CirclePrepared by:

Joshua CabarleMaureen Villamora

Geraldine ReyesBea Nelene Que

PARTS AND HISTORY OF A

CIRCLE Prepared by : Geraldine

D. Reyes BSEd I-C

History

EUCLID (Circa 300 BC)

• Euclid was born in Alexandria, Greece. He founded the first school of Mathematics in Alexandria. He has been called the “Father of High School Geometry”. Euclid wrote the book titled “The Elements” which consists of plane and solid Geometry. He defined a point as ” that which has no parts,” ”a line has length without breadth”. In modern Geometry, these terms are left as undefined because it is impossible to state precise definitions for all these terms.

Also, some of Euclid’s Theorems are now taken as postulates because the proofs that he had offered had Logical shortcomings. Nevertheless, most of the theorems and much of the development contained in a typical High School Geometry subject today are taken from Euclid’s Elements.

• The compass in this 13th century manuscript is a symbol of God's act of Creation. Notice also the circular shape of the halo

• The etymology of the word circle is from the Greek, kirkos "a circle," from the base ker- which means to turn or bend. The origin of the word "circus" is closely related as well.

• The circle has been known since before the beginning of recorded history. Natural circles would have been observed, such as the Moon, Sun, and a short plant stalk blowing in the wind on sand, which forms a circle shape in the sand. The circle is the basis for the wheel, which, with related inventions such as gears, makes much of modern civilization possible. In mathematics, the study of the circle has helped inspire the development of geometry, astronomy, and calculus.

• Early science, particularly geometry and astrology and astronomy, was connected to the divine for most medieval scholars, and many believed that there was something intrinsically "divine" or "perfect" that could be found in circles.[citation needed]

• Some highlights in the history of the circle are:• 1700 BC – The Rhind papyrus gives a method to find the

area of a circular field. The result corresponds to 256/81 (3.16049...) as an approximate value of π.

• 300 BC – Book 3 of Euclid's Elements deals with the properties of circles.

• In Plato's Seventh Letter there is a detailed definition and explanation of the circle. Plato explains the perfect circle, and how it is different from any drawing, words, definition or explanation.

• 1880 – Lindemann proves that π is transcendental, effectively settling the millennia-old problem of squaring the circle.

Analytic resultsLength of circumference• Further information: Pi• The ratio of a circle's circumference to its

diameter is π (pi), an irrational constant that takes the same value (approximately 3.141592654) for all circles. Thus the length of the circumference (c) is related to the radius (r) by

• or equivalently to the diameter (d) by

Circle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CIRCLE_LINES.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Circle_slices.svg

• Chord, secant, tangent, and diameter.• Arc, sector, and segment• The diameter of a circle is the length of a line segment whose endpoints lie on

the circle and which passes through the centre of the circle. This is the largest distance between any two points on the circle. The diameter of a circle is twice its radius.

• As well as referring to lengths, the terms "radius" and "diameter" can also refer to actual line segments (respectively, a line segment from the centre of a circle to its perimeter, and a line segment between two points on the perimeter passing through the centre). In this sense, the midpoint of a diameter is the centre and so it is composed of two radii.

• A chord of a circle is a line segment whose two endpoints lie on the circle. The diameter, passing through the circle's centre, is the longest chord in a circle. A tangent to a circle is a straight line that touches the circle at a single point, thus guaranteeing that all tangents are perpendicular to the radius and diameter that stem from the corresponding contact point on the circumference. A secant is an extended chord: a straight line cutting the circle at two points.

• An arc of a circle is any connected part of the circle's circumference. A sector is a region bounded by two radii and an arc lying between the radii, and a segment is a region bounded by a chord and an arc lying between the chord's endpoints.

• A circle is a simple shape of Euclidean geometry consisting of those points in a plane which are equidistant from a given point called the centre (British English) or center (American English). The common distance of the points of a circle from its centre is called its radius.

• Circles are simple closed curves which divide the plane into two regions, an interior and an exterior. In everyday use, the term "circle" may be used interchangeably to refer to either the boundary of the figure (also known as the perimeter) or to the whole figure including its interior. However, in strict technical usage, "circle" refers to the perimeter while the interior of the circle is called a disk. The perimeter of a circle is also known as the circumference, especially when referring to its length.

• A circle is a special ellipse in which the two foci are coincident. Circles are conic sections attained when a right circular cone is intersected with a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cone.

Area enclosed

• Area of the circle = π × area of the shaded square• Main article: Area of a disk• As proved by Archimedes, the area enclosed by a circle

is π multiplied by the radius squared:• Equivalently, denoting diameter by d,• that is, approximately 79% of the circumscribing square

(whose side is of length d).

• The circle is the plane curve enclosing the maximum area for a given arc length. This relates the circle to a problem in the calculus of variations, namely the isoperimetric inequality

Calculating the area of a circle

A. By approximation• We can demonstrate that the polygons shown

below in figure 1 have areas given by the following formulas: the square has an area equal to 2r2; the hexagon has an area equal to approximately 2.6r2; the octagon has an area equal to approximately 2.8r2; the dodecagon has an area equal to 3r2.

B. Using the exact formula• Area A of a circle with radius r is equal to r2.

Remember that the value of is approximately 3.14.

• So, A = × r2 = × r × r.• To apply this formula, A and r must be

expressed in corresponding units; for example if r is in cm, then A is in cm2.

II. Examples• A. First example• Calculating the area A of a circle with a radius of

10 cm.• × 10 cm × 10 cm = 100 cm² 314 cm², therefore

A = 314 cm².• B. Second example• Calculating the area A of a circle with a diameter of

25 m.• The radius equals 12.5 m (half of 25 m).• × 12.5 m × 12.5 m = 156.25 m2 491 m2, therefore

A = 491 m2.

CIRCLE

Bea Nelene A. Que

Center-radius form• A circle is the set S of all points in R2 that are

at a fixed distance r from a fixed point C.• A circle is a locus(set) of points in a plain

equidistant from a fixed point. • The fixed point C is called the center of the circle and

the fixed distance r is called the radius. Note that r is the undirected distance from the center C to any point P on the circle. Hence, the value of r is a nonnegative real number or r>0. it thus becomes clear that a circle with center C and radius r is the graph of the relation.

S= |P(x,y)|r=|CP| (1)

• Let C (h,k) be the center of a circle and let P(x,y) be any point on the circle. Then from (1) and by the distance formula, we have:

(x-h) 2 + (y-k) 2 = r2 Consequently, we have proved the following theorem.

A circle with center C(h,k) and the radius r is the graph of the relation.

(x-h) 2 + (y-k) 2 = r2 center radius form of a circle or standard form• The center radius form of the equation of a

circle simply because it extents the coordinates ( h,k ) of the center and the radius r of the circle. This form is also called the standard form for the equation of a circle.

NOTE: If the center is at the origin, then h=k=0. Hence the standard form reduces to the form: x 2 + y 2 =r 2 .

Equation of Circles

Circle whose center is at the origin Circle whose center is at (h,k)

Equation: (This will be referred to as the "center- radius form".

It may also be referred to as "standard form".)

Example: Circle with center (0,0), radius 4 Equation: Graph: Example: Circle with center (2,-5), radius 3

Graph:

EXAMPLEFind the center and radius of the circle with equation

x2 - 4x + y2 - 6y + 9 = 0SOLUTION• In order to find the center and the radius of the circle, we first rewrite the given

equation into the standard form as given above in the definition. Put all terms with x and x2 together and all terms with y and y2 together using brackets.

(x2 - 4x) +( y2 - 6y) + 9 = 0• We now complete the square within each bracket.. (x2 - 4x + 4) - 4 + ( y2 - 6y + 9) - 9 + 9 =0 (x - 2)2 + ( y - 3)2 - 4 - 9 + 9 = 0• Simplify and write in standard form (x - 2)2 + ( y - 3)2 = 4 (x - 2)2 + ( y - 3)2 = 22 • We now compare this equation and the standard equation to obtain. center at C(h , k) = C(2 , 3) and radius r = 2

THE GENERAL FORM

Consider again the standard form for the equation of a circle, i.e.

(x-h) 2 + (y-k) 2 = r2

Expanding the binomials and rearranging terms, we obtain

x2 + y2 +(-2h)x +(-2h)y+(h2 + k2 -r2 ) =0 If we let D=-2h, E=-2k, and F=h2 +k2 =r2 then

the preceding equation takes form.

NOTE: General form is an equation of the second degree in x and y (i.e. quadratic in x and y.) When the equation of a circle appears in "general form", it is often beneficial to convert the

equation to "center-radius" form to easily read the center coordinates and the radius for graphing.1. Convert into center-radius form.

We will be creating two perfect square trinomials within the equation.• Start by grouping the x related terms together and the y

related terms together. Move any numerical constants (plain numbers) to the other side.• Get ready to insert the needed values for creating the perfect square trinomials. Remember to balance both sides of the equation.• Find each missing value by taking half of the "middle term" and squaring. This value will always be positive as a result of the squaring process.• Rewrite in factored form.

You can now read that the center of the circle is at (2, 3) and the radius is

To determine the graph of convert this equation to form (x-h) 2 + (y-k) 2 = r2 .

• If r2 > 0,then the graph is a circle with center.• If r2 = 0,then the graph is the single point.• If r2 < 0,then the graph is the null set.EXAMPLE:Determine whether the graph of the equation

x 2 + y 2 - 10 x - 8y + 32 = 0 is a circle, a point, or the null set.

SOLUTION:

x 2 – y 2 - 10x – 8y + 32 = 0 (x 2 - 10x ) + (y 2 – 8y ) = -32

(x 2 - 10x + 25) + (y 2 – 8y + 16) = -32 + 25 + 16

(x - 5) 2 + (y - 4 ) 2 = 9Since r2 = 9 > 0, then by the graph given,

equation is a circle with center ( 5, 4 ) and the radius 3.

Tangent to a circle

Maureen D. VillamoraBSED IC

Tangent to a circle

Definition:The word “tangent” comes from Latin tangere,

meaning to touch.• Touching a curve at a single point or along one

line.• In geometry, tangent circles ( also known as

kissing circles) are circles that intersect in a single point. There are two types of tangency: internal or external.

• In geometry, the tangent line (or simply the tangent)to a curve at a given point is the straight line that “just touches” the curve at that point. As it passes through the point where the tangent line and the curve meet, or the point of tangency, the tangent line is “going in the same direction” as the curve, and id the sense it is the best straight- line approximation to the curve at that point

• A line, a segment, or a ray that intersects a circle at exactly one point.

• The line perpendicular drawn to a radius through the end point of the radius is a tangent to the circle.

• A line drawn perpendicular to a tangent through the point of contact with a circle passes through the centre of the circle.

POINT OF TANGENCY:The point of intersection of a circle and a tangent to the circle.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CIRCLE_LINES.svg

CIRCLES IN THE COORDINATE PLANE

Reported by: Joshua H. Cabarle

BSED I-C

THE EQUATION OF A CIRCLE

• The distance formula is used in developing an equation for the graph of a circle

• REMEMBER:• Every circle whose center is at the origin has

an equation of the form X 2 + Y 2=r2

• If the circle with equation X 2 + Y 2=r2 is translated in the coordinate plane by moving every point of the circle, h units horizontally and k units vertically, the circle with radius r and center ( h, k ) has the equation

(x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2

REMEMBER: • The equation of a circle whose center is at

( h, k ) and with radius r is (x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2

IDENTIFYING THE CENTER AND RADIUS OF A CIRCLE

• There are times when the equation of the circle is given in the form

• x 2 + y 2=r2 + ax + by + c = 0• This is the general equation of the circle. It can

also transformed into the standard form (x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2

by completing squares. This form also gives us information about the graph of the circle, the location of its center, and the length of its radius.

WRITING THE EQUATION OF A CIRCLE

If the center and the radius of the circle can be identified using the equation (x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2

, the equation of the circle can be determined if its center and the radius are given.

USING THE EQUATION OF A CIRCLE

A line may intersect a circle at two points, at one point or at no point at all.

THANK YOU…..