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CISC 3620 Lecture 7 Lighting and shadingm.mr-pc.org/t/cisc3620/2019sp/lecture07.pdf · Light...
Transcript of CISC 3620 Lecture 7 Lighting and shadingm.mr-pc.org/t/cisc3620/2019sp/lecture07.pdf · Light...
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CISC 3620 Lecture 7Lighting and shading
Topics:
Exam review part 2Lighting and shadingPhong-Blinn model
Computing necessary vectorsLighting and shading in WebGL
Polygonal shadingPer vertex and per fragment shading
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Exam review part 2
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Midterm instructions
● This is a closed-book, closed-note exam, except for one 8.5x11” sheets of notes.
● You may not consult with any other person during the exam.● You may not use any communication device or computer during the exam.● You have 125 minutes to finish.● Write all work on the exam paper. Use reverse side if needed (but clearly
indicate this if you do)● The exam will be graded out of 100 points, but there are 110 points available,
thus there are 10 available bonus points. ● It is highly recommended that you provide some answer for every question so
you can receive partial credit. Unanswered questions will receive 0 points.
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Example questions
● What is the projection of point (x,y,z) in the pinhole camera model with the plane of projection at zp=-d through a center of projection of the origin?
● What is the difference between a pinhole camera and the synthetic camera model?
● What is the difference between global and local lighting?● What are the components of our graphics pipeline and what does each do?
Which are programmable?● Describe an input device that provides absolute position. Describe one that
provides relative position● What is the difference between request mode and event mode for user input? For
which of these are callbacks more appropriate?● Name 3 techniques for picking primitives under a cursor
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More example questions
● Which of the following objects are convex? Sphere, coffee mug, donut, axel, shoe box, fork, football
● Name two parametric ways to define a plane● What is the length of the vector [1 2 2]?● What is the distance between the points [2 3 4] and [4 4 6]?● What is the dot product between the vectors [-1 1 3]
and [2 -1 1]? What is the angle between them?● Let Tx = T(1, 0, 0) and Ty = T(0, 2, 0). Compute Tx Ty.
Compute Ty Tx. Are they the same?
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What kinds of projections are these?
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Lighting and shading
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Lighting and Shading: Objectives
● Learn to shade objects so their images appear three-dimensional
● Introduce the types of light-material interactions● Build a simple reflection model---the Phong
model--- that can be used with real time graphics hardware
E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012
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Why we need shading
● Suppose we build a model of a sphere using many polygons and color it with glColor. We get something like
● But we want
E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012
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Shading
● Why does the image of a real sphere look like
● Light-material interactions cause each point to have a different color or shade
● Need to consider –
–
–
– E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012
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Shading
● Why does the image of a real sphere look like
● Light-material interactions cause each point to have a different color or shade
● Need to consider – Light sources– Material properties– Location of viewer– Surface orientation
E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012
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Scattering
● Light strikes A – Some scattered– Some absorbed
● Some of scattered light strikes B– Some scattered– Some absorbed
● Some of this scatteredlight strikes A
● and so on
E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012
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Rendering Equation
● The infinite scattering and absorption of light can be described by the rendering equation – Cannot be solved in general– Ray tracing is a special case for perfectly reflecting
surfaces
● Rendering equation is global and includes– Shadows– Multiple scattering from object to object
E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012
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Global Effects
translucent surface
shadow
multiple reflection
E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012
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Local vs Global Rendering● Correct shading requires a global calculation involving all objects and light
sources– Incompatible with pipeline model which shades each polygon independently (local
rendering)
● However, in computer graphics, especially real time graphics, we are happy if things “look right”– Exist many techniques for approximating global effects
E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012 15
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=31812
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Local vs Global Rendering● Correct shading requires a global calculation involving all objects and light
sources– Incompatible with pipeline model which shades each polygon independently (local
rendering)
● However, in computer graphics, especially real time graphics, we are happy if things “look right”– Exist many techniques for approximating global effects
E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012 16
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=31812
GlobalLocal
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Light-Material Interaction
● Light that strikes an object is partially absorbed and partially scattered (reflected)
● The amount reflected determines the color and brightness of the object– A surface appears red under white light because the red
component of the light is reflected and the rest is absorbed
● The reflected light is scattered in a manner that depends on the smoothness and orientation of the surface
E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012
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Light-Material Interaction
● Light that strikes an object is partially absorbed and partially scattered (reflected)
● The amount reflected determines the color and brightness of the object– A surface appears red under white light because
E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012
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Light Sources
● General light sources are difficult to work with because we must integrate light coming from all points on the source
E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012
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Simple Light Sources
● Point source– Model with position and color– Can be distant source = infinite distance away (parallel)
● Spotlight– Restrict light from ideal point source
● Ambient light– Same amount of light everywhere in scene– Can model contribution of many sources and reflecting surfaces
E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012
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Surface Types
● The smoother a surface, the more reflected light is concentrated in the direction a perfect mirror would reflected the light
● A very rough surface scatters light in all directions
smooth surface rough surface
E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012
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Surface Types
● The smoother a surface, the more reflected light is concentrated in the direction a perfect mirror would reflected the light
● A very rough surface scatters light in all directions
smooth surface rough surface
E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012
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Surface Types
● The smoother a surface, the more reflected light is concentrated in the direction a perfect mirror would reflected the light
● A very rough surface scatters light in all directions
smooth surface rough surface
E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012
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The Phong Model
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Phong Model● A simple model that can be computed rapidly● Has three components
– Diffuse– Specular– Ambient
● Uses four vectors – To source: l– To viewer: v– Normal: n– Perfect reflector: r
E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012
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Ideal Reflector
● Normal is determined by local orientation● Angle of incidence = angle of reflection● The three vectors must be co-planar
r =
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Ideal Reflector
● Normal is determined by local orientation● Angle of incidence = angle of reflection● The three vectors must be co-planar
r = 2 (l · n ) n - l
E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012
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Lambertian Surface● Perfectly diffuse reflector● Light scattered equally in all
directions● Amount of light reflected is
proportional to the vertical component of incoming light– reflected light ~cos i
– cos i = l · n if vectors are normalized
– There are also three coefficients, kr, kg, kb that show how much of each color component is reflected
E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012
https://www.labsphere.com/site/assets/files/3005/cm6page.pdf
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Specular Surfaces
● Most surfaces are neither ideal diffusers nor perfectly specular (ideal reflectors)
● Smooth surfaces show specular highlights due to incoming light being reflected in directions concentrated close to the direction of a perfect reflection
specularhighlight
E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012
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Modeling Specular Reflections
● Phong proposed using a term that dropped off as the angle between the viewer and the ideal reflection increased
Ir ~ ks I cos
shininess coef
absorption coef
incoming intensityreflectedintensity
E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012
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The Shininess Coefficient
● Values of between 100 and 200 correspond to metals
● Values between 5 and 10 give surface that look like plastic
cos
90-90E. Angel and D. Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 6E © Addison-Wesley 2012
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Ambient Light
● Ambient light is the result of multiple interactions between (large) light sources and the objects in the environment
● Amount and color depend on both the color of the light(s) and the material properties of the object
● Add ka Ia to diffuse and specular terms
reflection coef intensity of ambient light
Angel and Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 7E © Addison-Wesley 2015
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Distance Terms
● The light from a point source that reaches a surface is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
● We can add a factor of theform 1/(a + bd +cd2) tothe diffuse and specular terms
● The constant and linear terms soften the effect of the point source
Angel and Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 7E © Addison-Wesley 2015
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Light Sources
● In the Phong Model, we add the results from each light source● Each light source has separate diffuse, specular, and ambient
terms to allow for maximum flexibility even though this form does not have a physical justification
● Separate red, green and blue components● Hence, 9 coefficients for each point source
– Diffuse: Idr, Idg, Idb
– Specular: Isr, Isg, Isb
– Ambient: Iar, Iag, Iab
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Material Properties
● Material properties match light source properties– Nine absorbtion coefficients
● Diffuse: kdr, kdg, kdb ● Specular: ksr, ksg, ksb ● Ambient: kar, kag, kab
– Plus shininess coefficient
Angel and Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 7E © Addison-Wesley 2015
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Adding up the Components
● For each light source and each color component, the Phong model can be written as (assuming unit vectors)
I =
● For each color component we add contributions fromall light sources
● Id and Is terms depend on distance
Angel and Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 7E © Addison-Wesley 2015
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Adding up the Components
● For each light source and each color component, the Phong model can be written as (assuming unit vectors)
I = kd Id l · n + ks Is (v · r )+ ka Ia
● For each color component we add contributions fromall light sources
● Id and Is terms depend on distance
Angel and Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 7E © Addison-Wesley 2015
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Blinn-Phong Model
● The specular term in the Phong model is problematic because it is truncated for view directions more than 90 degrees from the reflection direction
● Blinn suggested an approach using the halfway vector that is more realistic for low values of alpha
Angel and Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 7E © Addison-Wesley 2015
https://learnopengl.com/Advanced-Lighting/Advanced-Lighting
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The Halfway Vector
•h is the normalized vector halfway between l (light) and v (viewer)
h = ( l + v )/ | l + v |
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Using the halfway vector
● h = ( l + v )/ | l + v | and r = 2 (l · n ) n - l● Replace (v · r )by●
●
●
–
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Using the halfway vector
● h = ( l + v )/ | l + v | and r = 2 (l · n ) n - l● Replace (v · r )by (n · h )● is chosen to match shininess● Note that halfway angle is half of angle between r
and v if vectors are coplanar● Resulting model is known as the modified Phong or
Blinn-Phong lighting model– Specified in OpenGL standard
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Phong Examples
Only differences between these teapots are the Parameters inthe modifiedPhong model
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Computing necessary vectors
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Computation of Vectors
● l and v are specified by the application● Can compute r from l and n● Problem is determining n● For simple surfaces it can be determined, but how we
determine n differs depending on underlying representation of surface
● OpenGL leaves determination of normal to application
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Computing Reflection Direction
● Angle of incidence = angle of reflection● Normal, light direction and reflection direction are
coplaner● Want all three to be unit length
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Computing Reflection Direction
● Angle of incidence = angle of reflection● Normal, light direction and reflection direction are
coplaner● Want all three to be unit length
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r=2( l·n )n−l
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Plane Normals
● Equation of plane: ax+by+cz+d = 0● From Chapter 4 we know that plane is determined
by three points p0, p1, p2 or normal n and p0
● Normal can be obtained using cross-product
n =
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Plane Normals
● Equation of plane: ax+by+cz+d = 0● From Chapter 4 we know that plane is determined
by three points p0, p1, p2 or normal n and p0
● Normal can be obtained using cross-product
n = (p2-p0) × (p1-p0)
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Normal to sphere: implicit form
● Implicit function f(x, y, z)=0● Normal given by gradient● Sphere f(p)=p·p-1
n = [∂f/∂x, ∂f/∂y, ∂f/∂z]T=p
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Normal to sphere: parametric form
● For sphere
● Tangent plane determined by vectors
● Normal given by cross product
x=x(u,v)=cos u sin vy=y(u,v)=cos u cos vz= z(u,v)=sin u
∂p/∂u = [∂x/∂u, ∂y/∂u, ∂z/∂u]T∂p/∂v = [∂x/∂v, ∂y/∂v, ∂z/∂v]T
n = ∂p/∂u × ∂p/∂v = p
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General Case
● We can compute parametric normals for other simple cases– Quadrics– Parametric polynomial surfaces
● Bezier surface patches (Chapter 11)
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Lighting and shading in WebGL
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Objectives
● Introduce the WebGL shading methods– Light and material functions on MV.js– per vertex vs per fragment shading– Where to carry out
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WebGL lighting
● Need – – –
● Compute in application or in shaders
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WebGL lighting
● Need – Normals– Material properties– Lights
● Compute in application or in shaders
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Normalization
● Cosine terms in lighting calculations can be computed using dot product
● Unit length vectors simplify calculation● Usually we want to set the magnitudes to have unit
length but– Length can be affected by transformations– Note that scaling does not preserve length
● GLSL has a normalization function: normalize()
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Normal for Triangle
p0
p1
p2
n
plane n ·(p - p0 ) = 0
n =
normalize n n/ |n|
p
Note that right-hand rule determines outward face
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Normal for Triangle
p0
p1
p2
n
plane n ·(p - p0 ) = 0
n = (p2 - p0 ) ×(p1 - p0 )
normalize n n/ |n|
p
Note that right-hand rule determines outward face
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Specifying a Point Light Source
● Each light source needs one RGBA for:
–
–
–
● And a
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Specifying a Point Light Source
● Each light source needs one RGBA for:
– Ambient component
– Diffuse component
– Specular component
● And a position
var diffuse0 = vec4(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);var ambient0 = vec4(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);var specular0 = vec4(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);var light0_pos = vec4(1.0, 2.0, 3,0, 1.0);
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Distance and Direction
● The source colors are specified in RGBA● The position is given in homogeneous coordinates
– If w =1.0, we are specifying a finite location– If w =0.0, we are specifying a parallel source with the
given direction vector
● The coefficients in distance terms are usually quadratic (1/(a+b*d+c*d*d)) where d is the distance from the point being rendered to the light source
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Spotlights
● Derive from point source– Direction– Cutoff– Attenuation Proportional to cos
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Global Ambient Light
● Ambient light depends on color of light sources– A red light in a white room will cause a red ambient term
that disappears when the light is turned off
● A global ambient term is often helpful for testing
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Moving Light Sources
● Light sources are geometric objects whose positions or directions are affected by the model-view matrix
● Depending on where we place the position (direction) setting function, we can– Move the light source(s) with the object(s)– Fix the object(s) and move the light source(s)– Fix the light source(s) and move the object(s)– Move the light source(s) and object(s) independently
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Light Properties
65Angel and Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 7E © Addison-Wesley 2015
var lightPosition = vec4(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0 );var lightAmbient = vec4(0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.0 );var lightDiffuse = vec4( 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 );var lightSpecular = vec4( 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 );
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Material Properties
● Material properties should match the terms in the light model● Reflectivities● w component gives opacity
var materialAmbient = vec4( 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0 );var materialDiffuse = vec4( 1.0, 0.8, 0.0, 1.0);var materialSpecular = vec4( 1.0, 0.8, 0.0, 1.0 );var materialShininess = 100.0;
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Using MV.js for Products
67Angel and Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 7E © Addison-Wesley 2015
var ambientProduct = mult(lightAmbient, materialAmbient);var diffuseProduct = mult(lightDiffuse, materialDiffuse);var specularProduct = mult(lightSpecular, materialSpecular);
gl.uniform4fv(gl.getUniformLocation(program, "ambientProduct"), flatten(ambientProduct));gl.uniform4fv(gl.getUniformLocation(program, "diffuseProduct"), flatten(diffuseProduct) );gl.uniform4fv(gl.getUniformLocation(program, "specularProduct"), flatten(specularProduct) );gl.uniform4fv(gl.getUniformLocation(program, "lightPosition"), flatten(lightPosition) );gl.uniform1f(gl.getUniformLocation(program, "shininess"), materialShininess);
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Adding Normals for Quads
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function quad(a, b, c, d) { var t1 = subtract(vertices[b], vertices[a]); var t2 = subtract(vertices[c], vertices[b]); var normal = cross(t1, t2); var normal = vec3(normal); normal = normalize(normal);
pointsArray.push(vertices[a]); normalsArray.push(normal); . .
.
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Front and Back Faces
● Every face has a front and back● For many objects, we never see the back face so we don’t
care how or if it’s rendered● If it matters, we can handle it in the shader
back faces not visible back faces visible
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Emissive Term
● We can simulate a light source in WebGL by giving a material an emissive component
● This component is unaffected by any sources or transformations
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Transparency
● Material properties are specified as RGBA values● The A value can be used to make the surface
translucent● The default is that all surfaces are opaque● Later we will enable blending and use this feature● However with the HTML5 canvas, A<1 will mute
colors
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Polygonal Shading
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Polygonal Shading
● In per-vertex shading, shading calculations are done for each vertex– Vertex colors become vertex shades and can be sent to the vertex shader
as a vertex attribute– Alternately, we can send the parameters to the vertex shader and have it
compute the shade
● By default, vertex shades are interpolated across an object if passed to the fragment shader as a varying variable (smooth shading)
● We can also use uniform variables to shade with a single shade (flat shading)
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Polygon Normals
● Triangles have a single normal– Shades at the vertices as computed by the modified
Phong model can be almost the same – Identical for a distant viewer (default) or if there is no
specular component
● Consider a model of a sphere● Want different normals at
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Smooth Shading
● We can set a new normal at each vertex
● Easy for sphere model – If centered at origin n = p
● Now smooth shading works● But note silhouette edge
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Mesh Shading
● The previous example is not general because we knew the normal at each vertex analytically
● For polygonal models, Gouraud proposed we use the average of the normals around a mesh vertex
n = (n1+n2+n3+n4)/ |n1+n2+n3+n4|
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Gouraud and Phong Shading
● Gouraud Shading– Find average normal at each vertex (vertex normals)– Apply modified Phong model at each vertex– Interpolate vertex shades (colors) across each polygon
● Phong shading– Find vertex normals– Interpolate vertex normals across each polygon– Apply modified Phong model at each fragment (pixel)
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Comparison
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VRw3GuVdldo
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Comparison
● If the polygon mesh approximates surfaces with a high curvatures, Phong shading may look smooth while Gouraud shading may show edges
● Phong shading requires much more work than Gouraud shading– Until recently not available in real time systems– Now can be done using fragment shaders
● Both need data structures to represent meshes so we can obtain vertex normals
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Per vertex and per fragment shading
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Gouraud (vertex lighting) shaders I
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// vertex shader
attribute vec4 vPosition;attribute vec4 vNormal;varying vec4 fColor;uniform vec4 ambientProduct, diffuseProduct, specularProduct;uniform mat4 modelViewMatrix;uniform mat4 projectionMatrix;uniform vec4 lightPosition;uniform float shininess;
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Gouraud (vertex lighting) shaders II
84Angel and Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 7E © Addison-Wesley 2015
void main(){ vec3 pos = -(modelViewMatrix * vPosition).xyz; vec3 light = lightPosition.xyz; vec3 L = normalize( light - pos ); vec3 E = normalize( -pos ); vec3 H = normalize( L + E );
// Transform vertex normal into eye coordinates vec3 N = normalize( (modelViewMatrix*vNormal).xyz);
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Gouraud (vertex lighting) shaders III
85Angel and Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 7E © Addison-Wesley 2015
// Compute terms in the illumination equation vec4 ambient = AmbientProduct;
float Kd = max( dot(L, N), 0.0 ); vec4 diffuse = Kd*DiffuseProduct; float Ks = pow( max(dot(N, H), 0.0), Shininess ); vec4 specular = Ks * SpecularProduct; if( dot(L, N) < 0.0 ) specular = vec4(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0); gl_Position = Projection * ModelView * vPosition;
color = ambient + diffuse + specular; color.a = 1.0;
}
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Gouraud (vertex lighting) shaders IV
86Angel and Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 7E © Addison-Wesley 2015
// fragment shader
precision mediump float;
varying vec4 fColor;
voidmain(){ gl_FragColor = fColor;}
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Phong-blinn (fragment lighting) Shaders I
88Angel and Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 7E © Addison-Wesley 2015
// vertex shader attribute vec4 vPosition;attribute vec4 vNormal;varying vec3 N, L, E;uniform mat4 modelViewMatrix;uniform mat4 projectionMatrix;uniform vec4 lightPosition;
void main(){ vec3 pos = -(modelViewMatrix * vPosition).xyz; vec3 light = lightPosition.xyz; L = normalize( light - pos ); E = -pos; N = normalize( (modelViewMatrix*vNormal).xyz); gl_Position = projectionMatrix * modelViewMatrix * vPosition;
};
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Phong-blinn (fragment lighting) Shaders II
89Angel and Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 7E © Addison-Wesley 2015
// fragment shader
precision mediump float;
uniform vec4 ambientProduct;uniform vec4 diffuseProduct;uniform vec4 specularProduct;uniform float shininess;varying vec3 N, L, E;
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Phong-blinn (fragment lighting) Shaders III
90Angel and Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 7E © Addison-Wesley 2015
void main(){ vec4 fColor; vec3 H = normalize( L + E ); vec4 ambient = ambientProduct; float Kd = max( dot(L, N), 0.0 ); vec4 diffuse = Kd*diffuseProduct; float Ks = pow( max(dot(N, H), 0.0), shininess ); vec4 specular = Ks * specularProduct; if( dot(L, N) < 0.0 ) specular = vec4(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0); fColor = ambient + diffuse + specular; fColor.a = 1.0; gl_FragColor = fColor;
}
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Teapot Examples
91Angel and Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics 7E © Addison-Wesley 2015
Gouraud Phong-Blinn
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Summary
● Exam review part 2● Lighting and shading● Phong-Blinn model● Computing necessary vectors● Lighting and shading in WebGL● Polygonal shading● Per vertex and per fragment shading