Lesson 03. Heart Lungs Veins Arteries Blood Capillaries Blood.
Circulatory System. Components I. Heart II. Blood Vessels Veins, Capillaries, and Arteries...
-
Upload
julia-christal-hampton -
Category
Documents
-
view
245 -
download
0
Transcript of Circulatory System. Components I. Heart II. Blood Vessels Veins, Capillaries, and Arteries...
Circulatory SystemCirculatory System
Circulatory SystemCirculatory System
ComponentsComponents
I. HeartI. HeartII. Blood VesselsII. Blood Vessels
Veins, Capillaries, and Veins, Capillaries, and ArteriesArteries
III.III. Components of Components of Blood Blood
IV.IV. Lymphatic SystemLymphatic SystemV.V. Blood TypeBlood TypeVI.VI. Circulatory Circulatory
ProblemsProblems
(**Closed System**)(**Closed System**)
A. CirculationA. Circulation
• Muscle contractions Muscle contractions cause blood to pumpcause blood to pump
• Pulmonary Pulmonary CirculationCirculation -Blood -Blood pumped from right side pumped from right side of heart to lungsof heart to lungs
• Systemic Circulation - Systemic Circulation - Blood pumped to the Blood pumped to the rest of the bodyrest of the body
Capillaries of head and arms
Capillaries of abdominal organs and legs
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary veinCapillaries
of right lung
Superior vena cava
Aorta Pulmonary artery
Capillaries of left lung
I. Heart
The HeartThe HeartI.I. HeartHeart
B. StructureB. Structure• Composed mainly of muscleComposed mainly of muscle• PericardiumPericardium - Protective - Protective
layer surrounding the heartlayer surrounding the heart• MyocardiumMyocardium – muscle found – muscle found
in the heart walls, responsible in the heart walls, responsible for pumping bloodfor pumping blood
• Septum – Septum – Divides heart into Divides heart into 2 halves, 2 halves,
• Restricts mixing of bloodRestricts mixing of blood• Each side has two chambersEach side has two chambers
• AtriumAtrium (Upper Chamber) (Upper Chamber) – Receives blood– Receives blood
• VentricleVentricle (Lower (Lower Chamber) – pumps blood Chamber) – pumps blood out of the heartout of the heart
• Contains Valves that keep Contains Valves that keep blood flowing in one directionblood flowing in one direction
Pumps enough blood to fill an Olympic-sized Pumps enough blood to fill an Olympic-sized swimming pool a yearswimming pool a year
Click To Enlarge
Superior Vena CavaLarge vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the upper part of the body to the right atrium
AortaBrings oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body
Pulmonary ArteriesBring oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
Pulmonary VeinsBring oxygen-rich blood from each of the lungs to the left atrium
Pulmonary ValvePrevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle after it has entered the pulmonary artery
Right Atrium
Tricuspid ValvePrevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium after it has entered the right ventricle
Inferior Vena CavaVein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the lower part of the body to the right atrium
Right Ventricle
Septum
Left Ventricle
Mitral ValvePrevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium after it has entered the left ventricle
Aortic ValvePrevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle after it has entered the aorta
Left Atrium
Question: What is the advantage of a 4-chambered heart?
I. Heart
Coronary Artery:Coronary Artery:Supplies the heart muscle itself with Supplies the heart muscle itself with
bloodblood
C. HeartbeatC. Heartbeat Sinoatrial Node (Pacemaker)Sinoatrial Node (Pacemaker)
• Located in the right atriumLocated in the right atrium• Cardiac muscles contract in waves causing blood to leave the atria into Cardiac muscles contract in waves causing blood to leave the atria into
ventricleventricle• Stimulated by nerve impulse from the medullaStimulated by nerve impulse from the medulla
Atrioventricular NodeAtrioventricular Node• Location – base of right atrium & beginning of right ventricleLocation – base of right atrium & beginning of right ventricle• Transfers impulse from atria muscles and transfers them to ventricle musclesTransfers impulse from atria muscles and transfers them to ventricle muscles• Ventricles contract causing blood to leave heartVentricles contract causing blood to leave heart
I. Heart C. HeartbeatC. Heartbeat Each heartbeat is Each heartbeat is
called a cardiac called a cardiac cycle: two atria cycle: two atria contract then two contract then two ventricles contract ventricles contract (systole), and the (systole), and the entire heart relaxes entire heart relaxes (diastole)(diastole)
A normal heart beats A normal heart beats 70 times per minute.70 times per minute.• Makes a “lub-dub”
sound as the valves of the heart are opening and closing.
I. Heart1. Electrocardiogram1. Electrocardiogram (ECG or(ECG or EKG)EKG) A test that records the A test that records the
electrical activity of the electrical activity of the heart.heart.
The The P waveP wave represents represents contraction (systole) of contraction (systole) of the atria.the atria.
The The QRS waveQRS wave contraction of the contraction of the ventricleventricle
The T wave The T wave The relaxation of the The relaxation of the muscle (diastole)muscle (diastole)
Question: What are some problems associated with the Sinoatrial Node? How can it be fixed?
I. Heart
2. Pacemaker2. Pacemaker Abnormal Abnormal
heartbeats can be heartbeats can be controlled by an controlled by an artificial artificial pacemaker that is pacemaker that is run on batteriesrun on batteries
II. Blood VesselsII. Blood Vessels
II. Blood Vessels C. ArteriesArteries
4. Blood Pressure4. Blood Pressure Definition: Force that is exerted by the blood upon the Definition: Force that is exerted by the blood upon the
walls of the blood vessels.walls of the blood vessels. a. Regulated in 2 ways:a. Regulated in 2 ways:
• Sensory –neurons attached to blood vessels detect blood Sensory –neurons attached to blood vessels detect blood pressurepressure
If too low – neurons (nerve cells) stimulate nervous system If too low – neurons (nerve cells) stimulate nervous system to increase heart rateto increase heart rate
If too high – stimulate nervous system to decrease (slow If too high – stimulate nervous system to decrease (slow down) heart ratedown) heart rate
• KidneysKidneys When blood pressure is high – kidneys remove water from When blood pressure is high – kidneys remove water from
the bloodthe blood When blood pressure is low – kidneys keep water volume When blood pressure is low – kidneys keep water volume
high in bloodhigh in blood
III. Components of BloodIII. Components of Blood
Blood is composed Blood is composed of:of:
• 55% plasma55% plasma
• 45% blood cells45% blood cells red blood cellsred blood cells white blood cellswhite blood cells plateletsplatelets
III. Components of BloodIII. Components of Blood
A. PlasmaA. Plasma Composes 55% of blood volume Composes 55% of blood volume Centrifuged BloodCentrifuged Blood 90% water and 10% dissolved gasses, wastes, 90% water and 10% dissolved gasses, wastes,
nutrients, salts and proteins (Plasma Proteins)nutrients, salts and proteins (Plasma Proteins)• Albumins, Globulins and FibrinogenAlbumins, Globulins and Fibrinogen
Whole Blood Sample
Sample Placed in Centrifuge
Blood Sample that has been Centrifuges
Plasma
Platelets
White Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells
III. III. Components of BloodComponents of Blood
B. Red Blood Cells B. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)(Erythrocytes)• Transport oxygen Transport oxygen
and carbon dioxideand carbon dioxide• Uses Uses
Hemoglobin – Hemoglobin – iron containing iron containing protein that protein that binds to oxygenbinds to oxygen
• Disc shaped to Disc shaped to increase surface increase surface areaarea
• One milliliter One milliliter contains 5 millioncontains 5 million
III. III. Components of BloodComponents of Blood
C. White Blood Cells C. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)(Leukocytes)• Fight infection Fight infection • 5 Types5 Types: :
neutrophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, eosinophils, basophils, basophils, lymphocytes and lymphocytes and monocytes (located monocytes (located in lymph vessels)in lymph vessels)
• Located in Located in Circulatory and Circulatory and Lymphatic SystemsLymphatic Systems
Cell Type
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Function
Engulf and destroy small bacteria and foreign substancesAttack parasites; limit inflammation associated with allergic reactions
Release histamines that cause inflammation; release anticoagulants, which prevent blood clotsGive rise to leukocytes that engulf and destroy large bacteria and substancesSome destroy foreign cells by causing their membranes to rupture; some develop into cells that produce antibodies, which target specific foreign substances
White Blood Cells
III. Components of Blood
D. Platelets (Thrombocytes)
• More numerous than WBC’s: 250,000 platelets in a small drop of blood
• Much smaller than RBC’s• Are fragments of cells• Made in the bone marrow• Live ~ 5 days• Aid in forming blood clots• Adhere to site of injury and
release chemicals to help blood clot
IV. Lymphatic SystemIV. Lymphatic SystemA. Network of nodes, vessels A. Network of nodes, vessels
and organsand organs
B. Primary function = return B. Primary function = return fluid lost by the blood to the fluid lost by the blood to the Circulatory SystemCirculatory System
C. Contains fluid called LymphC. Contains fluid called Lymph
D. Restricts backward flow by D. Restricts backward flow by the use of valvesthe use of valves
E. Nodes are used to trap E. Nodes are used to trap bacteria bacteria
F. OrgansF. Organs• SpleenSpleen
• Harbors Phagocytes & Harbors Phagocytes & removes damaged blood removes damaged blood cellscells
• Thymus Thymus • Location of matured T CellsLocation of matured T Cells
Superior vena cava
Lymph nodes
Thymus
Heart
Thoracic duct
Spleen
Lymph vessels
Blood Type
Antigens on RBC’s
Antibodies in Plasma
Can Receive Blood From…
Can Donate To…
A A Anti-B O and A A and AB
B B Anti-A O and B B and AB
AB AB None A, B, AB and O
AB
O O Anti-A &Anti-B
O A, B, AB, and O
V. Blood Types
*AB = universal recipient (can receive all blood types)
* O = universal donor (can donate to all blood types)
Blood Type of Donor
A
B
AB
O
Blood Type of Recipient
A B AB O
Unsuccessful transfusion Successful transfusion
VI. Circulatory ProblemsVI. Circulatory Problems
AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis – – Condition in which lipids collect under the Condition in which lipids collect under the inner lining of damaged artery walls, eventually narrowing inner lining of damaged artery walls, eventually narrowing or blocking the artery and obstructing blood flow.or blocking the artery and obstructing blood flow.
Heart MurmurHeart Murmur – – Whooshing sound Whooshing sound caused by the back flow of blood from the caused by the back flow of blood from the left ventricle across the mitral valve back into left ventricle across the mitral valve back into the left atriumthe left atrium
AnemiaAnemia – – A decrease in number of A decrease in number of
healthy red blood cellshealthy red blood cells
Coronary ThrombosisCoronary Thrombosis – – (Heart Attack) Blockage of coronary (Heart Attack) Blockage of coronary arteries preventing oxygen to reach a particular area of the heart arteries preventing oxygen to reach a particular area of the heart musclemuscle
Atherosclerosis
VI. Problems Cont.VI. Problems Cont.
StrokeStroke – – Occurs when blood vessels leading to or in the brain Occurs when blood vessels leading to or in the brain clot or burst causing that area of the brain to die due to clot or burst causing that area of the brain to die due to lack of oxygenlack of oxygen
Sickle Cell
Rheumatic FeverRheumatic Fever – – A serious inflammatory A serious inflammatory condition which follows Streptococcal pharyngitiscondition which follows Streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat). Can damage valves in the heart.strep throat). Can damage valves in the heart.
LeukemiaLeukemia – – cancer that originates in the blood – causes cancer that originates in the blood – causes overproduction of leukocytesoverproduction of leukocytes
Sickle Cell AnemiaSickle Cell Anemia – – Genetic disorder, resulting Genetic disorder, resulting in misshaped red blood cellsin misshaped red blood cells
How is Blood Pressure How is Blood Pressure Measured?Measured?
b. Sphygmonometerb. Sphygmonometer Normal Blood Pressure: Normal Blood Pressure:
120/80120/80 120 – ventricles contract 120 – ventricles contract
(systolic)(systolic) 80 - ventricles relax 80 - ventricles relax
(diastolic)(diastolic) c. Hypertension – c. Hypertension –
excessively high blood excessively high blood pressure, medical pressure, medical consequences (140/90 or consequences (140/90 or higher), can be caused higher), can be caused by alcohol, smoking, diet by alcohol, smoking, diet and distressand distress
•Hypertension Video