CIRCULATORY SYSTEM GRADE XI

SMAK BPK PENABUR SUKABUMI

Circulatory system

Pulmonary vein

Right atrium

Right ventricle

Posteriorvena cava

Capillaries ofabdominal organsand hind limbs

Aorta

Left ventricle

Left atriumPulmonary vein

Pulmonaryartery

Capillariesof left lung

Capillaries ofhead and forelimbs

Anteriorvena cava

Pulmonaryartery

Capillariesof right lung

Aorta

1

10

11

5

4

6

2

9

33

7

8

HEART

Formed by heart muscle and connective tissue

3 layers :1. Epicardium2. Myocardium : control the heart pulse 3. Endocardium

Septum to separates left and right Valve to maintain the blood flow direction

The Heart

These are arteries. They carry blood away from the heart.

This is a vein. It brings blood from the body, except the lungs.

Coronary arteries, the hearts own blood supply

The heart has four chambers

2 atria

2 ventricles

now lets look inside the heart

Aorta

Pulmonaryveins

Semilunarvalve

bicuspidvalve

Left ventricle

Right ventricle

Anterior vena cava

Pulmonary artery

Semilunarvalve

tricuspidvalve

Posterior vena cava

Pulmonaryveins

Right atrium

Pulmonaryartery

Leftatrium

The control of heart rhythm

SA node(pacemaker)

AV node Bundlebranches

Heartapex

Purkinjefibers

2Signals are delayedat AV node.

1Pacemaker generates wave of signals to contract.

3Signals passto heart apex.

4 Signals spreadThroughoutventricles.

ECG

A region of the heart called the sinoatrial (SA) node, or pacemaker Sets the rate and timing at which all cardiac

muscle cells contract Impulses from the SA node

Travel to the atrioventricular (AV) node At the AV node, the impulses are delayed

And then travel to the Purkinje fibers that make the ventricles contract

The impulses that travel during the cardiac cycle Can be recorded as an electrocardiogram

(ECG or EKG)

How does the Heart work?

blood from the body

blood from the lungs

The heart beat begins when the

heart muscles relax and blood

flows into the atria.

STEP ONE

The atria then contract because the impuls form SA node and

the valves open to allow

blood

into the ventricles.

How does the Heart work?

STEP TWO

How does the Heart work?

The valves close to stop blood

flowing backwards.

The ventricles contract forcing

the blood to leave the heart.

At the same time, the atria are

relaxing and once again filling with

blood.The cycle then repeats itself.

STEP THREE

The heart beat for a healthy person during resting is 60 to 80 per minute

The blood pressure : 120/80 120 : known as cystolic when ventricle

contracts 80 : known as diastolic when the

ventricles relaxes

The ARTERY

thick muscle and elastic fibres

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

the elastic fibres allow the artery to stretch under

pressure

the thick muscle can contract to push the

blood along.

The VEINVeins carry blood towards from the heart.

thin muscle and elastic fibres

veins have valves which act to stop the blood from going in the wrong direction.

The CAPILLARYCapillaries link Arteries with Veins

the wall of a capillaryis only one cell thick

they exchange materials between the blood and other body cells.

The exchange of materials between the blood and the body can only occur through capillaries.

All blood vessels Are built of similar tissues Have three similar layersArtery Vein

100 µm

Artery Vein

ArterioleVenule

Connectivetissue

Smoothmuscle

Endothelium

Connectivetissue

Smoothmuscle

EndotheliumValve

Endothelium

Basementmembrane

Capillary

No. Observed Artery Vein

1 Blood flow direction

Away from heart Go to heart

2 Take place Inner skin Near to surface

3 Pulse Present Absent

4 If get hurts Blood will sprout out Blood only drop out

5 Valve One near heart Many along vessel

6 Wall vessel Thick, elastic Thin, rigid

7 Content of gas type

Oxygen except pulmonary artery

CO2 except pulmonary vein

Difference characteristics between artery and vein

Circulatory system

Pulmonary vein

Right atrium

Right ventricle

Posteriorvena cava

Capillaries ofabdominal organsand hind limbs

Aorta

Left ventricle

Left atriumPulmonary vein

Pulmonaryartery

Capillariesof left lung

Capillaries ofhead and forelimbs

Anteriorvena cava

Pulmonaryartery

Capillariesof right lung

Aorta

1

10

11

5

4

6

2

9

33

7

8

Lungs

Body cells

Our circulatory system is a double circulatory system.

This means it has two parts parts.

the right side of

the system

deals with

deoxygenated

blood.

the left side of

the system

deals with

oxygenated

blood.

lungs

head & arms

liver

digestive system

kidneys

legs

pulmonary artery

aorta

pulmonary vein

main vein

Left Right

How does this system work?

Circulatory System

Plasma

A straw-coloured liquid that carries the cells and the platelets which help blood clot.

• carbon dioxide

• glucose

• amino acids

• proteins

• minerals

• vitamins

• hormones

• waste materials like urea.

It also contains useful things like;

PLASMA PROTEIN

1. ALBUMIN : maintain blood osmotic pressure & carry billirubin molecules

2. GLOBULIN : carry cholesterol and froms phrothrombin and antibody

3. FIBRINOGEN : blood coagulation

Serum : protein that can be separated from the plasmaa. agglutinin coagulate antigenb. precipitin precipates antigen

Cellular elements 45%

Cell type Numberper L (mm3) of blood

Functions

Erythrocytes(red blood cells) 5–6 million Transport oxygen

and help transportcarbon dioxide

Leukocytes(white blood cells)

5,000–10,000 Defense andimmunity

Eosinophil

Basophil

Platelets

NeutrophilMonocyte

Lymphocyte

250,000400,000

Blood clotting

The cellular elements of mammalian blood

Separatedbloodelements

Produced in the red bone marrow

The amount is around 5 million/mm3

Round shape In mammals, it doesn’t have

nucleus Have a red pigment

haemoglobin Life time : 120 days

Red Blood Cell (Erythrocites)

Produced in the yellow bone marrow and lymphatic node

The amount is around 5.000-10.000/mm3

Irregular shape, have nucleus

Play role in immune system

White Blood Cell (Leucocytes)

B cells T cells

Lymphoidstem cells

Pluripotent stem cells(in bone marrow)

Myeloidstem cells

Erythrocytes

Platelets Monocytes

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

Lymphocytes

Name Function

Granulocyte(a lot of nucleus & phagocyte)

1. Neutrophil (57%) Largest amount,various shape of nucleus, phagocytosis

2. Basophil (1%) U shape nucleus, releases histamine (allergic respond), heparin (prevent blood coagulation)

3. Eosinophil (1-3%) Red spot, Eat big paracytes

Agranulocyte (1 nucleus)

1. Monocyte (10%) Largest, nut shape nucleus, move fast,can differentiate into macrophaga

2. Limphocyte (25-30%) B antibodyT destroy the cell containing antigen

The amount is around 150.000-400.000/mm3

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Broken thrombocytes

thrombochynase

Prothrombin Thrombin

Fibrinogen Fibrin

Calcium ion

Vit K

Platelets

Platelets are bits of cell broken off larger cells.

Platelets produce tiny fibrinogen fibres to form a net. This net traps other blood cells to form a blood clot.

Functions of Blood

red blood cells Antibody

platelets

Sustain body temperature

carbon dioxide

Nutrients

waste (urea)

hormones

oxygen

1. As transport system : nutrients, hormones, waste product, Oxygen,

carbon dioxide

2. Sustain body temperature at fixed level

3. Avoid infections with antibody, white blood cells, and blood clotting

Function of Blood

Body fluids that enter the capilarry lymphatic vessels called lymph

Along the lymphatic vessels there are lymphatic glands filter germs

Spleen :1) Erythrocytes and Leucocytes production2) Breaking down of erythrocytes3) Produce antibody

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Lymphatic System

Adenoid

Tonsil

Lymphnodes

Spleen

Peyer’s patches(small intestine)

Appendix

Lymphaticvessels

Masses oflymphocytes andmacrophages

Tissuecells

Lymphaticvessel

Bloodcapillary

LymphaticcapillaryInterstitial

fluid

Lymphnode

The lymphatic system Plays an active role in defending the body

from pathogens Interstitial fluid bathing the tissues, along with the white blood cells in it, continually enters lymphatic capillaries.

1

Fluid inside thelymphatic capillaries,called lymph, flowsthrough lymphaticvessels throughoutthe body.

2

Within lymph nodes,microbes and foreignparticles present in the circulating lymphencounter macro-phages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes, which carry out various defensive actions.

3

Lymphatic vesselsreturn lymph to theblood via two large

ducts that drain intoveins near the

shoulders.

4

Arthropoda

open circulatory system

Hemolymph do not contain Hb

Hemolymph bathes the organ

Annelida

Closed circulatory system

Dorsal vessel Ventral vessel 5 auxiliary hearts

Interstitialfluid

Heart

Small branch vessels in each organ

Dorsal vessel(main heart)

Ventral vesselsAuxiliary hearts

(b) A closed circulatory system

FISHES AMPHIBIANS REPTILES (EXCEPT BIRDS) MAMMALS AND BIRDS

Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries

Lung capillaries Lung capillariesLung and skin capillariesGill capillaries

Right Left Right Left Right Left Systemic

circuitSystemic

circuit

Pulmocutaneouscircuit

Pulmonarycircuit

Pulmonarycircuit

SystemiccirculationVein

Atrium (A)

Heart:ventricle (V)

Artery Gillcirculation

A

V VV VV

A A A AALeft Systemicaorta

Right systemicaorta

Vertebrate circulatory systems