

Dictionary

Posner,Rebecca.Romance

Languages.TheEncyclopedia

Britannica:Macropedia.15thed.

1987.Print.

Posner,R.(1987).RomanceLanguages.

InTheencyclopediaBritannica:

macropedia(15thed.).

Citedinendnotesonly.

1.TheEncyclopediaBritannica:Macropedia,

15thed.,s.v.RomanceLanguages.

Foreword,

introduction,

preface,or

afterword

Duncan,HughDalziel.Introduction.

PermanenceandChange:An

AnatomyofPurpose.

Duncan,H.D.Introduction.InK.Burke,

PermanenceandChange:An

AnatomyofPurpose(xiiixliv).

UnitedStates:TheBobbsMerrill

Company,Inc.

Duncan,HughDalziel.Introductionto

PermanenceandChange:AnAnatomyof

Purpose.

ArticlesinPeriodicals Althoughperiodicalsarecitedsimilarly

tomostbooksources,MLAsseventh

editionmakessomedistinctions

specifictoperiodicals.

InAPAperiodicalcitation,authorsare

namedbytheirlastnamefollowedby

initials;thepublicationyeargoes

betweenparentheses,andisfollowed

byaperiod.Thetitleofthearticleis

writteninsentencecase,inwhichonly

thefirstwordandpropernounsare

capitalized.Theperiodicaltitleiswritten

intitlecase,andisfollowedbythe

volumenumber,which,withthetitle,is

alsoitalicizedorunderlined.

CMSperiodicalcitationsincludeauthorname,

articletitle,publicationtitle,publicationdate,

andissueinformation.CMSalsorequires

citationofaURLifthejournalwasaccessed

online.

Magazine Poniewozik,James."TVMakesaToo

CloseCall."Time20Nov.2000:70

71.Print.

Poniewozik,J.(2000,November).TV

makesatooclosecall.Time,20,

7071.

Poniewozik,James."TVMakesaTooClose

Call."Time,November20,2000.

Journal

paginatedby

issue

Bagchi,Alaknanda."Conflicting

Nationalisms:TheVoiceofthe

SubalterninMahaswetaDevi's

BashaiTudu."TulsaStudiesin

Women'sLiterature15.1(1996):

4150.Print.

Bagchi,A.(1996).Conflicting

nationalisms:Thevoiceofthe

subalterninMahaswetaDevis

BashaiTudu.TulsaStudiesin

WomensLiterature(15.1)4150.

Bagchi,Alaknanda."ConflictingNationalisms:

TheVoiceoftheSubalterninMahasweta

Devi'sBashaiTudu."TulsaStudiesin

WomensLiterature15.1(1996):4150.

Daily

newspaper

Krugman,Andrew."FearofEating."

NewYorkTimes21May2007.A1.

Print.

Krugman,A.(2007,May21).Fearof

eating.NewYorkTimes,pp.A1.

Krugman,Andrew."FearofEating."NewYork

Times,May2007.

Editorialin

newspaper

"OfMinesandMen."Editorial.Wall

StreetJournaleast.ed.24Oct.

Ofminesandmen(2003,Oct24).

[Editorial]TheWallStreetJournal

Citedinnotesonly.

1.Editorial,WallStreetJournal,October24,


4

2003:A14.Print. east,p.A14. 2003.

Lettertothe

editor

Hamer,John.Letter.American

JournalismReviewDec.2006/Jan.

2007:7.Print.

Hamer,J.(2006/2007,

December/January).[Lettertothe

editor].AmericanJournalism

Review,7.

Citedinnotesonly.

1.JohnHamer,lettertotheeditor,

AmericanJournalismReview,December

2006/January2007.

Bookorfilm

review

Seitz,MattZoller."LifeintheSprawling

Suburbs,IfYouCanReallyCallIt

Living."Rev.ofRadiantCity,dir.

GaryBurnsandJimBrown.New

YorkTimes30May2007lateed.:

E1.Print.

Seitz,M.Z.(2007,May30).Lifeinthe

sprawlingsuburbs,ifyoucanreally

callitliving[Reviewofthefilm

RadiantCity,directedbyGary

BurnsandJimBrown].NewYork

Times,lateed.:E1.

Sietz,MattZoller.ReviewofRadiantCity,

DirectedbyGaryBurnsandJimBrown.

NewYorkTimes,May30,2007,Late

edition.

OnlineSources MLAguidelinesformostonlinesources

weredevelopedundertheassumption

thatcontentcanbefindonlineaslong

asinformation,suchasauthorandtitle,

wereincluded.ThereforeMLAdoesnot

requireaURLlisting.MLAcitationof

onlinesourcesdoes,however,askfora

publisherorsponsorofthewebpage.

Authorsforwebsitesareoften

corporations,orgovernments(Hacker).

InAPAcitation,onlinesourcesoften

includewhatareknownasDOIs,or

digitalobjectidentifiers.IfaDOIis

available,itisusedinplaceofaURL.The

DOIisaserialnumberthatidentifiesthe

sourceregardlessofURLchanges,andit

canoftenbefoundonthefirstpageof

anonlinesource.BeyondtheDOI,APA

generallycitesauthor,date,pagetitle,

sitetitle,availablepagenumbers,anda

URLorDOI.

CMScitationrequirestheURLtobelistedat

theendofthecitationbutnotthedatethe

contentedwasaccessed.Iftheinternetsource

istimesensitive,includethedateofaccess

aftertheURLlistinginparenthesis.CMS

documentationoftenincludestheuseofDOIs.

General

format

Author.TitleofSite.Sponsor,Date

Created(usen.d.ifnotgiven).Medium.

Dateaccessed.

Author.(Year[usen.d.ifnotgiven]).

Articleorpagetitle.LargerPublication

Title,volumeorissuenumber.Retrieved

fromhttp://urladdress

Author.DocumentTitle.URLorDOI.

Entire

Website

UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtection

Agency.DrinkingWaterStandards.

EPA,8July2004.Web.24Jan.

2006


Agency.(2004,July).Drinkingwater

standards.RetrievedfromUSEPA

websitehttp://water.epa.gov/drink


Agency.DrinkingWaterStandards.

http://water.epa.gov/drink.

Pagefrom

Website

Shiva,Vandana.Bioethics:AThird

WorldIssue.Nativeweb.

Shiva,V.(2006,February).Bioethics:A

thirdworldissue.Nativeweb.

Shiva,Vandana.Bioethics:AThirdWorld

Issue.Nativeweb.


5

Nativeweb,n.d.Web.22Feb.

2006.

Retrievedfrom

http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/l

egal/shiva.html

http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/shi

va.html.

Pagefrom

Websitewith

unknown

author

MediaGiants.Frontline:The

MerchantsofCool.PBSOnline,

2001.Web.7Feb.2006.

Mediagiants.(2001).Frontline:The

MerchantsofCool.Retrievedfrom

PBSOnline

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/fr

ontline/shows/cool/giants/

MediaGiants.Frontline:TheMerchantsof

Cool.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline

/shows/cool/giants.

Imagefroma

Website

Goya,Francisco.TheFamilyofCharles

IV.1800.MuseoNacionaldel

Prado,Madrid.MuseoNationaldel

Prado.Web.22May2006.

Goya,F.(1800).ThefamilyofCharlesIV.

MuseoNationaldelPrado.

Retrievedfrom

http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/

hd/goya/hd_goya.htm

Goya,Francisco.TheFamilyofCharlesIV.

MuseoNacionaldelPrado,Madrid,1800.

Painting.

http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/goya/

hd_goya.htm

Onlinebook Milton,John.ParadiseLost:BookI.

Poetryfoundation.org.Poetry

Foundation,2008.Web.14Dec.

2008.

Milton,J.(1667).Paradiselost:BookI.

PoetryFoundation.Retrievedfrom

http://www.poetryfoundation.org/

archive/poem.html?id=174002

Milton,John.ParadiseLost.CityandDateof

OriginalPublication.

http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/

poem.html?id=174002

Portionofan

onlinebook

Adams,Henry.Diplomacy.The

EducationofHenryAdams.By

Adams.Boston:Houghton,1918.

N.pag.Bartleby.com:GreatBooks

Online.Web.8Jan2007.

Adams,H.(1918).Diplomacy.The

educationofhenryadams.

Bartleby.com:GreatBooksOnline.

Retrievedfrom

http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.ht

ml

Adams,Henry.Diplomacy.TheEducationof

HenryAdams.Reprintofthe1918edition,

Bartleby.com:GreatBooksOnline.

http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.html

Articleinan

onlinejournal

Bent,HenryE."Professionalizationof

thePh.D.Degree.College

CompositionandCommunication

58.4(2007):0145.Web.5Dec.

2008.

Bent,H.(2007).Professionalizationof

thePh.D.degree.College

CompositionandCommunication,

58.4,0145.

Bent,HenryE."Professionalizationofthe

Ph.D.Degree.CollegeCompositionand

Communication58,no.4(2007):0145.

AccessedDecember5,2008.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286.

Articleinan

online

magazine/

newspaper

Bernstein,Mark."10TipsonWriting

theLivingWeb."AListApart:For

PeopleWhoMakeWebsites.AList

ApartMag.,16Aug.2002.Web.4

May2009.

Bernstein,M.(2002).10tipsonwriting

thelivingweb.AListApart:For

PeopleWhoMakeWebsites.

Retrievedfrom

http://www.alistapart.com/articles

Bernstein,M.10TipsonWritingtheLiving

Web.AListApartMagazine.August16,

2002.

http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliv

ing


6

/writeliving

Entireblog Mayer,Caroline.TheCheckout.

WashingtonPost,10Jan.2007.

Web.19Jan.2007.

Mayer,C.(2007,January10).The

checkout.[Weblogpost].Retrieved

from

http://blog.washingtonpost.com/th

echeckout/

Mayer,Caroline.TheCheckout(blog).

http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thecheck

out/

Responseina

blog

Editor,screenname,author,or

compilername(ifavailable).Posting

Title.NameofSite.Versionnumber(if

available).Nameof

institution/organizationaffiliatedwith

thesite(sponsororpublisher).Medium

ofpublication.Dateofaccess.

Writersname.(Dateofpost).Subjectof

post.[Weblogcomment].Retrieved

from:URLorDOI

BlogName;EntryTitle,blogentryby

WritersName,Dateofpost.

CDROM Pimpernel.TheAmericanHeritage

DictionaryoftheEnglish

Language.4thed.Boston;

Houghton,2000.CDROM.

Pimpernel.(2000).[CDROM].The

AmericanHeritageDictionaryofthe

EnglishLanguage.4thed.

Pimpernel.TheAmericanHeritage

DictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage.4thed.

Boston;Houghton,2000.CDROM.

Email Kunka,Andrew."Re:Modernist

Literature."Messagetothe

author.15Nov.2000.Email.

Notincludedinreferences. Citedinnotesonly.

1.AndrewKunka,emailmessageto

author,November15,2000.

MultimediaSources MLAformatformultimediasources

requiresamediumdescriptionatthe

endofthecitation.Film,DVD,Radio,

Web,Performance,andother

descriptionsshouldbeusedtoindicate

thetypeofmultimediathatisbeing

referenced.

ElectronicsourcesinAPAformatmay

includeadigitalobjectidentifier(DOI)

number.WhenaDOIisevident,itmay

beusedinplaceofaURLaddress.An

onlinesourceshouldincludeeithera

DOIoraURL.

WhencitinganinternetsourceinCMSformat,

includeasmuchinformationasisavailable

regardingauthor,sitetitle,sitesponsor,and

anyavailableURL.Anaccessdateisnot

neededinCMSformatting.

Videoorfilm AnInconvenientTruth.Dir.David

Guggenheim.Narr.AlGore.

Paramount,2006.DVD.

Guggenheim,D.(Director),&Bender,L.

(Producer).(2006).Aninconvenient

truth[DVD].UnitedStates:

ParamountHomeEntertainment.

AnInconvenientTruth.UnitedStates:

ParamountHomeEducation,2006.DVD,94

min.

Podcast/

YouTube

Murphy,Beth.TipsforaGoodProfile

Piece.Project:Report.YouTube,7

Sept.2008.Web.19Sept.2008.

Murphy,B.(2008,September19).Tips

foragoodprofilepiece.

[YouTube].Project:Report.

Murphy,Beth.TipsforaGoodProfilePiece.

Project:Report.YouTube.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuA2V


7

Retrievedfrom

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v

=cuA2VcdqB9k/

cdqB9k/

Lecture/

Publicaddress

Teplin,LindaA.et.al.EarlyViolent

DeathinDelinquentYouth:A

ProspectiveLongitudinalStudy.

AnnualMeetingoftheAmerican

PsychologyLawSociety.LaJolla,

California.March,2005.

Presentation.

Teplin,L.A.,McClelland,G.M.,Abram,

K.M.,&Washburn,J.J.(2005).

Earlyviolentdeathindelinquent

youth:aprospectivelongitudinal

study.[Presentation].Paper

presentedattheAnnualMeetingof

theAmericanPsychologyLaw

Society.LaJolla,CA.

Teplin,LindaA.,GaryM.McClelland,KarenM.

Abram,andJasonJ.Washburn.Early

ViolentDeathinDelinquentYouth:A

ProspectiveLongitudinalStudy.Paper

presentedattheAnnualMeetingofthe

AmericanPsychologyLawSociety,LaJolla,

CA,March2005.

OtherSources

ThePurdue

OWL

Brizee,Allen,andElyssaTardiff.Four

MainComponentsforEffective

Outlines.PurdueOnlineWriting

Lab.PurdueUniversity,7April,

2010.Web.20Dec.2010.

Brizee,A.,&Tardiff,E.(2010,April7).

Fourmaincomponentsforeffective

outlines.PurdueOnlineWriting

Lab.Retrievedfrom

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/

resource/544/01/

Brizee,Allen,andElyssaTardiff.FourMain

ComponentsforEffectiveOutlines.Purdue

OnlineWritingLab.PurdueUniversity.

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resourc

e/544/01/

Government

publication

ContinentalCongress.Journalsofthe

ContinentalCongress,17741789.

WashingtonDC.19041937.

ContinentalCongress.(17741789).

Journalsofthecontinental

congress.Washington,DC.1904

1937.

ContinentalCongress,Journalsofthe

ContinentalCongress,17741789,Editedby

WorthingtonC.Fordetal.34vols.

Washington,DC,190437.

Dissertation Choi,Mihwa.ContestingImaginaries

inDeathRitualsduringthe

NorthernSongDynasty.Diss.

UniversityofChicago,2008.Web.

ContestingImaginariesinDeath

RitualsduringtheNorthernSong

Dynasty.

Choi,M.(2008).Contestingimaginaries

indeathritualsduringthenorthern

songdynasty(Doctoral

dissertation).Availablefrom

ProQuestdatabase.(AAT3300426).

Choi,Mihwa.ContestingImaginariesin

DeathRitualsduringtheNorthernSong

Dynasty.PhDdiss.,UniversityofChicago,

2008.ProQuest(AAT3300426).

InTextCitations

CitingBooks

Likemostsourcedocumentation

systems,MLAusesintextcitationsto

givereadersinformation,anddirect

APAaddstotheMLAstylebyincluding

bothanauthorname(s)andpage

number,aswellasthedate.Thedateis

Footnotesorendnotesareusedwhenciting

withinthetextofaCMSformatteddocument.

Thesenotesdonottaketheplaceofthefinal


8

readerstothemorespecificWorks

Citedpageshouldareaderwantto

pursueasourcefurther.Generally,MLA

intextcitationrequiresanauthor

name,andapagenumberwherethe

informationbeingcitedcanbefound.

Thiscanbeformattedinavarietyof

ways.

generallyprovidedparenthetically

whenevertheauthorsnameisgiven

whilepagenumbersalwaysappearat

theendofthesentence.Thedateis

importantinsocialsciencebecauseit

helpsdemonstratetherelevance

(newness)oftheworkbeingcited.

bibliographypage;instead,endnotesand

footnotesworktostrengthenadocuments

credibilitybyprovidingspecificsource

informationatthebottomofthepage,orina

separatenotessectionforreaderstoreview.

FootnotesinCMSstylegenerallyincludethe

authorname,thepublicationtitle,publication

dateandpublisherinformation(ifbeingcited

forthefirsttime),aswellasapagenumber.

Authornamed

inasignal

phrase

PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperrefersto

thisphenomenonasacumulative

collaborationofevidence(49).

PhilosopherStephenC.Pepper(1961)

referstothisphenomenonasa

cumulativecollaborationofevidence

(p.49).

PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperreferstothis

phenomenonasacumulativecollaboration

ofevidence.12

(Matchnumber(12)toendnoteatthebottom

ofthepage)

12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses

(LosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,

1961),49.

Authornot

namedina

signalphrase

Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoas

acumulativecollaborationof

evidence(Pepper49).



evidence(Pepper,1961,p.49).

Thisphenomenonisbestreferredtoasa

cumulativecollaborationofevidence.12

12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses


1961),49.

Unknown

author



evidence(WorldHypotheses49).



evidence(WorldHypotheses,1961,p.

49).



12.WorldHypotheses,(LosAngeles:

UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1961),49.

Unknown

pagenumber



evidence(Pepper).



evidence(Pepper,Evidenceand

Corroborationsection,para.22).



12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses,


9


1961).

Morethan

oneworkby

thesame

author



collaborationofevidence(World

Hypotheses49),whichhehintstoward

inearlierworkaswell(Emergence

241).



collaborationofevidence(World

Hypotheses,1961,p.49),whichhehints

towardinearlierworkaswell

(Emergence,1926,p.241).

PhilosopherStephenC.Pepperreferstothis

phenomenonasacumulativecollaboration

ofevidence,12whichhehintstowardin

earlierworkaswell.13

12.StephenC.Pepper,WorldHypotheses,


1961),49.

13.StephenC.Pepper,Emergence,The

JournalofPhilosophy23,no.9(1926).

Twoorthree

authors

ShirleyK.RoseandIrwinWeisernotein

GoingPublictheimportanceof

redefiningexpectationsforfacultywork

(3).

RoseandWeiser(2010)notethe

importanceofredefiningexpectations

forfacultywork(p.3).

ShirleyK.RoseandIrwinWeisernoteinGoing

Publictheimportanceofredefining

expectationsforfacultywork.6

6.ShirleyK.RoseandIrwinWeiser,Going

Public,(Utah:UniversityPress,2010).

Fourormore

authors

Somestudiesthatfocusspecificallyon

undergraduateperspectivesof

academicwritingfoundavarietyof

approaches(Andersonetal.11).

In1990,Anderson,Best,Black,Hurst,

Miller,andMillerproducedastudythat

focusedspecificallyonundergraduate

perspectivesofacademicwriting,and

foundavarietyofapproachesinplace

(p.11).

Somestudiesthatfocusspecificallyon

undergraduateperspectivesofacademic

writingfoundavarietyofapproaches.2

2.WorthAndersonandOthers,Cross

CurricularUnderlife:ACollaborativeReport

onWayswithAcademicWords,College

CompositionandCommunication41,no.1.

Corporate

author

TheAmericanPsychological

Associationsstudydemonstratedthe

significantroleofprayerasacoping

mechanismforhealth(67).

Thisstudydemonstratedthesignificant

roleofprayerasacopingmechanism

forhealth(AmericanPsychological

Association,2011,p.67).

Thisstudydemonstratedthesignificantroleof

prayerasacopingmechanismforhealth.9

9.AmericanPsychologicalAssociation,

NationalTrendsinPrayerUseasaCoping

MechanismforHealthConcerns:Changes

from2002to2007,PsychologyofReligion


10

andSpirituality.

Authorswith

thesamelast

name

Usefirstinitialtodifferentiate(A.Smith

19).

Usefirstinitialtodifferentiate(A.

Smith,2009,p.19).

Doesnotapplybecauseendnoteswill

differentiate.

Encyclopedia Romancelanguageshaveacurious

history(RomanceLanguages).

Romancelanguageshaveacurious

history(Posner,1987).

Useendnoteonly,doesnotappearin

bibliography.

1.TheEncyclopediaBritannica:

Macropedia,15thed.,s.v.Romance

Languages.

Multivolume

work

Usevolumenumberfollowedbypage

numberincitation,e.g.,(2:119).

Usepagenumberanddate,volume

indicatedinreferencesectiononly.

10.PhillipP.Weiner,Dictionaryofthe

HistoryofIdeas,6vols,(CharlesScribnerand

Sons,2004).

Twoormore

worksinthe

same

parentheses

Many19thcenturyAmericanauthors

notedtheimportanceofreligionin

conceivingnature(Emerson1123;

Thoreau1994).

Many19thcenturyAmericanauthors

notedtheimportanceofreligionin

conceivingnature(Emerson1836;

Thoreau,1862).

Many19thcenturyAmericanauthorsnoted

theimportanceofreligioninconceiving

nature.22

22.HenryDavidThoreau,Walking,1862;

RalphWaldoEmerson,Nature,1836.

Anentire

work

ThoreausWalkingdemonstratesa

fascinationwithsauntering.

ThoreausWalking(1862)

demonstratesafascinationwith

sauntering.

ThoreausWalkingdemonstratesa

fascinationwithsauntering.22

22.HenryDavidThoreau,Walking,1862.

Workinan

anthology

Useselectionsnameandpagenumber,

noteditor.

Thelifeofpovertyinthesouthis

capturedbyHurstonscandid

autobiography,FromDustTracksona

Road(336).

Citethespecificworkonly,notthe

anthologyoritseditor.

Thelifeofpovertyinthesouthis

capturedbyHurstonscandid

autobiography,FromDustTracksona

Road(1942).

19.ZoraNealeHurston,FromDustTracks

onaRoad,inTheNortonBookofAmerican

Autobiography,ed.JayParini(NewYork:

Norton,1999),336.

MultimediaSources

Videoorfilm Citeasiftextdocumentusingrelease

date.

TheroleofIrishfolkloreisdepictedin

Citeasiftextdocumentusingrelease

date.

TheroleofIrishfolkloreisdepictedin

45.TheSecretofRoanInish,DVD,directed

byJohnSayles(1993;CulverCity,CA:

ColumbiaTristarHomeVideo,2000).


11

contemporaryfilmssuchasJohn

Sayless,TheSecretofRoanInish.

contemporaryfilmssuchasJohn

Sayless,TheSecretofRoanInish

(1993).

Podcast/

YouTube

Usevideoauthor/podcastnameand

giventitle.

Thequirksofspendingbecomeobvious

whenlisteningtoproductionssuchas

DavidKesetenbaumspodcast,ABig

BridgeintheWrongPlace,onPlanet

Money.

Usevideo/podcastauthorname,if

known,title,andpostingdate.

Thequirksofspendingbecomeobvious

whenlisteningtoproductionssuchas

DavidKesetenbaumspodcast,ABig

BridgeintheWrongPlace,onPlanet

Money(2011).

Treatasdocumentfromwebsite.

31.DavidKestenbaum,ABigBridgeinthe

WrongPlace,PlanetMoneyPodcast,

NationalPublicRadio,

http://www.npr.org/blogs/money

Lecture/

Publicaddress

Theproblemofviolentdeathamong

delinquentyouthswascarefully

documentedbyTeplinetal.inan

addressdeliveredin2005attheAnnual

MeetingoftheAmericanPsychology

LawSociety.

Theproblemofviolentdeathamong

delinquentyouthswascarefully

documentedbyTeplinetal.inan

addressdeliveredattheAnnual

MeetingoftheAmericanPsychology

LawSociety(2005).

Ifunpublishedlectureoraddress,citein

writingonly.

PresidentObamanotedduringanaddresson

August1,2011that

Ifpublished,followingthisexample:

41.LindaA.TeplinandOthers,Early

ViolentDeathinDelinquentYouth:A

ProspectiveLongitudinalStudy,Paper

presentedattheAnnualMeetingofthe

AmericanPsychologyLawSociety,LaJolla,

CA,March2005.

OtherSources

ThePurdue

OWL

KarlStolleyandAllenBrizeewriteinthe

OnlineWritingLabatPurdueUniversity

that,Researchbasedwritingin

Americaninstitutions,botheducational

andcorporate,isfilledwithrulesthat

writers,particularlybeginners,aren't

awareofordon'tknowhowtofollow

KarlStolleyandAllenBrizee(2011)

writeintheOnlineWritingLabat

PurdueUniversitythat,Research

basedwritinginAmericaninstitutions,

botheducationalandcorporate,isfilled

withrulesthatwriters,particularly

beginners,aren'tawareofordon't

KarlStolleyandAllenBrizeenotethat,

ResearchbasedwritinginAmerican

institutions,botheducationalandcorporate,

isfilledwithrulesthatwriters,particularly

beginners,aren'tawareofordon'tknowhow

tofollow.23


12

(AvoidingPlagiarism). knowhowtofollow. 23.KarlStolleyandAllenBrizee,Avoiding

Plagiarism,PurdueOnlineWritingLab,

PurdueUniversity,

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/

589/01/

Government

publication

AccordingtoPennsylvaniaDepartment

ofConservationandNaturalResources,

theEmeraldAshBorerinvasionin

Pennsylvaniahasledtodozensof

countyquarantinesinrecentyears.

TheEmeraldAshBorerinvasionin

Pennsylvaniahasledtodozensof

countyquarantinesinrecentyears

(PennsylvaniaDCNR,2011).

27.PennsylvaniaDepartmentof

ConservationandNaturalResources,Bureau

ofForestryPublications:Coleoptera:

Buprestidae:AgrilusplanipennisFairmaire,

2011.

Citation Styles Comparing MLA Chicago and APA

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