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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM (CNAP)SEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2

Networking Fundamentals

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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMSEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2

Networking Fundamentals

Objectives

• Upon completion of this module, the student will be able to perform tasks related to the following:

• Digital Bandwidth

• Networking Models

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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMSEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2

Networking Fundamentals

Intranets & Extranets

• Intranets are designed to permit access by users who have access privileges to the internal LAN of the organization.

• Extranets refer to applications and services that are Intranet based, and use extended, secure access to external users or enterprises.

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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMSEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2

Networking Fundamentals

Bandwidth

Bandwidth• Bandwidth has been defined as the amount of information that can flow through

a network in a given time

• In digital systems, the basic unit of bandwidth is bits per second (bps)

• In analog systems, bandwidth is measured by how much of the electromagnetic spectrum is occupied by each signal

• The basic unit of analog bandwidth is hertz (Hz), or cycles per second

Why bandwidth is important?• Bandwidth is limited by physics and technology

• Bandwidth is not free

• Bandwidth requirements are growing at a rapid rate

• Bandwidth is critical to network performance

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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMSEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2

Networking Fundamentals

Bandwidth Pipe Analogy

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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMSEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2

Networking Fundamentals

Bandwidth Highway Analogy

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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMSEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2

Networking Fundamentals

Bandwidth Measurements

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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMSEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2

Networking Fundamentals

Throughput

• Throughput refers to actual measured bandwidth, at a specific time of day

• Throughput is less than or equal to bandwidth

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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMSEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2

Networking Fundamentals

Bandwidth & Throughput

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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMSEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2

Networking Fundamentals

Network Protocols

• A protocol is a formal description of a set of rules and conventions that govern a particular aspect of how devices on a network communicate

• Protocols determine the format, timing, sequencing, and error control in data communication

• Protocol suites are collections of protocols that enable network communication from one host through the network to another host

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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMSEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2

Networking Fundamentals

OSI Model

• The Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model created by ISO

• OSI model is divided into 7 layers

Away

Pizza

Sausage

Throw

Not

Do

Please

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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMSEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2

Networking Fundamentals

Physical Layer

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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMSEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2

Networking Fundamentals

Data Link Layer

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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMSEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2

Networking Fundamentals

Network Layer

• Provides connectivity and path selection between two host

• Provides Logical address

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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMSEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2

Networking Fundamentals

Transport Layer

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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMSEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2

Networking Fundamentals

Session Layer

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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMSEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2

Networking Fundamentals

Presentation Layer

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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMSEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2

Networking Fundamentals

Application Layer

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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMSEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2

Networking Fundamentals

Peer to peer communications

• Each layer of the OSI model at the source must communicate with its peer layer at the destination

• This form of communication is referred to as peer-to-peer

• During this process, the protocols of each layer exchange information, called protocol data units (PDUs)

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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMSEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2

Networking Fundamentals

TCP/IP Model

• TCP/IP reference model was created by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD)

• This model is divided into 4 layers which are the followings :

• Application Layer

• Transport Layer

• Internet Layer

• Network Access Layer

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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMSEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2

Networking Fundamentals

OSI &TCP/IP Model

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CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAMSEMESTER 1/ MODULE 2

Networking Fundamentals

Data Encapsulation