Ciprian - 1 - An Introduction to Migration

8/13/2019 Ciprian - 1 - An Introduction to Migration

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The International Organization for Migration (IOM)

A Short Introduction to Migration

Major Issues, Trends, Facts & Figures


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Definitions

A process of moving, either across an international border orwithin a state, whatever its length, composition and causes

Migration is

Source: Glossary on Migration, IOM 2004

A Migrant is

At the international level, no universally accepted definitionexists

It applies to persons, and family members, moving to anothercountry or region to better their material or social conditions andimprove the prospect for themselves or their family

The term is usually understood to cover all cases where thedecision to migrate is taken freely by the individual

concerned for reasons of personal convenience andwithout intervention of an external compelling factor

It includes migration of refugees, displaced persons, uprootedpeople and economic migrants


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Definitions

Any people or ethnic population that leave their traditional ethnichomelands, being dispersed throughout other parts of the world

A diaspora is

Source: Glossary on Migration, IOM 2004

Definitions

Internally displaced persons (IDP) are

Persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged toflee or to leave their homes

In particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects ofarmed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations ofhuman rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who

have not crossed an internationally recognized State border

Refugees are

A person, who owing to well-founded fear of persecution for reasons

of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group orpolitical opinions, is outside the country of his nationality and is unableor, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection ofthat country


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Migration At a Glance

A phenomenon affecting all countries either as countries of origin,transit, destination or, increasingly, a combination of these

Considerable potential fordevelopment and progress:remittances, transfer of know-how,multi-culturalism, contribution toeconomies of host countries

Migration is

A Complex, Global Phenomenon

191 international million migrants world-wide

Negative phenomena, too: braindrain, irregular migration inparticular trafficking andsmuggling, social tensions,impact on labour markets

24.5 million conflict relatedinternally displaced people (by theclose of 2006)

9.9 million refugees (by the close of2006)

Or, in more detailSource: IDMC, UN Pop. Div.; UNHCR


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The Causes


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Migration:

Major Causes

Four key determining factors in caseof cross border migration:

3. Social networks within regions and across continents,based on family, friends, culture and history

2. Push of wage differentials and crisis pressures, and

1. Pull of changing demographics and labor market

needs in higher income countries

Migration: The Causes

4. Low cost of transportation and communication


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Ageing of developed worlds population

Younger, more dynamic population in emerging economies

Source: UN Pop. Div.Seek opportunities abroad

Increase of world population: expected to continue until 2050: 9.2 billionpeople

Chart 1. Age brackets as % of total population in selected countries

Population 15-25

Population +60

Other age groups

Demographics

& Labour Needs



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Income disparities

Chart 2. Average yearly incomes in selected countries

Source: UN Pop. Div.

Low-income

Medium income

High income

Wages & Crisis



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Trans-national communities: considerable growth

Will act as support structure and basis for further migration(family reunification)

Chart3: Numbers of foreign born in selected countries(Hundreds of thousands)

1985

1990

2001

Source: National Immigration Authorities and Council of Europe

Support

Networks



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Chart 4. Cost of air travel on selected routes: 1960 - 2007

New Dehli - New York

Nairobi - LondonDeclining Cost of Transportation

Dollars costsadjusted for2007 buyingpower parity

Source: International Air Transport Association


Facility of International Travel

Other

Facilitating Factors


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Migration:

Major Causes

All factors combined

Fuel international migration wellinto the future

3. Support networks

2. Wage differentials and crisis pressures

1. Demographics and labor market needs


4. Other facilitating factors


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The Fundamental Numbers


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Migration:

How Many?

Migration: The Big Picture


In 2005: 191 million international migrants worldwide (estimated)

Migrants represent approximately 3% of the global population


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Migration:

How Many?


One out of every 35 people is aninternational migrant

If you grouped all the migrantsworldwide in one country, it wouldconstitute the fifth most populouscountry

1. China

2. India

3. Indonesia

4. U.S.A

5. Migrantland

1.31 bil.

1.11 bil.

301 mil.

231 mil.

191 mil.

Source: United Nations International Migration Report 2002


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Other Groups

of People

By the close of 2006, there were 24.5 million conflictrelated internally displaced people

The number of refugees by the close of 2006 was 9.9 million


Chart 7: (Needs to be revised) Numbers of Migrants,

IDPs and Refugees (millions)Source: UNHCR, IDMC


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More types of migration

- Skilled: considerable increase

Chart 8: Number of H-B1 visas issued by U.S. 1998-2003

Source: U.S. Citizenship & Immigration Services


Types of Migrants

The H-B1is a non-immigrant visa category in the U.S. under the Immigration & Nationality Act, section 101(a)(15)(H). Itallows U.S. employers to seek temporary help from skilled foreigners who have the equivalent US Bachelors Degree

education.


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South-South migration is estimated to account for half of alloutward migration from South Asia, 64% from Europe andCentral Asia and 69% from Sub-Saharan Africa.

The Big Flows

Examples of movement between developing countries include:Bangladesh to India, or from India, Egypt, and Yemen to the PersianGulf States.

India, Russia and South Africa are well-known as receivingcountries in the South.

Source: Population Reference Bureau; Ratha and Shaw, South-South Migration and Remittances(Development Prospects Group) World Bank

The top South-South migration corridors include:Bangladesh - India

Afghanistan - Iran Burkina Faso - Cote dIvoirePakistan - India

India - Bangladesh

Almost 80% of identified South-South migration takes place

between countries with contiguous borders.


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Migration:

How Many?

Breakdown by continent/region


Chart 9: Migrant population (as millions and % of total population)



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Migrants:

Where Are They?

75% of all international migrants live in 28 countries


Source: UN Pop. Div., UNDESA, 2005

1. United States of America 38.4

2. Russian Federation 12.13. Germany 10.1

4. Ukraine 6.8

5. France 6.5

6. Saudi Arabia 6.4

7. Canada 6.1

8. India 5.7

9. United Kingdom 5.4

10. Spain 4.811. Australia 4.1

12. Peoples Rep. of China 3.3

Map 2: Migrant Population in 12 main countries (millions)

1 in every 3 migrants lives in Europe and about 1 in every4 lives in Northern America


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The Philippines with some 7 million

India - with some 20 million

Chinawith a diaspora of some 35 million

Migrants:

Where From?

Top 3 countries of origin

The Major Senders

Map 3: Top 3 migrant-sending countries

Source: Global Commission on International Immigration (GCIM)


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Germany with 7.3 mil. migrants:

4.2% of global stock

The Russian Federationwith 13.3 mil. migrants:7.6 % of global stock

USA with 35 mil. migrants:20% of global migrant stock

Migrants:

Where To?

Top 3 migrant-receiving countries:

The Receivers

Map 4: Top 3 migrant-receiving countries

Source: Global Commission on International Immigration (GCIM)


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Europe has the largest migrant populationwith more than 56 million

Migrants:

Where To?

Major migrant-receiving regions:

The Receivers

Asia follows with 50 million migrants

56 mil.

50 mil.

Source: UN Pop. Div. 2002


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The Big Trends and Patterns


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More people on the move

Migration: the Recent Evolutions

Higher Volumes

Chart 10: Migrantstotal numbers and overall population

Source: UNDESA


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Higher number of arrivals

Source: World Tourism Organization

Chart 11. Numbers of worldwide arrivals (millions)

Tourism



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- Study and research

- Irregular outflows

- Family reunification

- Business

- Forced migration

- Skilled: considerable increase

- Tourism: high number of arrivals


More Types

of Movement


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More Destinations

- Past: a handful of immigration countries

- Present: almost all countries affected

Major movements 1960s

Major movements 2000s



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Asias share of global migrant stockdecreased from 34.5 % to25% over the same period.

All other regions decreased over the same period except NorthAmerica and the former Soviet Union which saw a sharp

increase in migrant stock. (For the Ex USSR this is in part dueto the change of borders following the breakup)

How is Migration Evolving?

Global Trends

Number of Asian migrants has increased from 28.1 million in1970 to 43.8 million in 2000


Source: U.N. Pop. Div.


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D

More Routes and

Travel Strategies

Short(er)-term

Multi-stage

Circular

1-3 years

CA B

A

B C

D



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The proportion of woman migrants has evolvedover the years, but not evenly

Between 1960 and 2000 the proportion of women migrants rose by 2%from 46.7% to 48.6%

Asia: only region where female migrant share declined inthis period: from 46.4% to 43.3%

Migration: How

Many Women?

Recent global trend: women increasingly migrating independently, ratherthan as family members

Migration: The Feminization

Migration flows have changed in recent years with changingpoles of attraction for labour migration

In some parts of the world, migrant stock has actually decreased

Source: UNDESA, 2004

The steepest rise was in Latin America and Oceania. Inboth regions the proportions rose by 6%


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Todays migrant is not

necessarily a male head ofhouseholdclose to 50%of migrants are women

Chart 12: Women migrants as percentage of total migrants

Source: Migration Policy Institute, UNDESA

Migration: How

Many Women?

Migration: The Feminization

men

women


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Migrants:

Where To?

Ireland

Traditional countries of immigration

Australia

New countries of destination

Portugal

Norway

Italy

United States

New Zealand

Canada

The New Destinations

Source: U.N. World Population Prospects 2006

Russia

Japan

South Africa

Saudi Arabia


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Migration:

patterns and trends

Migration is not a movement just one way: most countries areboth migrant receiving and sending countries

Many are also transit countries

Transit is defined as a stopover of passage, of varying length,while travelling between two or more countries1

Some transit countries include: Egypt, Yemen, Indonesia andTurkey2

Migration movement by individuals not just from one country toanother: circular and multi directional, involving returns to the

country of origin and movements on to other countries ofdestination

The New Patterns

Source: Glossary on Migration, IOM 20041, Fargues, Senders Turned into Receivers 20072


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The Impact & the Benefits


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A Balance Sheet?

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Migration: assessing impact

Meets labour market needs

Relieves unemployment

Increases productivity

Remittances

Return of skills &

investments

Alleviatespoverty

Cultural diversity

Social dynamism,

innovation

Social tension

Public service costs

Pressure on wages

Brain drain

Irregular migration

Integration costs

Security risks


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Drawbacks

Strain on infrastructure& public services

High integration costsSocial instability

Job displacement

Brain drain

Exploitation & uncertainty

Failure

Rejection & isolation

Reliance on emigrationdelays structural reforms

Adverse effecton development

Effects on families& communities

Countries of destination Countries of origin

Migrants

Migration: Assessing Impact


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Meets domestic labour needs

Increases productivity &

occupational mobilityReduces inflationary pressures

Economic growth

Reduces unemployment

Access to remittances & skills

Higher wages

Benefits

Professional opportunities

Skills and knowledge acquisition

Economic and social links withhost country

Countries of destination Countries of origin

InvestmentsCultural diversity & vibrancy

Alleviates poverty

Empowerment of women

Migrants



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Migration Myths

Local workers in same job categories

as migrants more likely to lose

Source: National Research Council study (1997)

Loss is 0.3% of medium hourlywages. From $13/hour to $12.6*

More visible for certain limited categories of workers

Migrants contribute to welfare systems

Less dependant on welfare in certain countries

Most self-supporting

Depends on age, skill level,

social & ethnic background

Immigration depresses wages and takes away jobs

Immigration raises social welfare costs

Skilled migration generates jobs



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Out-migration can relieveunemployment pressure

Development of business linkagesbetween countries of origin and destination

Brain drain is net loss

Remittances

Skills acquisition

Migration

Myths



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Estimates

Between 30 and 40 million unauthorized migrants worldwide: 15 - 20% of globalmigrant stock1

Irregular Migration

The U.S. hosts 11-12 million undocumented migrants2

Largest absolute number of irregular immigrants

Approximately 500,000 arrive each year

30% of its total foreign-born population

Source: Global Commission on Intl Migration1

, U.S. State Department2

, European Commission3

, OECD3

Approximately 500,000 arrive each year

Europe has 8 million undocumented migrants3

30% of its total foreign-born population


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Migration:

What Benefits?

One indicator: Remittances

In many regions, remittances exceed Official DevelopmentAssistance (ODA). For example, remittances in South Asiaamounted to 6 billion in 2002, while ODA amounted to 5.9billion

In Pakistan, remittance receipts tripled between 2001 and 2003,to reach 4.2 billion in 2004

India is the leading recipient of remittances in the world at 23.5 billion

While majority of remittances flow from North to South (from adeveloped to a developing country), a significant amount ofremittances - 30 to 45% - flow from one developing country toanother

Total figure is twice as much as remittances just 5 years ago

Global remittance flows: estimated in 2006 at more than USD 268 billionOf this, USD 167 billion went to developing countries

Remittances

Source: The World Bank


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Remittances: considerable potential

Official Remittances

FDI Inflows

Private capital market

Official inflows

Chart 13. Remittances vs. other inflows in developing countries

(billions)

Source: IMF, World Bank

Migration:

What Benefits?

Remittances

Steady growth from 17.7 bil. in 1988 to 72.3 bil in 2001

Volume surpasses official inflows and direct foreign investment


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The Conclusions


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Ciprian - 1 - An Introduction to Migration

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