8/6/2019 CIS Human Anatomy Exam One PART 1/2 Study Guide

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The Human Body: An Orientation~ ---------- .._--------------------------

Anatomy: The study of the shape and structure of body parts.

Physiology: The branch of biological science that studies and describes how body parts work or function.

How an atomy a nd p hy sio lo gy a re rela te d: The parts of your body form a well-organized unit, and each of those parts

has a job to do to make the body operate as a whole. Structure determines what functions can take place.

Leve ls of organizat ion

1. Chemical level: Atoms & Molecules CC1l)O2. Cells: The smallest unit of all living things.

3. Tissues: Groups of similar cells that have a common function.

4. Organs: A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types and performs a specific function for the

body.

5. Organ systems : A group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purpose.

6. Organism: Highest level of structural organization.

Organ sys tems & the ir func tions

• in tegum entary system : external covering of the body, or the skin. Waterproofs the body and protects

deeper tissues from injury. Also, perspires and helps regulate body temperature. There are receptors for

temperature, pressure, and pain in the skin.

• Skeletal system : bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints. Supports the body and provides a framework for the

muscular system. Also, protects some parts of the body such as the brain. Hematopoiesis, the formation of

.__./ blood cells, occurs in the cavities of the skeleton. Bones are a storehouse for minerals.

• Muscu lar system : skeletal muscles. Contraction, or shortening, of the muscle creates movement. Allows

manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture and produces heat.

• Nervous system : the brain, sensory receptor, spinal cord, and nerves. Fast-acting control system of the

body. Responds to internal and external changes like light, sound and changes in temperature, and

decreases in oxygen or stretching of tissue, by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

• Endocrine system : pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, testis,

ovary. Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use

(metabolism) by body cells. Not all the glands are connected, and the function of each hormone varies.

• C ard io vascular system : heart and blood vessels. Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon

dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. Delivers to the tissues. The heart pumps blood.

• Lym phatic system : thoracic duct, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels. Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels

and returns it to the blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells involved in

immunity.

• Respiratory system: Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lungs. Keeps blood constantly supplied

with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of

the lungs.

• D igestive system : Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus. Breaks

food down into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs

are eliminated as feces.

• U rinary System : Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra. Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body.

Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.

8/6/2019 CIS Human Anatomy Exam One PART 1/2 Study Guide

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• Reproductive system : Dude: Seminal vesicle, prostate gland, penis, vas deferens, testis, scrotum. Lady:

Mammary glands, uterine tube, ovary, uterus, vagina. Production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and

male sex hormone. Ducts and glands aid in delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries

produce eggsand female sex hormones. Remaining structures serve assites for fertilization and

development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breast produce milk to nourish the newborn.

Some majo r o rg an s o f th e b od y in clu de : Brain, heart, small intestine, large intestine, stomach, bladder, spinal cord,

lungs, reproductive parts, blood vessels, liver, kidneys, etc.

Necessary L if e Funct ions :

Maintaining boundaries: The inside of the body must remain distinct from the outside of the body. Every

cell has a membrane to lock its contents in. The whole body is covered with skin to protect the inner

organs.

Movement: This includes ali movements made using the muscular system like walking. It also includes

the movement of blood, foodstuffs, and urine in the body.

Digestion: Breaking down food into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream for all

the body.

Metabolism: All the chemical reactions that occur within body cells. This includes breaking down large

molecules into smaller ones and using nutrients and oxygen to make ATP. Metabolism depends on the

digestive and respiratory systems to be able to have the nutrients and oxygen to make ATP. Metabolism

is regulated by hormones from the endocrine system.

• Excretion: The process of removing wastes from the body. To function properly, the body needs to be

rid of unimportant substances. Example: The urinary and digestive system wastes.

• Reproduction: The production of offspring. There is cellular reproduction and organismal reproduction.

•

•

•

The functions of the reproductive system are regulated by hormones from the endocrine system.

• Growth: an increase of size, typically accompanied by an increase in number of cells. Cell-constructing

activities must occur at a faster rate than ceil-destroying activities for growth to occur.

Survi va l Needs:

• Nutrients: Chemicals used for energy and cell building. Carbohydrates are the major example of this.

Proteins and fats are also nutrients for building cell structures. Vitamins and minerals are required for

chemical reactions that go on in cells and for oxygen transport in the blood.

• Oxygen: Chemical reactions that release energy from foods require oxygen.

e Water: This is 60-80% of body weight. It's the most abundant chemical in the body and provides a fluid

base for secretions and excretions. Water is lost from the body by evaporation from the lungs and skin

in body excretions.

• Body tem perature: Must remain at about 98 degrees F.Any higher or lower, the chemical reactions will

speed up or slow down too much until death occurs. Most body heat is generated by activity from the

skeletal muscles.

• A tm ospheric pressure: The force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of air. Breathing

depends on appropriate pressure. At high altitudes, gas exchange may be too low to support cellular

metabolism.

** Note: All of these needs must be in appropriate amounts to sustain life.

(Vt() I 'V\e_osrO\~\c;)

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Skin

G (a) Integumentary system

Forms ths external body

covering; protects deeper tissue

from injury; syntheslzes vitamin

0: location of cutaneous (pain,

pessure, etc.) receptors: and

sweat and oil glands.

';'="r"\'f:~"1t;----Brain

~---Sensory

receptor

'llI--- Spinal

cord

~-r" hlerves

(5 (d) Nervous system

Fast-act ing control system of

the body; responds to internal

and ex srnat changes by

activating appropriate muscles

and glands.

Chapter 1 : The Hum an Body: An Orientation 5

Joint

Skeletal

musclesCartilages

Bones

o (b) Skeletal system

Protects and supports

body organs; provides a

framework the muscles use

to cause movement; blood

cells are iormed with in

bones: stores minerals.

~ (C ) Muscular system

Allows manipulation of the

environment, locomotion,

and iacial expression;

maintains posture:

produces heat.

Pineal gland

lj\--- Pituitary gland

Thyroid gland

(parathyroid glands

on posterior aspect)

Thymus gland

Adrenal gland

Pancreas

Testis (male)iIH:-----r- Blood

vessels

Ovary (female)

4 6 F e v i ( ,O \ r d i Iis St;VD(A~r Y \ eV i I brt!\ V L

~,

E D (e) Endocrine system

Glands secrete hormones tha

regulate processes such as

growth, reproduct ion, and

nutrient use (metabol ism) by

body cells,

(jf) Cardiovascular system

Brood vessels transport

blood, Wllich carries

oxygen, carbon dioxide,

nutrients, wastes, stc.: the

heart pumps blood.

(Coutimres a ll pagt 6)

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6 E ss en tia ls o f H um an A na tomy a nd P hys io lo gy

Thoracic

duct

~&--Lymphnodes

~~-,--- Lymphatic

vessels

o (9) Lymphatic system

Picks up f luid leaked frem

blood vessels and returns

it to blooc: disposes of

debris in the lymphatic

stream; houses "Nlli te

blood cells involved in

immuni'y,

Kidney

Ureter

Urinary

bladder

Urethra

~ (j) Urinary system

Eliminates nitrogenous

wastes from thsbody:

regulates water. electrolyte,

and acid-base balance of

the blood,

Aeminal \ " , i f

~ i@vesicles I jj , ~-j

_ , I ~ ) \ : ~~~~~ate ' j )

u I~\' L lU '~ JP' 1 \ \ Vasems \ \ deferens l'.

, \ \. \...Vagma

J ~ ~L

, a p } ; ; } 1 i i l t l .>:Nasala~fNW/: ;V cavityI~fitk;sf& ~ ~ J j J i ; ( - : ' Pharynx

(:~l~--arynx

~

@ I D (h) Respiratory system

Keeps blood constantly

supplied with oxygen and

removes carbon dioxide:

the gaseous exchanges

occur through the walls of

the air sacs of the lungs,

(k) Male reproductive

system

Smal lintestine

Large

intestine

Rectum

~ (i) Digestive system

Breaks ' food down into

absorbable units that enter the

blood for distribution to ' body

cells: indigestible foodstuils

are eliminated as feces

- rlVlammaryglands

!l; , (in breasts)" /

Z-<-/Iterine

tube.-

_ Ovary

(I) Female reproductive

system

Overal l function of the reproduct ive system is product ion at oitspring.

Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; duels and glands aid

in delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries

produce eggs and rernaie sex no mones: remaining structures serve

as si tes for ferti lizat ion and development oi the fetus. 1·, ,1ammary

glands of female breast produce milk to nourisn the newborn

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Homeostasis: The body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is

continuously changing. It's important that homeostasis is present in the body so that all activities are functioning

properly in the body. When something is out of balance in your body, it's important that homeostasis is occurring to put

that thing back in balan-ce with the homeostatic control system.

Negative Feedback & Feedback Loop: Afeedback loop consists of a stimulus, receptor, the control system, and effector.

1. Stimulus: Produces a change in the variable

2. Change detected by receptor

3. Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to the control center

4. Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate

5. Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and

returns variables homeostasis.

• Negative feedback: The net effect of the response to the stimulus is

to shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity. Example: A

home heating system connected to a thermostat. The thermostat

has the receptor and control center. If the thermostat is set at 68 degrees Fthe heating system (effector) will be

triggered ONwhen the house temperature drops below that setting. Asthe furnace produces heat, the air iswarmed. When the temperature reaches 68 degrees F,or slightly higher, the thermostat sends a signal to shut

off the furnace. The body's hypothalamus works like this. Some other examples include heart rate, blood

pressure, breathing rate, and blood levels of glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and minerals.

Term DennitJul l U!u-stration

Super ior (cran ia l

or cephalad!

,/

Interior Icaudal)"

CerhaliC~

L

Occipital

/,Oellold

I' )~I J

iI'I. /.

"i ' - / I

I I i" ;/ '

. ! i f j - ,) ,'{[if I, .

_'---i---;----Vertebral

orecr ana i--L-' -- '\---L urnba

I , \ " \ . sacral,_ -.

.j \1~\{"I',~.r

"'-Giuleal

Anrencr tventra ll "

Poster-or {dorsaO" Toward Or;)1 t he ba ck sid e: ot

The b o d- ' : behind

TOVlafd o r at the front of

tne body; in front of

(0) Ante.iot

l/1'

FemOral,/\, ,I, ,

, / ! : j \P~~--~PopJ1taal

~ f ' ,

-i f I

" 1 't --+---SurnlJ '

} : J ; ~ ~ - - Calcaneal

cs: b Plantar

(hI PosteriorProximal

To'.~.'aJdhe heed end or upper

part of a structure o r the bodv:

above

Awav from the bead end or

towerd the l ower part ol a

s tr uc tu re Dr the body. beow

Medial TO'o<'h':rdor a t the rniabne of the

body; on th.o; !mner s ide o f

Lateral A.wa~! from the midfini3 of tile

b od V; o n t he C < '. .. 11 2f id e of

lntermecere Between B more medlE<t and e.

more lateral strucnne

Cl os e t o t he or igi n o f t he b c-o y-

pa rt or tile- coo t o f a ttachmen t

of s limb to the body trunk

Anatomic Terms & Positions:

• Superior: Up

• Inferior: Down

• Anterior(ventrai): Front

It Posterior(dorsal): Back

• Medial: Toward the middle

• Lateral: Away from the middle

• Intermediate: Between a more medial and lateral structure

hample

The toreheed is super io r

to the rose.

Thenove l mfeno r to me

breastbone

The breastbone is - antenor

the spine.

T he h ea cl i s P O S- tB J I( }(o t

breastbone.

arm

The a lms are tatcret to ~he

chest.

The armpit IS mtermediate

between the breastbone and

shoufrJer

The elbow i s p ro xima l t o t he

' ,. vl iS t ( l" "f 'I +) an m g t ba r t il e

stbcw i s c loser to the shoul -

der or at tachment point of

the arm than the wrist is)

SlApevfic ial- to\ l \J oxd \ S'lUTIltQ. . ;

b" & : r c U L - fOXiV \Q% + V O n l ' \ ' - l l ~ p e L ( / t t- _ 0t Cd-to . lJ( II '~V\bJ ? e 'L . - 1 ? - '1Lr1tC{t n e L f

~'£ll\trCtl- TO)\ )o . . rd~ - t ~ \ . Q _

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• Proximal: Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

Examples: The face and palms are on the anterior body surface. The buttocks and shoulder blades are on the posterior

body surface. The top of the head is the most superior part of the body. The ears are lateral to the nose. The heart is

anterior to the spine and posterior to the lungs. The elbow is proximal to the fingers but distal to the shoulder.

Sect ioning Techniques:

• M idsaggital: left & right. M l a \ c t l e . .• Frontal: posterior & anterior.

• Transverse: superior & inferior.

Body C av itie s *IN SERT P lc rURE FROM PAGE 1 7 *

• Dorsal body cavity: 2 subdivisions

- C ra nia l c av ity : inside the skull. Brain.

- S pin al c av ity : cranial cavity to the end of the vertebral column. Spinal cord.

• Ventral body cavity

{a) Midsagrttal(median) [b) Proruaj Icoronat) plane {c) Transverseplane

Thoracic cavity: Lungs, heart, etc. Superior to the diaphragm.

• Abdom inopelvic cavity:

Abdom ina l c av ity : stomach, liver, intestines, etc.

Pelvic cavity : bladder, rectum, reproductive organs, etc.

{al

Cranial

cavity

cavity

{bl

H

L1.

E .V\

H

hL-

\