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Circulatory System
Overall components are blood, blood vessels, and heart
Overall function is to transport nutrients, gases, hormones, waste, immunity, and temperature regulation
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Circulatory System
Ontogeny & PhylogenyFirst system to be functional in
developmentSimilar embryology in all vertebratesIndividual variation within species
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Blood
Plasma (serum is plasma minus clotting factors)
Formed Elements = CellsErythrocytesRed Blood CellsHave hemoglobin pigment to carry oxygenNeed iron for hemoglobin synthesis
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Blood
LeukocytesFunction in immunity, antibody productionPhagocytosis
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Blood
PlateletsClotting of blood
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Blood
Hemopoiesis = Formation of blood cellsSites in adult include liver, kidney, spleen
and red bone marrow depending on classBlood islands – located in wall of yolk sac
is earliest site of hemopoiesis in vertebratesHemocytoblast = stem cell
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Heart
Develops early from splanchnic hypomereFunctional by 30 hours in chick (21 d
incubation)Functional by 4 weeks in humans (280 d
gestation)
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Heart Wall
Endocardium – inner, smooth liningMyocardium – striated cardiac m.,
intercalated discsEpicardium – outermost layer
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Heart
Parietal pericardium – part of pericardial sac that encloses the heart
Visceral pericardium = epicardiumPericardial cavity – between parietal &
visceral pericardium
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Gill Breathing Fish Heart
Single circuit pump with 4 chambersSinus venosus – pacemaker (through
reptiles)AtriumVentricleConus arteriosus (trunk)
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Gill breathing fish heart
AV valve – one way valve between atrium & ventricle to prevent backflow
Semilunar valve – one way valve between ventricle & conus arteriosus to prevent backflow
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Lungfish & Amphibians
Two circuit heartDivisions to divide heart into oxygenated
and deoxygenated sidesInteratrial septum (partial or complete)Interventricular septum/Ventricular
trabeculae – partialSpiral valve – tries to divide conus
arteriosus
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Amniote heart
More complete divisions of heart, 2 circuit heart
Two atria, two ventricles
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Amniote Heart
Sinus venosus is the pacemaker through reptiles
Sinus venosus becomes the sinoatrial node in birds & mammals which is the pacemaker & is located in the wall of the RA
Pacemaker sets the pace for all heartbeats
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Amniote heart
Interatrial septum is completeForamen ovale is an embyronic hole in
interatrial septum Auricle is an expansion of atria in mammals
onlyInterventricular septum is complete in most
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Key Points
What do you suppose the function of the auricle is?
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Key Points
Why would the foramen ovale be a necessary structure in the mammalian fetus?
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Key Points
Summarize the difference between a single circuit and a double circuit pump.
What anatomical features support the heart being a double circuit pump?
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Amniote heart
AV valves are bicuspid & tricuspid in mammals
Semilunar valves between ventricles and trunks
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Amniote heart
Fate of conus arteriosusThree trunks in reptilesTwo trunks in birds and mammals
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Key Points
The conus arteriosus becomes trunks. Are trunks arteries or veins?
Name the two trunks in birds and mammals.
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Circulation between lungs and heart
Pre/Postcava RA RV Pulmonary trunk – arteries Lungs LA LV Aorta Systemic circulation
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Key Points
Without looking, trace the blood flow from pre/post cavas through heart, to lungs, back to heart to aorta.