Church of Vic

8/14/2019 Church of Vic

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/church-of-vic 1/19

THE LIBRARY OF IBERIAN RESOURCES ON LINE

DIOCESE OF VIC

Paul Freedman

1

THE HEROIC ERA

OF THE CHURCH OF VIC,

886-1!!

ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTIONIN THE NINTH AND TENTH CENTURIES

"1#$The region of Vic -- the district, or comarca, of Ason! !nd those "ortions of the comarcas of#!ges, Anoi!, !nd #erged! $%ing &ithin the diocese -- sffered $onger fro' the Is$!'ic incrsions ofthe eighth !nd ninth centries th!n did the neigh(oring regions of Urge$$, #es!$), !nd *iron!+ Is$!'ic!r'ies occ"ied these $!tter territories for seer!$ dec!des, (t the r!n.ish offensie th!t (eg!n in /0restored the' to Christi!n r$e ! centr% (efore Vic &!s definitie$% recon2ered+314

The 5$!in of Vic !nd the !d6oining #!ges district &ere 'ore e7"osed to the &est !nd sered !s n!tr!$

rotes for r!iding !r'ies on their &!% to the 5%renees or (e%ond+ or 'ost of the eighth !nd ninthcentries, Ason! !nd its hinter$!nd &ere s"!rse$% "o"$!ted, occ"ied (% neither Christi!n nor Is$!'ic!thorit%+384 Co'"$eting the de!st!tion &re!.ed (% Is$!'ic razzias &!s the re(e$$ion, centered inAson!, of 9Cont Ai:o9 !g!inst the r!n.s in 08;-08/+3<4 Ai:o, !n Is$!'ic host!ge !t the r!n.ishcort &ho esc!"ed to the frontier, too. !d!nt!ge of the tr($ent freedo' of the frontier !nd of !nti-r!n.ish senti'ent !'ong the inh!(it!nts of 'ch of the S"!nish =!rch+ The "1%$ ot(re!. &!ss""ressed in 08/, !nd the 5$!in of Vic &!s $eft !s ! no '!n>s $!nd (et&een the S"!nish =!rch !nd theC!$i"h!te+ ?et recent inestig!tion sho&s th!t, des"ite the "o$itic!$ !c', the contr%side of Ason!&!s not deserted+3@4 C$ti!tion "ersisted, !nd $!nd &!s diided, (oght, !nd so$d (efore the offici!$resett$e'ent (eg!n in 0/0+ A re$!tie$% secre "e!ce &ith Is$!' in 0;< encor!ged ! s"ont!neos'oe'ent of sett$e'ent+ It is no& &ide$% recogni:ed th!t throghot the I(eri!n "enins$! the

9deserts9 3!s conte'"or!ries c!$$ed the'4 th!t se"!r!ted the hosti$e "eo"$es &ere not !s e'"t% !s theter' i'"$ies+34 Neerthe$ess, the fift% %e!rs th!t fo$$o&ed A$io>s re(e$$ion !re the d!r. !ges of Vic>shistor%+ h!teer !ctiit% th!t endred h!s $eft on$% !rch!eo$ogic!$ tr!ces !nd fgitie doc'ent!r%references+

In 0/0 the cont of #!rce$on!, *ifrB I, 9the H!ir%,9 &ho is tr!dition!$$% !ccorded the honor of (eingthe first inde"endent r$er of C!t!$oni!, est!($ished the cont% of Ason! !nd !""ointed ! iscont oerit+ It is "ossi($e th!t *ifrB did not origin!$$% "$!n the restor!tion of the (isho"ric of Ason!+ Accordingto Odi$o Enge$s, its fond!tion in 00; &!s the "rodct of !n intrige of the (isho" of *iron!, !cting for



the cont of E'")ries, &ho &ished to e7"!nd &est&!rd in co'"etition &ith *ifrB>s designs on thefrontier+3;4 Ro(ert-Henri #!tier, ho&eer, h!s c!$$ed into 2estion the eidence on &hich !cconts ofthis dis"te !re (!sed+3/4 He (e$iees th!t it &!s !t Cont *ifrB>s insistence th!t the restored diocese&!s recogni:ed (% the 'etro"o$it!n see of N!r(onne+ Sch offici!$ (!c.ing &o$d e7"$!in the "erseer!nce of the ne& !nd fr!gi$e fond!tion+304

In !n% eent, o&ing to the se"!r!te fond!tions !nd origin!$ s"heres of inf$ence, the diocese of Vic!nd the cont% of Ason! did not sh!re "recise$% the s!'e (order dring the =idd$e Ages 3see '!" 84+The orient!tion of the diocese &!s 'ore northern !nd e!stern th!n &!s the cont%>s+ The 'on!ster% ofRi"o$$, one of the 6e&e$s of the diocese, $!% not in the cont% of Ason! (t r!ther in #es!$)+ On theother h!nd, the c!st$e of C!rdon!, &here the iscont of Ason! nor'!$$% resided, &!s ! it!$ "!rt ofthe cont% of Ason! (t s(6ect ecc$esi!stic!$$% to Urge$$+

Unti$ recent$% it &!s thoght th!t the ne& (isho" of Ason! "16$ receied co'it!$ 6risdiction oer theinh!(it!nts of his diocese !nd ! n'(er of "($ic reenes, "!rtic$!r$% to$$s+ This i'"ression is (!sedon ! "rii$ege issed (% the r!n.ish .ing Odo in 00, (t the sriing te7t h!s n'eros $!terinter"o$!tions+34 A$$ th!t the (isho" receied for cert!in &!s ! 'i$it!r% strongho$d in the #!ges district3the c!st$e of ArtBs4 !nd one-third of cert!in "($ic reenes in the diocese+ ro' this fond!tion,

ho&eer, !ided (% c$ose re$!tions &ith the cont of #!rce$on!, the (isho" of Vic (ec!'e the effectier$er of his diocese, s""$!nting the iscont of Ason! in !$$ (t n!'e+ In 11 the &i$$ of the recent$%dece!sed Cont *ifrB II #orre$$ !$$o&ed the chrch of Vic one-third of the "rofits fro' the coin!gestrc. !t Vic+314 According to R!'on d>A(!d!$, the r!n.ish .ing Lois IV d>Otre'er confir'ed the (isho">s 'onet!r% rights in Vic+3114

Dring the tenth centr% the chrch gr!d!$$% !c2ired ne!r$% co'"$ete contro$ of the to&n+*ien the!(sence of the iscont 3&ho resided !t C!rdon!4 !nd the "re!i$ing confsion of "($ic &ith "ri!terights -- the &e$$-.no&n 'edie!$ inc$in!tion to !ssi'i$!te eer%thing fro' tithes to t!7es to rents into "ri!te $ordshi" -- the sccess of the (isho" !nd ch!"ter in trning "($ic reenes to their o&n (enefitis not sr"rising+ The "rocess too. "$!ce (et&een 11, &hen the chrch he$d one-third of the coin!ge

"rofits, !nd /, &hen, &ithot for'!$ !thori:!tion, it .e"t the entire !'ont+3184

Otside the to&n, in the re'!inder of the diocese, the chrch incre!sed its "o&er not (% sch ni(($ing (t !s ! direct res$t of the cont>s f!or+ To&!rd the end of the tenth centr%, !s the first efforts &ere'!de to sett$e the &estern "!rts of the diocese, the cont gr!nted c!st$es to the (isho" to sere !sfocses for "rotection !nd !d'inistr!tion of the frontier territories+ 31<4

Ths, (% the $!te tenth centr%, the (isho" !nd ch!"ter of Vic &ere 2ite "o&erf$+ The chrch he$dc!st$es, to$$s, 6dici!$ rights, the 'int, !nd '!r.et reenes !nd &!s '!ster of the cit% of Vic+ orf!ctors "ro'oted the good fortne of the chrch the "ec$i!r circ'st!nces of its reest!($ish'ent, the "ro7i'it% of the frontier, the tr!nsfor'!tion of rights de$eg!ted (% the cont into "re$% ecc$esi!stic!$ones, !nd the "o$ic% of co$$!(or!tion "1&$ (et&een conts !nd (isho"s+ The $!st deseres "!rtic$!r

e'"h!sis (ec!se it is i'"ort!nt to !oid e7"$!ining the "o&ers en6o%ed (% the (isho" !nd ch!"ter !s'ere$% the res$t of ! oid $eft (% ! &e!.ened centr!$ goern'ent+ A$thogh it &!s co''on in tenth-centr% Ero"e for co'it!$ "o&er to scceed !nd then e'$!te the disintegr!tion of ro%!$ s"re'!c%,so'e regions resisted this trend, inc$ding Nor'!nd%, $!nders, !nd C!t!$oni!, &here the cont r$edeffectie$%+31@4

N!tr!$$%, the conts of #!rce$on! did not est!($ish ! "roto-'odern st!te &ith ! centr!$ (re!cr!c%+R!ther &h!t the% !cco'"$ished &!s the "ro$ong!tion of C!ro$ingi!n 3!nd $ti'!te$% Ro'!no-Visigothic4 notions of "($ic !thorit%+314 The% scceeded in '!int!ining the'se$es !s the



n2estioned goern'ent of the for'er S"!nish =!rch+ Their sccess &!s not 2ite tot!$, ho&eer, forthe% sh!red the C!ro$ingi!n &e!.ness for "!rtitioning territor% !'ong heirs+ In the tenth !nd e$eenthcentries ! f$ct!ting n'(er of conties dis"ted !'ong the'se$es, !$thogh !$$ &ere r$ed (% thes!'e f!'i$%+ Des"ite their !cri'onios re$!tionshi"s, there &!s $itt$e &!rf!re !'ong the conties+ Theirconts &ere io$ent !nd err!tic, (t the% he$d !n ns!$ degree of res"ect for $!& !nd correct "rocedre !nd '!% (e s!id to h!e goerned &e$$+31;4 The co'it!$ tri(n!$s re'!ined the $ti'!te

sorce of 6dg'ent, "($ic $!nd 3the fisc) st!%ed in the cont>s "ossession, !nd c!st$es !nd t!7es &ere!$ien!ted on$% to the 'ost de"end!($e !$$ies, sch !s the chrch+31/4

The strength of the cont '!% h!e (een de in "!rt to the "ro7i'it% of the frontier+3104 E7terior d!ngeris ! n!tr!$ correctie to intern!$ disnit% !nd !$so "roides ! "$!ce to &hich io$ent energies &ithinsociet% '!% conenient$% (e ch!nne$ed+ ?et the "resence of the frontier &i$$ not entire$% e7"$!in the "reser!tion of centr!$i:ed goern'ent+ If d!nger nifies "eo"$e in the !(sence of strong, credi($einstittions, one &o$d e7"ect tenth-centr% Ero"e, ! "$!ce in gre!t d!nger fro' in!ders, to h!e (een intern!$$% nified r!ther th!n !n!rchic, !s it in f!ct &!s+ The conts of #!rce$on!, $i.e theirco$$e!ges in Nor'!nd% !nd $!nders, (enefited fro' other sorces of strength, inc$ding thetr!dition!$ recognition of !nd $o%!$t% to "($ic, instittion!$i:ed "18$ !thorit%, &hich deried fro'Ro'!n, Visigothic, !nd C!ro$ingi!n ti'es+ Th!t !thorit% "roided ! de(!sed, (t co'"!r!tie$%so"histic!ted, for' of $!& !nd '!int!ined the re!$it% of ! 2!$it!tie difference (et&een "ri!te $icense!nd "($ic right+314

The cont !$so (enefited fro' !nother tr!dition!$ sorce of strength the chrch+ C!ro$ingi!ngoern'ent, es"eci!$$% in its $!ter %e!rs, defined itse$f in ecc$esi!stic!$ ter's !s ! for' of ministerium.The r$er &!s !""ointed (% *od to "rotect the chrch, to r$e his $!nd "h%sic!$$%, !nd to frther the "eo"$e>s s"irit!$ destin% !s &e$$+ The r$er s!nctified in this f!shion h!d dties th!t ($ended &ith thoseof ! chrch ch!rged &ith sec$!r res"onsi(i$ities+ The fnctions of chrch !nd sec$!r goern'ent (ec!'e so c$ose$% 6oined th!t the t&o instittions (ec!'e ne!r$% indistingish!($e+384

The conts of #!rce$on! inherited these h!(its of inter"enetr!tion !nd oer$!""ing 6risdiction, stri""ed

of so'e of the $ itrgic!$ !nd rhetoric!$ co'"$e7it% e$!(or!ted (% the Visigoths !nd C!ro$ingi!ns+Coo"er!tion !'onted to so'ething 'ore signific!nt th!n si'"$e contro$ of the chrch (% the cont,!$thogh there &!s neer !n% do(t !(ot &hich &!s the 'ore "o&erf$ "!rtner+3814 The sec$!r$ordshi" of the chrch &!s de$eg!ted (% the cont (t e7ercised 2ite !tono'os$%+ The chrch intenth-!nd e$eenth-centr% C!t!$oni! &!s !n !s"ect of goern'ent, not ! too$ of the $!it%, !n 9Bg$ise ! "ooir des $!F2es+93884

=ore th!n the ch!$$enge of the frontier, it &!s the tr!dition of strong "($ic !thorit% th!t inf$encedthe strctre of goern'ent in e!r$% C!t!$oni!+ And this conser!tie tendenc%, 'ore th!n the frontieror the circ'st!nces of 00;, en!($ed the chrch of Victo "ros"er+ The resi$ience of the chrch !ndconts &!s de not to !n es"eci!$$% s.i$$f$ !d!"t!tion to ch!nged conditions (t to the reerse -- to !for' of re!ction!r% ideo$og% th!t contined on ! region!$ sc!$e the "o$itic!$ theor% of s(-Ro'!n

ti'es+

Dring its heroic "h!se, (efore 11, the chrch of Vic s!& itse$f !s the !ssoci!te of the conts of#!rce$on!, !nd it &!s sit!ted in ! '!nner th!t !$$o&ed it e7tensie "o&er &ithin the cont% !nddiocese of Ason!+ Vic &!s c$oser to the soth&estern "1!$ frontier th!n either *iron! or E$ne, !nd it&!s $ess oer!&ed (% the i''edi!te "resence of the cont th!n &ere the sees of #!rce$on! !nd Urge$$+Th!t (isho"s 'ight "ossess sec$!r 6risdiction &!s not ! noe$ ide! in 'edie!$ Ero"e+ #isho"s &erenor'!$$% 'e'(ers of the s!'e !ristocr!tic f!'i$ies th!t do'in!ted the diocese, !nd their rights !ndinco'e &ere (i$t on the s!'e co'(in!tion of $!nd, 6risdiction!$ 'ono"o$ies, !nd 'isce$$!neos t!7es



th!t s""orted the no($es !nd .nights+ h!t distingished C!t!$oni! !nd so'e other !re!s, sch !s theRhine$!nd, &!s th!t "rince$% "o&er for (isho"s &!s !chieed in !ssoci!tion &ith ! strong r$er !ndre"resented not ! frther fr!g'ent!tion of !thorit% (t ! co$$!(or!tie !rr!nge'ent+ ithin C!t!$oni!,the frontier g!e "!rtic$!r strength to Vic insof!r !s the ne&$% sett$ed $!nds '!de effectie 'i$it!r%!nd "o$itic!$ contro$ necess!r%+ Unti$ the frontier &!s e7tended in the t&e$fth centr%, !nd nti$ thecont (ec!'e $ess de"endent on the chrch, the (isho" of Vic &o$d (e the 'ost "o&erf$ '!n in

Ason! !nd ! strong "resence &ithin the entire territor% s(6ect to the conts+The c$ose identific!tion of C!t!$!n (isho"s &ith the fortnes of the Hose of #!rce$on! te'"ted theconts to se$ect 'e'(ers of their o&n f!'i$% !s (isho"s+ The (r!nch th!t r$ed the northern conties ofCerd!n%! !nd #es!$) &!s "!rtic$!r$% en!'ored of this "r!ctice, !$$o&ing its inf$ence to (e e7tendedinto !re!s otside the "o$itic!$ (ond!ries of its territor%, &hich h!d no diocese of its o&n+38<4 The'!nifest$% nrefor'ed s%ste' of e"isco"!$ se$ection &or.ed f!ir$% &e$$, not&ithst!nding the Hose of#!rce$on!>s re"t!tion for fe& gent$e or conte'"$!tie irtes+ The 'ing$ing of e"isco"!$ !nd co'it!$r$ershi" !nd the often ($!t!nt !""e!r!nce of si'oni!c!$ "r!ctices coincided &ith the 'ost inno!tie!nd !rtistic!$$% f$orishing "eriod of the n!tion!$ chrch+ It is do(tf$ th!t the *regori!n refor', &henit c!'e, !$$o&ed ! (etter chrch eer%&here to re"$!ce the corr"t indigenos instittion+ 38@4

The nrefor'ed chrch "rodced cert!in "!r!do7es+ One finds conts & h "ios$% retired fro' the&or$d to die in the c!$' confines of sch 'on!steries !s L! *r!sse, =onte C!ssino, !nd C!nigo+ 384 At the s!'e ti'e, the $ist of (isho"s &ho died "'$ io$ent$% is e7tensie+ Three sccessie (isho"s ofVic 'et nn!tr!$ ends+ AtG &!s 'rdered in /1, !""!rent$% (ec!se of his efforts to e$e!te Vic to!rche"isco"!$ st!ts+38;4 His sccessor, r6, &!s consecr!ted (% the !rch(isho" of N!r(onne, &ho h!do""osed the "$!n to e$e!te the st!ts of this sffr!g!n chrch+ r6 &!s .i$$ed in 8 (% ! f!ctions""orting !n !nti-(isho"+38/4 He &!s fo$$o&ed (% Arn$f, &ho &!s !'ong three C!t!$!n (isho"s &hodied dring the !tt!c. on CGrdo(! in 11+3804 Arn$f>s 'i$it!r% !dentres &ere es"eci!$$% note&orth%he h!d (een !'ong those "risoners t!.en in the r!ids of A$'!n:or 3!$-=!nsr4 in 0 !nd he$d inCGrdo(! for r!nso'+384

In sch conditions the chrch !nd the &or$d co$d not !$&!%s !""e!r &ide$% se"!r!ted+ A dis"te sch!s th!t oer the 'etro"o$it!n st!ts of Vic &!s (orn of the cont>s desire to end tr!ns-5%rene!ninf$ence on his territor%+ AtG !nd Cont #orre$$ 6orne%ed to Ro'e !nd o(t!ined fie ($$s th!tordered C!t!$!n dioceses to (e se"!r!ted fro' N!r(onne>s 6risdiction !nd gro"ed nder AtG, &ho &!s "roc$!i'ed !rch(isho" of Ason! &hi$e the for'er 'etro"o$it!n see of T!rr!gon! re'!ined in =os$e'h!nds+ AtG>s nti'e$% de!th "t !n end to the sche'e+ T&o of the i'"ressie "!"!$ "!"%ri &ere "resered in the c!thedr!$ !rchies of Vic, &here the% !re sti$$ to (e fond+ No frther !tte'"t &!s'!de to secede fro' N!r(onne for oer ! centr%, nti$ the (isho" of Vic, #erenger, &!s recogni:ed!s !rch(isho" of T!rr!gon!+ Th!t c$!i' &o$d re"resent (oth the :enith of Vic>s st!tre !nd the "oint of'ost inti'!te co$$!(or!tion &ith the cont+

THE SETTLE=ENT O THE RONTIER

The io$ent intrige srronding the f!i$re to se"!r!te the C!t!$!n chrch fro' N!r(onne is ! re'inderof the diffic$ties !ttending !n e7cessie$% c$ose connection (et&een chrch !ff!irs !nd the sec$!r&or$d+ A'ong the 'ore fortn!te res$ts of this connection &!s the "$!ce'ent of ne& sett$ers onfrontier $!nds+ Resett$e'ent &!s org!ni:ed in seer!$ &!%s !nd nder different !s"ices+ L!rge-sc!$e "$!nned 'oe'ents of "o"$!tion, sch those s"erised (% the chrch, &ere of consider!($ei'"ort!nce, "'1$ !$thogh to so'e degree their signific!nce is e7!gger!ted (% the n!tre of thesriing records, &hich !re si$ent reg!rding the "!inf$ efforts of indiid!$ "e!s!nts !cting on theiro&n+ Cont *ifrB !nd sch 'on!steries !s S!nt Jo!n de $es A(!desses !nd S!nt Cg!t de$ V!$$s !re



often credited &ith conso$id!ting the e!r$% frontier+ L!ter, in the 'ore strctred setting of the t&e$fth!nd thirteenth centries, $!rge org!ni:!tions sch !s the 'i$it!r% orders &o$d cert!in$% (e in ch!rge of!rr!nging the ter's of sett$e'ent+

or the e!r$% %e!rs, ho&eer, recent rese!rch h!s '!de c$e!r the "!r!'ont ro$e of n"$!nned efforts (%s'!$$ gro"s of f!r'ers in the dee$o"'ent of Ason! !nd other "re-5%rene!n comarcas+3<4 5e!s!nts&ere effectie o&ners of their ho$dings, not "!rt of ! seigneri!$ est!te s%ste', !nd 'ore &!s !chieed

(% their initi!tie th!n (% the direction of chrch or cont+3<14 Een (efore its offici!$ "!cific!tion !t theend of the ninth centr%, the 5$!in of Vic !ttr!cted sett$ers+ Its e!si$% &or.ed soi$ !nd re$!tie$% 'oistc$i'!te !ssred r!"id !nd fritf$ dee$o"'ent+ The n!rro&, cr!'"ed !$$e%s of the 5%renees, refgefor 'ch of the Christi!n "o"$!tion dring the Is$!'ic !scend!nc%, &ere e7tre'e$% cro&ded, !nd itneeded $itt$e "ro"!g!nd! to entice "eo"$e !&!% fro' the'+3<84 The ro$e of the cont !nd the chrch &!s'ore to confir' !nd "rotect "!tterns of sett$e'ent th!n to cre!te the'+

rther to the &est !nd soth, ho&eer, the comarcas of Anoi! !nd Seg!rr! &ere diffic$t to "o"$!te+These &ere tre frontier territories, e7"osed to Is$!'ic !tt!c. dring the "eriod of st!($e, (t not "e!cef$, (orders+ The terr!in is 'ore irreg$!r !nd rgged, !nd the c$i'!te is drier th!n th!t of Ason!or #!ges+ N!tr!$ !nd h'!n o(st!c$es "resented seere "ro($e's for sett$ers throghot the tenth !nd

dring 'ch of the e$eenth centr%+In these &estern regions, in contr!st to the "r!ctice on the 5$!in of Vic, the cont>s interests &ere sered (% inesting the c!thedr!$ &ith c!st$es to "rotect !nd !d'inister the f$edg$ing co''nities+ Otherregion!$ "o&ers 'ight receie si'i$!r res"onsi(i$ities, (t often the chrch 'st h!e !""e!red 'oreco'"etent to ndert!.e the !d'inistr!tie !nd een 'i$it!r% !s"ects of this ro$e th!n the $!% officers ofthe cont+ In 11, for "''$ e7!'"$e, the c!st$e of C!$!f in the comarca of the Seg!rr! &!s tr!nsferredto the c!thedr!$ fro' the inco'"etent r$e of the iscont of Ason!+3<<4

The chrch !""ointed its o&n c!nons to r$e sch c!st$es, (t des"ite sch direct s"erision, it co$dnot !$&!%s !ttr!ct or conso$id!te sett$e'ent+3<@4 Thogh !n effectie 'i$it!r% "rotector !nd 6dge ofdis"tes, the chrch &!s $ess sccessf$ in sst!ining the "e!s!nts in their strgg$es &ith the $!nd+ ro'

0 to 11 ! series of reerses, inc$ding &!r, droght, !nd f!'ine, indced the chrch to !$$% &ith!nd co-o"t the 'e'(ers of the se$f-'!de 'i$it!r% e$ite, th!t is, '!gn!tes &ho &ere not there"resent!ties of the cont 3$i.e the iscont of Ason!4 (t &ho &ere s%'"!thetic to the chrch+3<4 In retrn for intercessor% "r!%ers !nd other s"irit!$ (enefits, sch !s "rii$eged (ri!$ !nd $itrgic!$co''e'or!tion, "ios .nights of est!($ished 'i$it!r% "ro&ess &ere inested &ith c!st$es on thefrontier+ The s""ort of these .nights &!s crci!$ to the (isho", !nd in the e!r$% e$eenth centr% heoffered the' the !dded indce'ent of !tt!ch'ent to the c!thedr!$ ch!"ter !s $!% c!nons, or levitae.

A levita &!s e2i!$ent to ! de!con or s(de!con+3<;4 As did c!thedr!$ ch!"ters throghot e!r$%'edie!$ Ero"e, the chrch of Vic inc$ded ! n'(er of c$erg% (e$o& the "riest$% r!n., &ho &eretherefore not (ond to &or$d-renoncing st!nd!rds of (eh!ior+ The r!n. of levita &!s ! genine

c$eric!$ $ee$, if ! $esser one, !nd for ! $!%'!n to (e c!$$ed levita i'"$ies 'ore th!n ! rhetoric!$ orhonorific tit$e+ A$thogh one 'eets ! $!rge n'(er of "erfect$% ordin!r% c$eric!$ levitae in doc'ents ofthe t&e$fth centr%, the 'i$it!r% levitae of the e!r$% e$eenth centr% &ere different+3</4

The $!te =onsignor Jn%ent, for '!n% %e!rs c!non-!rchiist of Vic, noted the distinction (et&eenc$eric!$ levitae !nd $!% c!nons &ho he$d the s!'e r!n. !nd tit$e+3<04 L!% levitae receied '!6orres"onsi(i$ities, in contr!st to the rotine dties of those (e!ring the tit$e ! centr% $!ter+ Th!t "ro'inentc!nons &ere o"en$% '!rried !nd h!d chi$dren $ed tienne #!$:e 3in his edition of 5ierre de =!rc!>s'on'ent!$ co$$ection Marca Hispanica) to ridic$e !nd c!stig!te the !$$eged i''or!$it% of the



C!t!$!n c$erg%+3<4"'($ The levitae th!t #!$:e sing$ed ot &ere (r!:en !(ot their do'estic!rr!nge'ents, not (ec!se of the corr"tion of societ%, (t (ec!se the% &ere $!%'en+

hen co$oni:!tion of the &est &!s res'ed !fter the r!ids of A$'!n:or !nd his sccessor h!d ended,#isho" #orre$$ of Vic decided not to ndert!.e the 6o( of "rotecting the ne& sett$e'ents direct$%+ In11 the c!st$e of C!$!f !nd its t&o s!te$$ite fortresses &ere "$!ced nder the co''!nd of *i$$e' de=edion!, ! levita, &ho &!s to ho$d the c!st$e in o(edience to the chrch+3@4 *i$$r' &!s !$re!d% $ordof the frontier c!st$e of C$!ri!n! !nd "res'!($% h!d "roen his s.i$$ in defending sett$ers !nd his good&i$$ to&!rd the chrch+ In 18< !nd 1<1, nder #orre$$>s sccessor, O$i(!, *i$$e' receied the c!st$esof Tons !nd =ont(i, to (e he$d fro' the chrch+ 3@14 =ore th!n "rotection of the frontier '!% h!e (een enis!ged in these gr!nts to *i$$e' de =edion!+ Dring the 18s ! 'ore !ssertie !ndinde"endent !ristocr!c% &!s nder'ining the "reios$% n2estioned s"re'!c% of the conts+3@84 *r!nts to *i$$e' !nd other levitae '!% ref$ect !n7iet% oer intern!$ disorder !s &e$$ !s set(!c.s on thefrontier+ If so, it &o$d not (e the $!st ti'e the chrch soght !n !$tern!tie for' of $!% s""ort in the!(sence of effectie co'it!$ "rotection+

There !re indic!tions th!t !t $e!st one levita &!s inti'!te$% ino$ed &ith c!"it$!r !d'inistr!tion+#onfi$$ de *r(-Ker!$t &!s ! 'e'(er of one of the 'ost "o&erf$ f!'i$ies of Ason! !nd the frontier

region of the Anoi! Rier+3@<4 In doc'ents of the 18s !nd 1<s he !""e!rs !s ! levita !nd then !ss!crist!n, the $!tter one of the 'ost i'"ort!nt ch!"ter offices+ #onfi$$ &!s '!rried !nd h!d ! son &hoscceeded hi' !s c!ste$$!n of the e"isco"!$ fortress of =ed!, not f!r fro' Vic+3@@4

h!t !d!nt!ges did ! levita o(t!in in !ddition to ne& c!st$es 3oer &hich his contro$ 'ight (ecirc'scri(ed4 The (enefits of st!ts !s ! c!non inc$ded sh!ring in the ch!"ter>s co''on reene,inscri"tion in the co''e'or!tie (oo.s '!r.ing the s!ints> fe!st d!%s !nd the !nniers!ries of thede!th of ch!"ter 'e'(ers, !nd the right to (e (ried in or ne!r the c!thedr!$ +3@4 rther, the $!rge$%intercessor% n!tre of e!r$% 'edie!$ "iet% '!de $!% !ffi$i!tion !ttr!ctie+3@;4 L!c.ing sch $!ter 'e!ns!s !ric$!r confession "'#$ or crs!de ind$gence to !ssre re'ission of "nish'ent for sin !nd to !id "erson!$ s!$!tion, $!%'en &ere e!ger to !ssoci!te the'se$es &ith forces th!t co$d "$!c!te the stern

6dg'ent of *od+ =on!steries &ere the "!rtic$!r (enefici!ries of this desire for intercession (ec!setheir $itrgic!$ rotine !nd g!rdi!nshi" of not!($e re$ics endo&ed the' &ith tre'endos s"irit!$ "o&er+ Other chrches, sch !s the c!thedr!$ of Vic, !$so !ttr!cted "ios don!tions, (e2ests, !nd&e!$th% 'e'(ers, !$$ "rodcts of ! c$i'!te of s"irit!$ !n7iet% th!t "ossessed fe& ot$ets to the diine+

The levitae &ere !n !ctie for' of this intercessor% 'ent!$it%+ Their !ssoci!tion &ith the ch!"ter is ! "recedent for the crs!de s"irit !nd the org!ni:!tion of 'i$it!r% orders, instr'ents th!t &o$d en$ist$!%'en in the &or. of the chrch+ Sch 'en &o$d o(t!in re'ission for the "en!$ties of their sins, %etre'!in !de"t in s.i$$s of io$ence, no& trned to "res'!($% 'ore $egiti'!te ends+3@/4 In one sense thelevitae &ere c$oser to the chrch th!n 'e'(ers of confr!ternities or 'i$it!r% orders &o$d (e in theftre the% &ere f$$ 'e'(ers of the ch!"ter, so'ething th!t $!ter gener!tions &o$d se$do' "er'it+ In

!nother sense the levitae re'!ined 'ore dist!nt fro' the c$eric!$ $ife th!n their sccessors (ec!se the%neither too. o&s nor $ied in co''on+ h!t the levitae e7hi(it 'ost distinct$% is the co'(in!tion ofs"irit!$it%, "r!ctic!$it%, !nd "!triotis' th!t '!r.ed the h!(its !nd "o$ic% of the chrch of Vic+9Or!tiones o"ti'e de"endent "!tri!'9 the &ords of S!$!, the $!% '!gn!te &ho fonded the 'on!ster%of S!nt #enet de #!ges, e7"ress the &ides"re!d desire for coo"er!tion (et&een the chrch !nd gre!t$!%'en, !nd the% dis"$!% the e7"ect!tions of the levitae+3@04

After 1 the levitae no $onger !""e!r in sriing doc'ents, "erh!"s (ec!se the frontier &!s $ess "eri$os or (ec!se the first inf$ence of chrch refor' re2ired gre!ter distinction (et&een c$erg% !nd$!%'en+ The csto' of 6oining $!%'en 3!nd $!%&o'en !s &e$$4 to the ch!"ter &o$d srie throgh



the t&e$fth centr%, ho&eer+ Seer!$ 'e'(ers of the $!it% &ere co''e'or!ted in the 'e'ori!$ (oo.s3'!rt%ro$ogies4 of the ch!"ter !s c!nons 3!$thogh the% "ossessed no c$eric!$ tit$e sch "'%$ !s levita)+3@4 =ore co''on &o$d (e ! for' of honor!r% 'e'(ershi" !s ! confrater of the c!thedr!$co''nit%+ 5ere de S!nt! Egeni!, for e7!'"$e, &ho died so'eti'e !fter 11/;, &!s re'e'(ered !s !9'i$es egregis et his sedis confr!ter+934 Een !t this $!te d!te the chrch !ssoci!ted to itse$f'e'(ers of $e!ding f!'i$ies+

THE 5EACE AND TRUCE O *OD

The levitae of the e!r$% e$eenth centr% &ere (oth ! f!cet of the !'(igit% of ecc$esi!stic!$ !nd sec$!r (ond!ries !nd ! cre!tie so$tion to the diffic$ties of re"o"$!tion !nd "rotection+ An een 'orestri.ing e7!'"$e of sch !'(igit% !nd cre!tiit% is the 'oe'ent .no&n !s the 5e!ce !nd Trce of*od+ Actie throghot C!t!$oni!, the 'oe'ent '!% !$so (e considered ! res"onse to the crisis of thecont>s !thorit% th!t (eg!n in 18+

The 5e!ce of *od !tte'"ted to contro$ the gro&th in "ri!te &!rf!re (% the se of s"irit!$ s!nctions+314 Chrch conci$s defined "$!ces !nd "ersons th!t &ere to (e e7e'"t fro' io$ence, !nd those &ho (ro.e the conci$i!r decrees &ere to (e e7co''nic!ted+ 5rotected &ere chrch (i$dings, !n !re! of$!nd !rond the', the c$erg%, "e!s!nts, !nd ! !r%ing $ist of other nonco'(!t!nts 3&ido&s, 'erch!nts,!nd the $i.e4 !nd their "ossessions+ In so'e c!ses .nights &ere re2ired to !""e!r !t the conci$s !nds&e!r o(edience to the ter's of the 5e!ce+ Occ!sion!$$% the s"irit!$ thre!ts !g!inst io$!tors of the5e!ce &ere s""$e'ented (% the "h%sic!$ "ers!sion of ! 'i$iti! co'"osed of s&orn .nights !nd $esserfo$.+ The first 5e!ce conci$s &ere he$d in the $!te tenth centr% in L!ngedoc !nd #rgnd%, regionsin &hich the disintegr!tion of sec$!r !thorit% &!s ne!r$% tot!$+ In these !n!rchic territories, theinterention of the chrch to '!int!in ! 'odic' of order &!s necess!r%, faute de mieux.

The Trce of *od &!s !n otgro&th of the 5e!ce+ It reg$!ted the ti'e dring &hich &!rf!re &!s $icitin !ddition to e7e'"ting cert!in "$!ces !nd "ersons+ ighting on Snd!% !nd other ho$% d!%s &!sot$!&ed, !nd in sccessie conci$s the $ist of "rohi(ited d!%s &!s e7tended to inc$de Lent, !$$rid!%s, S!trd!%s, "'6$ =ond!%s, !nd ! host of 'inor ho$id!%s -- to the "oint of '!.ing "er'itted

&!rf!re i'"ossi($e+ Tr!dition!$$%, C!t!$oni! !nd Rossi$$on receie credit for inenting the Trce, !ndthe Conci$ of To$oges 318/4 is cited !s the first trce conci$+384 Th!t conci$ &!s "resided oer (%O$i(!, the (isho" of Vic, !$thogh so'e !thorities (e$iee th!t !n e!r$ier trce &!s "roc$!i'ed (%O$i(! !nd his co$$e!ge, the (isho" of E$ne 3&ithin &hose diocese To$oges $!%4+ 3<4 In 1<< ! 'ores&ee"ing trce reg$!tion, coering 'erch!nts in !ddition to "e!s!nts !nd c$erg%, &!s issed !t !conci$ of C!t!$!n (isho"s he$d !t !n nidentified "$!ce, "erh!"s !t Vic itse$f +3@4 S(se2ent conci$s,'ost$% !sse'($ed in sothern r!nce, es"eci!$$% !t N!r(onne, e7tended the n'(er of d!%s dring&hich the Trce &!s to !""$%+34

Je!n-5ierre 5o$% h!s ch!$$enged the C!t!$!n c$!i' to "riorit% in inenting the Trce, (!sed !s it is,!ccording to 5o$%, on f!$t% d!ting of C!t!$!n conci$s th!t too. "$!ce $!ter th!n those of 5roence !nd

L!ngedoc+3;4

5o$% !d'its th!t the &ord treva first !""e!red !t To$ogesM ho&eer, he fee$s th!t thisconci$ did not '!r. !n% !d!nce oer e!r$ier conci$s of the 5e!ce of *od+ He (e$iees th!t !$thoghthe ide! of the Trce '!% h!e origin!ted &ith O$i(! !nd his circ$e, its re!$i:!tion too. "$!ce in theRhne region of 5roence+ 5o$% considers ! N!r(onne conci$ of 1@< !nd the Conci$ of S!int *i$$es3(et&een 1@8 !nd 1@@4 the ins"ir!tion of C!t!$!n conci$s, the first of &hich &!s the 1@< conci$3&rong$% d!ted !s 1<<4+3/4

e '!% $e!e !side the "ro($e' of &hether or not C!t!$oni! "receded 5roence+ The Trce &!sndo(ted$% "o"$!r in C!t!$oni!, !nd &ith its tri'"h the "roisions of the 5e!ce &ere !$sointrodced+ h% the 5e!ce !nd Trce sho$d h!e s"re!d in ! re!$' th!t, n$i.e 5roence or



L!ngedoc, h!d ! tr!dition of sec$!r !thorit%, is ! 2estion of 'ore signific!nce th!n th!t of "recedence+

The i'"ort!nce of the Trce in C!t!$oni! &!s in "!rt ! s%'"to' of the dec$ine in the cont>s "o&er, to&hich &e h!e !$re!d% !$$ded+ #et&een 18 !nd 1 ! series of !ristocr!tic re(e$$ions nder'inedthe !$re!d% ineffectie goern'ent of Cont #erenger R!'on I 3110-1<4 !nd the regenc% of the"'&$ do&!ger Contess Er'essend!+ The 5e!ce !nd Trce, ho&eer, !'onted to 'ore th!n res"onses

to "o$itic!$ disorder+ The chrch did not sei:e "o&er dring ! "eriod of &!ning sec$!r !thorit%+R!ther, the (isho"s, 'ost not!($% O$i(! of Vic, contined to r$e in concert &ith the Hose of#!rce$on!, "!rt of the inner circ$e of Er'essend!>s regenc%, !nd "!rt of the o$d g!rd 3! gro" th!tinc$ded *o'(! of #esor! !nd Er'essend!4, &hose ide!s on r$ershi" rested on the 'erging ofecc$esi!stic!$ !nd sec$!r $egiti'!c%+304 Trce !dded ne& too$s of enforce'ent (t did not detr!ct fro'the (!sic ideo$og% of "o$itic!$ contro$+ To g!r!ntee cii$ "e!ce (% en$isting the s"irit!$ &e!"ons of thechrch &!s ! fnd!'ent!$ ide! &hose origins &ere C!ro$ingi!n, Visigothic, !nd Ro'!n+

The Trce 'st not (e thoght of, therefore, !s ! des"er!te 'e!sre designed to s(stitte s"irit!$ forsec$!r enforce'ent of orderM r!ther, it !ss'ed th!t the t&o "o&ers sho$d !ct in concert+ A(oe !$$,the Trce !nd 5e!ce "resered the distinction (et&een "($ic !nd "ri!te for's of coercion,nderscoring difference (et&een "ri!te &!rf!re !nd the se of io$ence in the defense of theco''on&e!$th+ There re'!ined ! 2!$it!tie !nd s"irit!$ difference (et&een fed!$ conf$ict !nd thee7ercise of "o$itic!$ s"re'!c% (% ! "!rtnershi" of the cont !nd the chrch+

#ISHO5 OLI#A

In the e!r$% centries of the C!t!$!n conties, it so$d no& (e !""!rent, the chrch fnctioned !s !n!s"ect of ! $egiti'!te "($ic !thorit%+ It &!s not si'"$% the too$ of the conts> "ri!te interest (t ! "o&er in its o&n right, one &hose inf$ence oer$!""ed &ith th!t of the st!te in '!tters of t!7!tion,coin!ge, frontier defense, !nd intern!$ "e!ce+ The 'ost "o&erf$ e7!'"$e of the oer$!""ing ro$e of thechrch is the c!reer of #isho" O$i(!, the gre!test in ! series of strong e$eenth-centr% (isho"s of Vic+34 O$i(! &!s ! 'e'(er of the Cerd!n%!-#es!$) $ine of the Hose of #!rce$on!+ His f!ther, ContO$i(! C!(ret!, died "e!cef$$% !t =onte C!ssino !fter the c!res of ! tr($ent $ife in the sec$!r "'8$

&or$d, $e!ing three sons to sh!re the tit$e of cont 3! forth, #erenger, &!s !$re!d% (isho" of E$ne4+O$i(!, &ho &!s dr!&n to the conte'"$!tie $ife, entered Ri"o$$ !s !n ordin!r% 'on. in 18 !nd ce!sedto c!$$ hi'se$f ! cont+ A(!d!$ (e$iees th!t his decision to enter Ri"o$$ &!s ins"ired (% !n inst!nce ofthe t%"ic!$ confsion of ro$es dring this "eriod, the edif%ing de!th of the Veneti!n Doge 5ietro Orseo$o!t the 5%rene!n 'on!ster% of Ci7 in 0 !nd the io$ent de!th of O$i(!>s (rother, #isho" #erengerof E$ne, !t the h!nds of the =oors !t A$(es! in 1<+3;4

O$i(! (ec!'e !((ot of Ri"o$$ in 10 !nd &!s e$ected !((ot of Ci7 in the s!'e %e!r+ He &!s!""ointed (isho" of Vic in 110, "ro(!($% (ec!se of his friendshi" &ith Er'essend!, the &ife ofCont R!'on #orre$$+3;14 As (isho", O$i(! &!s !($e to 'edi!te (et&een his f!'i$% !nd the senior (r!nch of the Hose of #!rce$on! !nd to he!$ the fre2ent dis"tes (et&een Er'essend! !nd her son

!nd gr!ndson+ O$i(!>s h!r'onios re$!tions &ith "o&erf$ $!%'en !re !$so eident in his !$$i!nce &ith*i$$e' de =edion!, &ho' he inested &ith 'ost of the c!thedr!$>s frontier c!st$es, !nd in the cre!tion!nd strengthening of the Trce of *od+

O$i(!>s "ontific!te $!sted nti$ 1@; !nd &!s ! ti'e of not!($e !rtistic, s"irit!$, !nd "o$itic!$!cco'"$ish'ents+ These &ere '!de "ossi($e (% ! "!rtnershi" &ith '!gn!tes !nd "rinces th!t t%"ified -in this c!se, f!or!($% -- the conditions of the chrch (efore the *regori!n refor'+ Een &hi$e O$i(!defended the "ossessions of his chrch !g!inst $!% sr"!tion, he re'!ined er% 'ch ! 'e'(er of ther$ing f!'i$%M his f!orite ne"he& !""e!rs to h!e (een *ifrB, !rch(isho" of N!r(onne fro' c!+ 11



to 1/, &ho &!s, !$re!d% in O$i(!>s $ifeti'e, notorios for his 'i$it!nt$% nrefor'ed (eh!ior+3;84

O$i(!>s ins"ir!tion '!% h!e (een ni2e, (t it is &orth re!$i:ing th!t his energ% &!s not+ Des"ite theo(ios dr!&(!c.s to the C!t!$!n "ro"riet!r% chrch s%ste', it '!n!ged to "rodce (isho"s of s.i$$!nd !cco'"$ish'ent &ho defended the r$e of the conts !nd the !thorit% of their o&n chrch+ h!t&!s ns!$ !(ot O$i(!, &ho &!s other&ise so t%"ic!$ of the !$$i!nce of chrch !nd cont, &!s his "erson!$ s!nctit% !nd c!$'ness of ch!r!cter+

"'!$ THE 5ONTIICATE O #EREN*UER DE LLUA

O$i(! &!s scceeded (% his ne"he& *i$$e' de #!$s!ren% 31@;-1/;4, &ho contined &ho continedthe "o$icies of !$$i!nce &ith the cont !nd concern for "($ic order+ The !"ogee of the chrch of Vic, or!t $e!st the height of its "retensions, &!s !chieed dring the inc'(enc% of #erenger Seniofred deL$P 31/;-14, .no&n to $!ter gener!tions !s si'"$% 9the !rch(isho",9 for he &!s tit$!r!rchi(isho" of T!rr!gon! !fter 11+3;<4 The tit$e &o$d die &ith hi', !s &o$d Vic>s direct ro$e inC!t!$oni!>s e7"!nsion+ The !ssoci!tion of the !rche"isco"!$ tit$e &ith #erenger seres !s ! nost!$gics%'(o$ of ! ti'e of oerre!ching gr!nder+

On one $ee$, #erenger>s c!reer '!r.s the contin!tion !nd f$fi$$'ent of "o$icies historic!$$%identified &ith the (isho"s of Vic c$ose !$$i!nce &ith the Hose of #!rce$on! !nd &ith i'"ort!nt'!gn!tes, se"!r!tion of the C!t!$!n dioceses fro' N!r(onne, !nd !ctiit% on the frontier+ There &!s,ho&eer, ! r!dic!$ difference (et&een #erenger>s do'in!nce &ithin the goern'ent of #!rce$on! !ndthe conser!tie inc$in!tions of his "redecessors, for #erenger &!s 'ore th!n ! 'edi!tor for the contor his res"onsi($e (t "!ssie s""orter+ Dring the diffic$t reign of #erenger R!'on II 31/;-1/4,&ho &!s considered res"onsi($e for his (rother>s 'rder in 108, #isho" #erenger !cted, in effect, !s! regent+

The chrch>s !cce$er!ted ino$e'ent in sec$!r !ff!irs ref$ected the diffic$ties of the cont, (t it &!s!$so ! conse2ence of the "!"!c%>s incre!sed !ctiit% to frther the effort of refor'+ The e!r$ier,occ!sion!$, friend$% cont!cts (et&een Vic !nd Ro'e &ere re"$!ced (% fre2ent co''nic!tion !nd

"!"!$ interention to cre!te ! "rogr!' $in.ing refor' to recon2est+ The !ccession of #isho"#erenger coincided &ith the first e7co''nic!tion of E'"eror Henr% IV (% 5o"e *regor% VII, the (eginning of the Inestitre Conf$ict+ The (isho" of Vic &o$d henceforth (e identified &ith sch!s"ects of s"irit!$ refor' !s the i'"osition of ! co''on, disci"$ined $ife on c!thedr!$ c$erg%+#erenger !$so (ec!'e ino$ed in the direction of the goern'ent of the cont% of #!rce$on!, in.ee"ing &ith the (e$ief of "($ 5o"e *regor% th!t !$$ of S"!in (e$onged (% right to the Ho$% See+3;@4 Atr!dition of sec$!r !nd ecc$esi!stic!$ coo"er!tion &!s re"$!ced (% the s"re'!c% of the $!tter "!rtner+

#erenger>s !ctiis' &!s 'ost eident in the c!'"!ign to restore the 'etro"o$it!n see of T!rr!gon!+3;4

#erenger &or.ed ce!se$ess$% to "ers!de the "o"e of the 6stice !nd fe!si(i$it% of restor!tion !nd toc!6o$e the cont !nd no(i$it% into ndert!.ing ! 'i$it!r% effort to sei:e !nd ho$d the deserted cit%, &hich

$!% e7"osed on the "$!in se"!r!ting Christi!ns fro' =os$e's+ Seer!$ %e!rs of "ers!sion c$'in!tedin the offici!$ restor!tion of T!rr!gon! in 10 !nd the (esto&!$ of the !rche"isco"!$ tit$e on #erengerin 11+3;;4 The 'i$it!r% c!'"!ign st!rted !s &e$$ in 11+ T!rr!gon! &!s c!"tred (t neer secred+#erenger $ied to see the nr!e$ing of his "$!ns fo$$o&ing the A$'orQid conter!tt!c. of 1;,!$thogh the fin!$ de(!c$e oer T!rr!gon! &o$d co'e on$% in 11@+3;/4 In 1110, ! ne& effort $!nchednder the direction of the cont !nd the (isho" of #!rce$on!, S!int O$eger,3;04 thogh encontering itso&n frstr!tions, scceeded in freeing T!rr!gon! "er'!nent$% fro' Is$!' !nd eent!$$% e7tended thecon2est to Tortos!+ Vic &o$d (e on$% 'ini'!$$% ino$ed in this $!ter strgg$e+



It is i'"ort!nt to consider #isho" #erenger>s !'(itions in ter's of their noe$t%+ A$thogh #erenger (i$t on #isho" AtG>s !(orted sche'e of /1 to e$i'in!te the tr!ns-5%rene!n contro$ oer the C!t!$!nchrch,3;4 AtG h!d enis!ged no 'ore th!n se"!r!tion fro' N!r(onne, not the con2est of T!rr!gon!+He &o$d h!e e7!$ted Vic itse$f (% '!.ing it s(stitte for occ"ied T!rr!gon!, 'ch !s S!nti!go deCo'"oste$$! &o$d in 118 (e !$$o&ed to !ss'e the e!r$ier s"re'!c% of =Brid!+3/4 AtG &o$d h!e (een archiepiscopus Ausonensis.

#erenger, on the other h!nd, desired the co'"$ete restor!tion of the o$d see, not 'ere$% the e7!$t!tionof Vic>s !'(itions or ! "r!ctic!$ !cco''od!tion to "o$itic!$ !nd 'i$it!r% conditions+ After 11#erenger &!s archiepiscopus Tarraconensis, !n !chiee'ent indic!ting his "erson!$ 'ight 'ore th!nthe "restige of Vic+ #erenger $!nched ! ne& 'oe'ent to sei:e T!rr!gon!, ! crs!de th!t ($endeds"irit!$ re&!rds !nd io$ence, org!ni:ed "(1$ .nights in ! f!shion th!t !ntici"!ted the 'i$it!r% orders,!nd &!s c$ose$% &!tched (% the "!"!c% -- !$$ !ttri(tes of the forthco'ing gre!t crs!des in the Ho$%L!nd+3/14 A$thogh fritf$ in cre!ting so'e of the instittions sed in $!ter His"!nic &!rs, #erenger>scrs!de &!s neerthe$ess ! révolution manquée !s f!r !s Vic &!s concerned+ #erenger did not &!nt toe7!$t Vic, (t neither did the diocese esc!"e the conse2ence of the frstr!tion of his "$!ns, n!'e$%, !se"!r!tion (et&een the interest of the diocese !nd th!t of the cont of #!rce$on! 'ore r!dic!$ th!n !n%seen (efore+ The co$$!"se of the crs!de discredited #erenger "erson!$$% !nd ended the tr!dition of!$$i!nce (et&een the (isho" of Vic !nd the cont+

The conse2ences of #erenger>s !'(itions 'st (e nderstood in connection &ith the inf$ence of the*regori!n refor' !nd the sc!nd!$ cre!ted (% the 'rder of R!'on #erenger II+ #et&een 108 !nd1/, fro' the 'rder nti$ the !(dic!tion of the ss"ected fr!tricide, Cont #erenger R!'on II,ecc$esi!stic!$ gid!nce of the st!te re!ched its height+ hether #erenger R!'on &!s direct$%res"onsi($e for his (rother>s 'rder or not, his s(se2ent (eh!ior &!s th!t of ! "enitent, !nd he g!e" 'ch of his e7ectie "o&er+ #isho" #erenger he!ded ! regenc% conci$ set " in 10 &hi$eR!'on #erenger III, the son of the 'rdered cont, &!s gro&ing "+ Under the gid!nce of the (isho" of Vic, C!t!$oni! e7"erienced !n n"recedented degree of "!"!$ interention, c$'in!ting in the!ct of 1 (% &hich #erenger R!'on II, encor!ged (% the (isho", don!ted to the "o"e his sh!re of

&h!t &o$d h!e (een the "!rtitioned inherit!nce of R!'on #erenger I h!d the 'rder not t!.en "$!ce+3/84 S((ordin!tion to Ro'e &!s "!rt of ! trend to '!.e re!$ the "!"!$ c$!i's to S"!in+ S!nchoR!'re: h!d "$!ced Ar!gGn in o(edience to Ro'e in 1;0, !nd #ern!t II h!d don!ted #es!$) to the "o"e in 1//+3/<4

Een 'ore signific!nt th!n the don!tion of conties &!s the hege'on% th!t 'on!steries in sothernr!nce !chieed oer C!t!$!n hoses in the n!'e of refor'+ Es"eci!$$% !ctie in the e!stern "!rt ofS"!in &ere the 'on!steries of S!int 5ons de Tho'ires !nd S!int Victor de =!rsei$$es+3/@4 In the %e!rsof the "('$ cont>s "en!nce, t&o of the 'ost "o&erf$ 'en in C!t!$oni! &ere the "!"!$ e'iss!riesrot!rd, !((ot of S!int 5ons, !nd Rich!rd, !((ot of S!int Victor+ The re'!r.!($e generosit% of theC!t!$!n goern'ent encor!ged these 'on!steries to forge net&or.s of s(ordin!te fond!tions,

inc$ding sch ener!($e hoses !s Ri"o$$, S!nt #enet de #!ges, !nd Ci7+3/4

#erenger of Vic &!sc$ose$% identified &ith the e7"!nsion of the rench 'on!steries, 6st !s he &!s !$so the oice of refor'for $oc!$ chrches !nd ! s""orter of "!"!$ interention+ So'e of #erenger>s "$!ns &ere 6dicios, "!rtic$!r$% the encor!ge'ent he g!e to the congreg!tion of S!int Rf !t Aignon to ndert!.e to (ring ! genine co''n!$ $ife to C!t!$!n c!thedr!$ !nd co$$egi!te ch!"ters+3/;4 In this c!se the'ission!r% :e!$ of S!int Rf did not (eco'e o(scred (% the !ggr!ndi:e'ent of its inf$ence, (t in thee7"!nsion of the rench 'on!steries !n !ggressie co$oni!$is' t!rnished the re"t!tion of the'on!steries !nd their s""orters, not!($% #isho" #erenger+



The $e!ding o""onent of rench e7"!nsion &ithin the chrch &!s #isho" #ern!t of #!rce$on!, hi'se$f!n Agstini!n tr!ined !t S!int Rf+3//4 #ern!t (itter$% resisted the !tte'"t of A((ot rot!rd to !nne7S!nt L$orenP de$ =nt to S!int 5ons de Tho'ires, going so f!r !s to !$$% &ith the !rch(isho" of N!r(onne, the 'ost i'"$!c!($e o""onent of the "!"!c% !nd of refor' in the !re!+ A$$i!nce &ith N!r(onne !$so $ed the (isho" of #!rce$on! to o""ose the T!rr!gon! recon2est+ N!r(onne &!s e!ger to "reent the dis'e'(er'ent of its 6risdiction, !nd #ern!t $oo.ed &ith $itt$e f!or "on the !'(itions of

the (isho" of Vic, &hose territor% &o$d srrond the diocese of #!rce$on! if the recon2est &eresccessf$+

Des"ite the o(st!c$es in his &!%, #erenger "ers!ded the "o"e th!t T!rr!gon! co$d (e effectie$%restored+ In 11, once 'i$it!r% s""ort h!d r!$$ied !nd !fter the cont h!d "$edged his !ss!$!ge, 5o"eUr(!n II "$!ced T!rr!gon! in Vic>s tte$!ge+ #erenger 'ight no& st%$e hi'se$f !rch(isho" ofT!rr!gon!, ! fr!gi$e tit$e des"ite its resonding gr!nder, de"endent !s it &!s on the sccess of !diffic$t 'i$it!r% entre !nd the re"ression of strong do'estic o""osition+3/04

"(($ The corse of the crs!de is diffic$t to reconstrct+ hen the Christi!n !r'% entered T!rr!gon! isn.no&n, !s !re the instittions set " there, if !n%, !nd &h!t efforts &ere '!de to re"o"$!te the to&n+It &!s one thing to sei:e ! deserted cit% ne!r the (order, 2ite !nother to ho$d it secre$%+ E7"osed to

!tt!c. fro' hi$$s to its soth, the 5$!in of T!rr!gon! co$d on$% (e s!fe if the con2est e7tended !s f!r!s Tortos!, so'ething not !chieed nti$ 11@0+ A$thogh T!rr!gon! &!s occ"ied (% 18, its f!tere'!ined ncert!in nti$ the A$'orQid !tt!c.s forced ! retre!t in 11+ Een (efore this d!te it &!sc$e!r th!t the the crs!de &!s in "eri$+3/4The A$'orQid sccess !g!inst C!sti$e in 1/ nder'inedthe T!rr!gon! "ro6ect, (t the deciding f!ctor in the f!i$re &!s the !tt!in'ent of '!6orit% (% R!'on#erenger III !nd his (re!. &ith the for'er regent, Arch(isho" #erenger+

According to S!nti!go So(re2Bs, ! ne& "o$ic% &!s est!($ished &hen R!'on #erenger III c!'e to "o&er, ! "o$ic% th!t ended the h'i$i!ting s(ordin!tion to the chrch (% e7"e$$ing the rench 'on.s!nd &inding do&n the T!rr!gon! crs!de+304 The "!"!c% !c2iesced !nd sent ! ne& $eg!te, the!rch(isho" of To$edo, &ho h!d o""osed the T!rr!gon! c!'"!ign !nd the efforts of Vic to s"erise it+

L!&rence =cCr!n. do(ts th!t !n% sch reisionist "o$ic% e7isted+3014 He notes th!t the T!rr!gon!crs!de &!s not co'"$ete$% !(!ndoned, th!t R!'on #erenger III s""orted #erenger of Vic in !dis"te &ith the Ker!$t f!'i$% oer tithes, !nd th!t the conci$s of *iron! 31/4 !nd Vic 3104 sho&no eidence of hosti$it% (et&een the chrch !nd the cont+ ?et it is diffic$t to den% th!t !fter 1/#erenger de L$P &!s consider!($% $ess !ctie or i'"ort!nt th!n he h!d (een (efore R!'on#erenger III r$ed+ =cCr!n. (e$iees the &!ning of #erenger>s st!r '!% h!e o&ed 'ore to i$$he!$th th!n to disgr!ce+3084

=ore $i.e$%, "erh!"s, th!n ! s"ect!c$!r (re!. (et&een cont !nd (isho" is ! "o$ite dissoci!tion+ In Vicitse$f the i''edi!te res$t of the tr!nsition of 1/ &!s ! sdden dec$ine in e"isco"!$ "o&er oer theto&n+ This too. "$!ce des"ite the "resence of Arch(isho" #erenger, &ho s"ent his $!st %e!rs, nti$ hisde!th "(#$ in 1, refor'ing the ch!"ter !nd !tte'"ting to re"e$ thre!ts to e"isco"!$ $ordshi"+ His!ctiit% indic!tes his contined co'"etence !nd energ%, (t it !$so sggests ! crisis in his "o&er, "ro(!($% de to $!c. of s""ort on the "!rt of the cont+ This indifference, if not otright hosti$it%,&o$d ch!r!cteri:e the !ttitde of the conts to&!rd the (isho"s of Vic throgh the entire t&e$fthcentr%+

#erenger>s efforts to refor' the c!thedr!$ ch!"ter !t Vic h!d st!rted e!r$ier, (et&een 10 !nd 1+He tried to correct the '!nner of $ife of his c!nons (% first e7"e$$ing the' !$$ !nd then !$$o&ing (!c.those &ho sincere$% desired to !'end their (eh!ior+30<4 A second refor' effort, $!nched in 10 !t !conci$ he$d !t Vic, oer &hich the "!"!$ $eg!te, the !rch(isho" of To$edo, "resided,30@4 redistri(ted



the &e!$th of the ch!"ter to (enefit the co''n!$ "ro"ert% (% confisc!ting the "ossessions of cert!inhigher c!"it$!r offices+ In retrn for the incre!se in c!"it$!r "ro"ert%, the ordin!r% c!nons &ere to $ieco''n!$$%+ The (isho" incre!sed the ch!"ter>s &e!$th (% contri(ting reenes fro' the '!r.et ofVic, (t this signific!nt !$ien!tion of &h!t h!d (een !n e"isco"!$ 'ono"o$% est!($ished !n nfortn!te "recedent+ *i$$e' R!'on de T!r!de$$, '!ster of ! c!st$e s$ight$% to the soth of Vic, o(t!ined the rightto receie ! "ortion of the 'one% coined !t Vic, to (e he$d in fe!$t% to the ch!"ter +304 This &!s !n

intrsion of "ri!te c$!i's !g!inst &h!t h!d "reios$% (een ! c$e!r e7ercise of chrch $ordshi"+ Th!t*i$$e' R!'on de T!r!de$$ he$d his reene !s ! gr!nt fro' the ch!"ter sho&s th!t #erenger "ro(!($% h!d gr!nted his c!nons "!rt of the coin!ge e!r$ier, "erh!"s si'$t!neos$% &ith the gr!nt of'!r.et reene+30;4

Another !$ien!tion, .no&n on$% fro' ! $!ter doc'ent, &!s '!de (% #isho" #erenger to his f!'i$%,the $ords of L$P, &hose se!t &!s ! c!st$e north&est of Vic+ In 11@ gr!nts '!de e!r$ier to the L$P&ere rene&ed (% #isho" Arn!, (t the doc'ent $e!es nc$e!r the ter's of the "reios tr!ns!ction+30/4 #erenger !$'ost cert!in$% !$ien!ted inco'e fro' "rotected territories (baiuliae) in the diocese !ndg!e the L$P the right to g!rd the e"isco"!$ "!$!ceM the rene&!$ of 11@ s"ecifies these !s "(%$

!$re!d% est!($ished+ It is !$so $i.e$% th!t the right 'entioned in 11@ for the L$P to se the 'int tocoin t&ent% sos> &orth of si$er ref$ects !n e!r$ier gift+ It is i'"ossi($e to te$$ if the sh!re of 6dici!$ "rofits !nd the to$$ on "igs entering the '!r.et &ere !dditions '!de in 11@, or if the% re"resented#erenger>s !rr!nge'ents+3004

ithot strong co'it!$ s""ort, the "rerog!ties of the chrch &ere nder'ined dring #erenger>s$!st %e!rs+ rther erosion of the c!thedr!$>s "osition res$ted fro' ! three-%e!r interregn' fo$$o&ing#erenger>s de!th, ! ti'e of crisis for the diocese !nd of contined indifference on the cont>s "!rt+ 304 Under #isho" Arn! 3118-114, 6dici!$ rights, to$$s, !nd '!r.et reenes &ere "!rti!$$% or tot!$$%contro$$ed (% the T!r!de$$, the L$P, !nd the senesch!$s of the cont of #!rce$on!+ Dring this ti'eseer!$ e"isco"!$ c!st$es si'i$!r$% "!ssed ot of chrch contro$+

h!t c!sed this sdden dis'!nt$ing Odi$o Enge$s s!%s th!t once the ide! of diisi(i$it% &!s !""$ied

to sch for'er 'ono"o$ies !s coin!ge reene 3th!t is, once so'ething &!s "erceied !s !$$odi!$ "ro"ert% r!ther th!n "($ic right4, the !ristocr!c% &o$d de'!nd ! sh!re+34 hi$e e"isco"!$ rights&ere seen !s !n e7ercise of "($ic !thorit%, no ch!$$enge &o$d (e 'onted+ #t in giing "!rt of hisinco'e to the c!nons in 10, the (isho" indic!ted th!t chrch "ro"ert% &!s !s diisi($e !s th!t ofno($es, hence f!ir g!'e for the '!gn!tes> !'(itions+

It is 'ore $i.e$% th!t, gien the o""ortnit%, f!'i$ies sch !s the T!r!de$$ &o$d not h!e stood on $eg!$distinctions of this sort !nd &o$d h!e !sserted the'se$es (efore !n% ideo$ogic!$ ch!nge encor!gedthe' to do so+ The re!$ o""ortnit% &!s offered (% the (isho">s &e!. "osition+ #erenger '!% eenh!e fe$t so'e "h%sic!$ d!ngerM hence the "!$!ce g!rd "roided (% his re$!ties+

The sdden dec$ine in the "o&er of the (isho" !nd the !""!rent n&i$$ingness of the cont to "roffer!id tend to confir' So(re2Bs>s (e$ief+ there &!s ! co$dness (et&een the cont !nd the e$der$%9!rch(isho" of T!rr!gon!+9 If there &!s ! 2!rre$, it &o$d not h!e (een the first (et&een ! (isho" ofVic !nd his cont !nd need not h!e h!d "er'!nent conse2ences+ h!t "(6$ '!de the iso$!tion of Vic$!st so $ong &!s ! ch!nge in the n!tre of co'it!$ !thorit%+ The cont re$ied $ess on chrches ofinde"endent tr!ditions sch !s Vic !nd 'ore on the $oc!$ see of #!rce$on!+ =oreoer, the conts &ere!($e to goern &ith $ess re$i!nce on the chrch !$together+314 The t&e$fth-centr% conts sti$$ '!de seof the herit!ge of 'erged s"irit!$ !nd sec$!r r$e, (t the% &ere 'ore fir'$% nder the gid!nce ofsec$!r !d'inistr!tion+ The o$d "r!ctice of de$eg!ting s&ee"ing sec$!r rights &!s !(!ndoned in f!orof ! 'ore c$ose$% s"erised "!rtnershi", one th!t did not ino$e the no& "eri"her!$ diocese of Vic+



=oreoer, the cont no $onger de"ended on the $egiti'!c% conferred (% !$$i!nce &ith the chrch+ Een (efore the de!th of R!'on #erenger I, the cont &!s t!.ing oer the 5e!ce !nd Trce of *od !nd (inding the soci!$ f!(ric of the cont% (% !ristocr!tic for's of "erson!$ $o%!$t% in "$!ce of ecc$esi!stic!$definitions or C!ro$ingi!n tr!ditions of 'i7ed r$ershi"+384

The !ristocr!tic re(e$$ions of 18 to 1 er!sed the distinction (et&een the "($ic "o&er of theconts !nd the "ri!te s&!% e7erted (% the no(i$it%+ The re(e$$ions did not destro% the conts> "o&er so

'ch !s de'onstr!te its &e!. fond!tions+ C!t!$oni! (e$!ted$% e'(!r.ed on ! corse of "o$itic!$fr!g'ent!tion si'i$!r to th!t endred (% northern Ero"e since the ninth centr%+ The conser!tie!disors of Contess Er'essend! 3inc$ding #isho"s O$i(! !nd *i$$e' of Vic4 &ere n!($e to restorethe strength of the cont (% re!sserting C!ro$ingi!n notions of s!nctified r$e or een (% 'e!ns of the5e!ce !nd Trce conci$s+ The restor!tion of !thorit% too. "$!ce nder R!'on #erenger I, &hoi'it!ted the "r!ctice of the !ristocr!ts+ The cont ce!sed to e'"h!si:e ni2e soereignt%, e7ce"t inreceiing the tri(te of Is$!'ic c$ient st!tes+ He (!sed his "o&er on "erson!$ $o%!$t% !nd ! net&or. ofc!st$es, (oght (% the tri(te 'one%, &hich re"$!ced e!r$ier s%'(o$s of "($ic contro$, sch !s 6dici!$'ono"o$ies+ The chrch, &hose 'e'(ers h!d g!rded the distinction (et&een "($ic !nd "ri!te, &!s$ess necess!r% &hen the cont>s o&n "o&er (ec!'e ! for' of "ri!te s&!% &rit $!rge+

#% 1; the !d!"t!tion of !ristocr!tic 'ethods &!s in "$!ce, (t the circ'st!nces of the $!te e$eenthcentr% te'"or!ri$% "(&$ o(scred it+ If the 'ee.ness of #erenger R!'on II !nd the interention ofthe "!"!c% restored !nd een e7"!nded the "o&er of the C!t!$!n chrch, the nder$%ing shift re'!ined!nd (ec!'e '!nifest !fter 1/+ =ore th!n !n% other C!t!$!n diocese, Vic (oth "resered the tr!ditionsof non!ristocr!tic !thorit% !nd oere7tended itse$f in the he!d% !t'os"here of the %e!rs !rond 1+Its f!$$ fro' gr!ce &!s 2ite "rononced !fter 1/, !nd there &ere $ong-ter' !s &e$$ !s i''edi!tere!sons for this+

The chrch of Vic entered the t&e$fth centr% &ith the shoc. of sdden disf!or sti$$ in effect+ In theterse e7"ression of 5!$ ehr, Vic &!s 9i' Sch!tten geste$$t9 !nd &o$d re'!in so throghot thecentr%+3<4 The re!sons for this o(scrit% sho$d no& (e c$e!r+ In "!rt, the s"ecific conse2ences of#erenger>s e7cessie !'(ition &ere res"onsi($e+ =ore gr!d!$ !nd irresisti($e &!s the ch!nge in the

(!sis of co'it!$ "o&er !nd the !(i$it% of the r$er to ignore the chrch e7ce"t in !re!s th!t he co$d note!si$% contro$+ in!$$%, the 'oe'ent of the frontier se!$ed the iso$!tion of Vic+ After so '!n% f!i$ed!tte'"ts, the frontier &!s e7tended in the rene&ed T!rr!gon! c!'"!ign of 1110, the 5$!in of T!rr!gon!&!s re"o"$!ted $!te in the scceeding dec!de, !nd the "!ce of con2est r!dic!$$% !cce$er!ted &ith thef!$$ of L$eid! !nd Tortos!+ At this "oint Vic &!s c$e!r$% (ehind the $ines, !nd !$thogh, !s &i$$ (ede'onstr!ted, it &!s not in ! condition of st!gn!tion, it &!s re'oed fro' the center of "o$itic!$!ttention+ ?et it &!s not e7c$sie$% the 'oe'ent of the frontier th!t cre!ted Vic>s iso$!tion+ #% 11Vic &!s ! "ost-frontier societ%, een thogh its "o$itic!$ (ond!ries h!d not ch!nged+ Unti$ 18 the (isho" !nd c!nons &o$d (e on their o&n+

Notes to Ch!"ter One1+ Jose"h + O>C!$$!gh!n, A Histor of Medieval !pain 3Ith!c! !nd London, 1/4, ""+ 18, 1;+

8+ or this "eriod, see A(!d!$, "a plana de #ic.

<+ On Ai:o>s re(e$$ion, see S!$r!ch, E$ procés, 1/<-+

@+ A(!d!$, $ls primers comtes, ""+ //-/0M #onn!ss$e, "a %atalo&ne,1-1;M Ordeig, $ls or'&enshistrics, ""+ 8@-<;+

+ See, for e7!'"$e, the !rg'ents for the "ersistence of c$ti!tion in north&est I(eri! in A$(erto



S!'"!io, 9As i$$!s do norte de 5ortg!$,9 in his co$$ected $studios histricos e econmicos 3O"orto,18<4, 11<1-1;8M D!n St!nis$!&s.i, The *ndividualit of +ortu&al A !tud in Historical-+oliticaleo&raph 3Astin, 14, ""+ 1@-11+

;+ Odi$o Enge$s, 9Die &e$t$iche Herrsch!ft des #ischofs on Ason!-Vich 30;-1<14,9 *AS 8@31;04, @+

/+ Ro(ert-Henri #!tier, 9L! "rBtende dissidence de $>e"isco"!t c!t!$!ne et $e f!7 conci$e de >5orts>de 00/-0,9 /ulletin philolo&ique et historique, année 0120 31;<4, @//-@0+

0+ I(id+, ""+ @@-@+

+ %ataluna carolin&ia, o$+ 8 $ls diplomes carolin&is a %ataluna, ed+R+ d>A(!d!$ i de Vin%!$s, "t+ 83#!rce$on!, 184, ""+ 8<-8;M 3iplomatari de la %atedral de #ic, se&les *4-4, ed+ E+ Jn%ent, inf!scic$es 3Vic, 10-4, no+ 18+ See !$so O+ Enge$s , !chutz&edan5e und "andesherrschafi im 6stlichen +rendenraum (1.-07. 8ahrhundert) 3=nster, 1/4, "+ @1+ R+-H+ #!tier, in his edition of 9ecueil desactes d:$udes, roi de ;rance (<<<-<1<) 35!ris, 1;/4, ""+ 8-8, sho&s ho& 'ch of the ch!rter isgenine+

1+ ACA, C!nc+, "erg+ *ifrB II, <, !nd !nother ersion, ACV, c+ , E"+ 1, 8<+ #oth !""e!r in

3iplomatari de la %atedral de #ic, ed+ Jn%ent, no+ +11+ %ataluna carolin&ia, ed+ A(!d!$, o$ 8, "t+ 8, "+ <+ The doc'ent h!s not sried !nd '!%neer h!e e7isted+

18+ Ordeig, $ls or'&ens histrics, "+ /+

1<+ Tons !nd =ont(i &ere gr!nted in / 3 $! , 80@4M one-h!$f of =ir!$$es in 0/ (";M, 1no+ 8;04Mthe other h!$f in 8 3 $! , 801<-1@4M $>Es"e$t in ; 3#", ;!"+ 8/4+

1@+ A co'"!rison noted (% #onn!ssie, "a %atalo&ne, 11<-1<1.

1+ I(id+, 11<;-1@@+

1;+ On the Visigothic e'"h!sis on res"ect for $!&, see Je!n Deisse, Hincmar, archev=que de 9eims,

<>?-<<@, < o$s+ 3*ene!, 1/-1/;4, 8;0-/8M =!rc Re%de$$et, 9L! conce"tion d soer!in che:Isidore de SBi$$e,9 in =!ne$ D!: % D!:, ed+, *sidoriana %olleccin de estudiossobre *sidoro de!evilla, publicados con ocasin del 4*# %entenario de su nacimiento 3LeGn, 1;14, ""+ @/-@;;+ OnVisigothic (!c.grond to chrch-st!te coo"er!tion in e!r$% C!t!$oni!, see Enge$s, !chutz&edan5e, ""+@/-@0+

1/+ #onn!ssie, "a %atalo&ne, 11@@-8<+

10+ I(id+, 11<8-1<;+

1+ I(id+, 110<-8<+

8+ r!nPois Lois *!nshof, 9Lois the 5ios Reconsidered,9 Histor

@8 31/4, 1/1-10M H!ns H+ Anton, ;rstenspie&el und Herrscherethos in der Barolin&erzeit 3#onn,1;04, ""+ ;-;, @@-@1M Deisse, Hincmar, 8;/1-/8<, es"+ ""+ /-/8<+

81+ Cf+ =!gno-Nortier, "a société laCque, "+ <1+

88+ The tit$e of ! (oo. (% E'i$e A'!nn !nd Agste D'!s, "($ished in 1@ !s o$+ / of Histoire de *:D&lise, depuis les ori&ines 8usqu:a nos8ours, ed+ Agstin $iche !nd Victor =!rtin+

8<+ R+ d>A(!d!$, ":abat Eliba, bisbe de #ic i la seva época, <rd ed+ 3#!rce$on!, 1;84, re"rinted inA(!d!$, 3els #isi&ots, 81@1-8//+ 5!ges 88-8< of the re"rint "roide ! $ist of (isho"s &ho &ere



'e'(ers of the co'it!$ f!'i$%+ The territor% r$ed (% the conts of Cerd!n%!-#es!$) &!s diided!'ong the ecc$esi!stic!$ "roinces of E$ne, *iron!, Urge$$, !nd Vic+ An !(ortie !tte'"t to cre!te ! (isho" of #es!$) &!s '!de in 11/M see Joh!nnes Josef #!er, 9Rechtserh$tnisse der .!t!$!nischenster on der =itte des 1+ J!hrhnderts (is :r Einfi$hrng des irchenrefor',9 *AS 88 31;4,-1@M 5!$ ehr, 9D!s 5!"stt' nd der .!t!$!nischen 5rin:i"t (is :r Vereinigng 'it Ar!gon,9 Abhandlun&en der preussischen A5ademie der Fissenschaften, 5hi$oso"hische-historische $!sse

318;4, ""+ 1-81+ In L!ngedoc the ico'it!$ f!'i$ies s""$ied the region>s (isho"sM see =!gno- Nortier, L! société laCque, ""+ <@@-<@0+

8@+ =!gno-Nortier, "a société laique, ""+ @@/-10M $etcher, The$piscopate, ""+ 1-8;+

8+ Cont Sn%er died !t L! *r!sse in 3A(!d!$, ":abat Eliba, "+1;@4+ Cont O$i(! C!(rer! ofCerd!n%!-#es!$) died !s ! 'on. !t =onte C!ssino in 3A(!d!$, $ls primers comtes, "+ 8<4+ Cont*ifrB II of Cerd!n%! died !t C!nigo in 1 3Sothern, The Ma5in& of the Middle A&es, "+ 884+

8;+ A(!d!$, ":abat Eliba, "+ 10+

8/+ A(!d!$, $ls primers comtes, "+ <11+

80+ S!nti!go So(re2Bs i Vid!$, $ls &rans comtes de /arcelona, 8nd ed+

3#!rce$on!, 1/4, "+ 81+8+ A(!d!$, ":abat Eliba, "+ 1;+

<+ #onn!ssie, "a %atalo&ne, 1-1;M Jo!n Vi$ V!$ent, $l mn rural

a %ataluna 3#!rce$on!, 1/<4, ""+ <1-<8M AndrB D"ont, 9ConsidBr!tions sr $! co$onis!tion et $! ierr!$e d!ns $e Rossi$$on et $e =!rche d>Es"!gne ! IWe sic$e, G Annales du Midi ;/ 314, 88<-8@+

<1+ Vi$ V!$enti, $l mn rural, ""+ 8-<8+ Archi(!$d Le&is notes, ho&eer, th!t '!n% gr!nts to sett$e$!nd &ere '!de not to indiid!$ "e!s!nts (t to 'onted .nights, &ho &ere gien $!rge tr!ctsM seeLe&is, 9L!nd !nd Soci!$ =o(i$it% in C!t!$oni!, //0-181<,9 in *e schichte in der esellschaft ;estschrift fr Barl /osl zum 2?. eburtsta& 3Stttg!rt, 1/@4, "+ <1+ Le&is !$so st!tes th!t ! $!rge

n'(er of "e!s!nts &ere in "ossession of !$$odi!$ ho$dings, es"eci!$$% in Ason!, tending to confir'the i'"ression th!t !n noffici!$ 'oe'ent e7isted !$ong &ith the offici!$ sett$e'ent "o$ic%+

<8+ #onn!ssie, "a %atalo&ne, 10;-1+

<<+ A(!d!$, ":abat Eliba, "+ 8<0+

<@+ or e7!'"$e, the !rchde!cons Sn%er !nd Ad!$(ert he$d the c!st$es of =ed! !nd Vi$!ge$!ns,res"ectie$%, dring the e!r$% e$eenth centr% 3ACV, c+ ;, 01; X118Y4+

<+ On the h!rd conditions o(t!ining in the &est, see Jose" Ig$Bs$!s i ort, "a reconquesta a les valls de *:Anoia i el ai 3#!rce$on!, 1;<4, ""+ 1;-10+ Other ecc$esi!stic!$ est!($ish'ents trned to $!%entre"reners to defend their c!st$esM for e7!'"$e, S!nt Cg!t en$isted the .night Isn!(ert 3A(!d!$,

":abat Eliba, "+ 8<14+ Isn!(ert &!s not, ho&eer, !ssoci!ted &ith the 'on!stic co''nit%+<;+ See "exi5on fr Theolo&ie und Birche, ;;, for levitae !s de!cons or s(de!cons+ S"!nishinscri"tions of the tenth centr% se levita and diaconus interch!nge!($%M see 3ictionnaired:archéolo&ie chrétienne et de litur&ie, o$+ 0, "t+ 8, "+ 8;+

</+ C$eric!$ levitae inc$de 5ere #erenger de #!$en%, levita !nd s!crist!n, &ho first !""e!rs in 11<03ACV, c+ ;, 88<84, '!de his &i$$ in 1101 3ACV, LD, f+ <04, !nd died in the s!'e %e!r 3ACV,=!rtiro$ogi I, f . 114M !nd 5ere, levita !nd "roost, &hose first s(scri"tion is in 11@ 3ACV, c+ ;,8<1<4+ His &i$$ &!s '!de in 110 3ACV, LD, f+ 1;4+ He &!s sti$$ !ctie in 11;8 3ACV, c+ ;, 8<;4+



<0+ =ons+ Jn%ent c!$$ed !ttention to the levitae in coners!tions &ith 'e !nd &ith others+Unfortn!te$%, he &rote !$'ost nothing !(ot the'+ There is ! (rief notice on the' in his !rtic$e 9Vich9in the 3H$$ , @8/8+

<+ Marca Hispanica, sive "imes Hispanicus + + + + ed+ 5ierre X5etrsY de

=!rc! 35!ris, 1;004, co$+ @@0 9T' C!nonicii Asonenses !ddicti er!nt it!e c!nonic!e+ K!re 'ir'!$de est fisse inter eos C!nonic' con6g!t'+ Sed id t!'en inset' non fit e! te'"est!te in hiisregioni(s+9

@+ ACV, c+ , E"+ II, 1;+

@1+ ACV, c+ , E"+ II, <+ At the s!'e ti'e, *i$$e' g!e " his c!st$e of Agi$!r, ne!r Vic, (t hecontined to ho$d it in fe!$t% to the chrch 3A(!d!$, ":abat Eliba, "+ 8@4+ The s!'e desire to secrec!st$es c$ose to ho'e in "reference to those on the frontier is !""!rent in the e7ch!nge '!de (% the'on!ster% of S!nt Cg!t, giing " the frontier c!st$e of *e$id!s in retrn for the ne!rer !nd 'oresecre =!:2ef! 3#onn!ssie, "a %atalo&ne, 1184+

@8+ These re(e$$ions !re discssed (e$o&, ""+ 8;-8/, <;+

@<+ or the i'"ort!nce of the *r(-Ker!$t, see #onn!ssie, L! %atalo&nc, 18M A$(ert #enet i C$!r,

9L! f!'i$i! de *r(-Ker!$t 3;-18/;49 3Tesi de L$icenci!tr! d>histZri! 'edie!$, Uniersit!t de#!rce$on!, 1/04+

@@+ Antoni 5$!de!$$, $rmessenda de %arcassona, %omtessa de /arcelona, irona i d:Esona $sbsbio&rfic en el mil.lenari del seu naixement (/ar ce$on!, 1/4, "+ @+

@+ E7!'"$es of $!% c!nons co''e'or!ted in the necro$ogies of the ch!"ter c!n (e fond in ACV,=!rtiro$ogi I f+ /@ 9iiii ids i$ii+ Eode' die o(iit #ern!rds de C!ste$$!r, $!ics et S!ncti 5etric!nonics, "ro 2o De' fr!tres roge's t e$ 'isereri dignetr9M f+ ; 97 .!$end!s se"te'(ris+Eode' die o(iit C!r(one$$s de Ton!, $!ics et c!nonics S!ncti 5etri, 2i de so "ro"rio !$odionostr!' (enigniter dit!it ecc$esi!', "ro 2o De' fr!tres roge's+9 #ri!$ rights !re inferred fro' !$!ter indic!tion th!t $!% confratres of the ch!"ter h!d ! s"eci!$ "$!ce in the ecc$esi!stic!$ ce'eter%M

ACV, =!rtiro$ogi I, f+ @@ 9ii+ .!$end!s '!ii+ I"so die fit interfects #ern!rds de =ed!, 'i$es c$!rs!c no(i$is, 2i "redi! c' re(s hic di'isit ecc$esie, se"$ts in ci'iterio noo (i re2iescnt his$oci confr!tres, !nno Do'ini =+oCo7$oVo+ "ro 2o Do'in' e7ore's t se'"er sit ei 'iserets+9A$thogh the ce'eter% itse$f &!s ne&, it is $i.e$% th!t e!r$ier ce'eteries h!d !$so inc$ded ! "$!ce forconftatres or $!% c!nons+

@;+ On $!% "ict% in the e$eenth centr%, see H+E+J+ Co&dre%, The %luniacs and the re&orian 9eform3O7ford, 1/4, ""+ 181-180+

@/+ On "en!nce !nd the crs!de s"irit, see H!ns E(erh!rd =!%er, The %rusades, tr!ns+ John *i$$ingh!'3O7ford, 1/8M orig+ "($+ Stttg!rt, 1;4, ""+ 8-@+ or e!r$% confr!ternities in C!t!$oni!, seeL!&rence J+ =cCr!n., 9The ond!tion of the Confr!ternit% of T!rr!gon! (% Arch(isho" O$eger

#onestrg!, 118;-118,9 #iator 31/04, 1/-1//+ or the 'i$it!r% orders, see 5eter Schic.$, 9DieEntstehng nd Ent&ic.$ng des Te'"$erordens in !t!$onien nd Ar!gon,9 AB! 80 31/4, 1-880MA+ J+ ore%, The Templars in the %orona de Ara&n 3London, 1/<4+

@0+ or the c!reer of 9E$ no($e S!$!9 see Vi$! V!$ent, $l mn rural, ""+ 1<-1;+

@+ E7!'"$es of &o'en co''e'or!ted !s c!nons inc$de ACV, =!rtiro$ogi I, f+ $$$ 97ii+ .!$end!socto(ris+ Ite' i"so die o(iit A$edis de C$och!rio, c!nonic! S!ncti 5etri ci sit re2ies9M f+ 180 9non!snoe'(ris+ Eode' die o(iit Ad!$edis de Rieri!, c!nonic! S!ncti 5etri ci sit re2ies, in !nno Do'ini=CWCV+9 The co$$egi!te chrch of So$son! in the diocese of Urge$$ !$so !ssoci!ted 'en !nd &o'en



&ith the ch!"terM see =!ne$ Ri, 9L! c!nZnic! de S!nt! =!ri! de So$son!+ 5recedents 'edie!$s d>n (is(!t 'odern,9 Ir&ellia 8 31/4, 88<, 8<;-8</+

+ ACV, =!rtiro$ogi I, f+ <+ Si'i$!r ter'ino$og% &!s sed !t So$son! 3Ri, 9L! c!nZnic!,9 "+ 8<;4+

1+ On the 5e!ce !nd Trce 'oe'ent in C!t!$oni!, see H!rt't Hoff'!nn, ottesftiede und Treu&a 3ei, o$+ 8 of MH , Schriften 3Stttg!rt, 1;@4, ""+ /<-/M E+ Jn%ent, "a pau i treva 3#!rce$on!,1/4M Tho'!s N+ #isson, %onservation of %oina&e Monetar $xploitationand *ts 9estraint in ;rance, %atalonia, and Ara&on (c. A.3. 0JJJ-c. 0@@?) 3O7ford, 1/4, ""+ @-;@M 5ierre 5onsich,9O$i(! et $! tr[e de Die,9 %!M% < 31/84, <1-@8M !ren enne$$%, 9C!t!$!n 5e!ce !nd TrceAsse'($ies,9 !tudies in Medieval %ulture 31/4, @1-1+

8+ Its !cts !re recorded in 5+ de =!rc!, 3e %oncordia sacerdoti et imperii 35!ris, 1/@4, co$+ @<-@</+Its origin!$it% is noted (% Anse$' A$(!red!, ":abat Eliva, fundador de Montserrat (1K0LN-0J>2)3=ontserr!t, 1<14, "+1@;, !nd A(!d!$, ":abat Eliba, "+ 8;+

<+ Hoff'!nn, ottesfriede, "+ /@+ Jn%ent, "a pau, "+ 1, (e$iees this e!r$ier conci$ too. "$!ce in188+

@+ Hoff'!nn, ottesfriede, "+ 8;+

+ I(id+, ""+ /<-/+;+ Je!n-5ierre 5o$%, "a +rovence et la société féodale (<K1-0022) %ontribution l:étude des structures dites féodales dans le Midi 35!ris, 1/;4, ""+ 1@-8@+ The errors in d!ting !re descri(ed on ""+ 1/-1 3note 1/4+

/+ I(id+, ""+ 1@-1, es"+ 5+ 1, note 1@8 9L>idBe de $! tr[e reient "et-[tre O$i(!+ =!is nosnos occ"ons ici de s! rB!$is!tion++++9

0+ 5$!de!$$, $rmessenda, ""+ @-@+ The 5e!ce &!s $ess ! ne& inention th!n !n otgro&th ofC!ro$ingi!n tr!ditions of sec$!r coo"er!tion &ith the chrch+ See E+ =!gno-Nortier, 9L! "$!ce dConci$e de 5% 3+ @4 d!ns 1>Bo$tion de $>idBe de "!i7, 9 in Mélan&es offerts a Oean 3auvillier3To$ose, 1/4, ""+ @0-;+

+ On O$i(!, see A$(!red!, ":abat ElivaM A(!d!$, ":abat ElibaM E. Jn%ent, $sbs bio&rficcommemoraci mil.lenria del naixement de *:abat-bisbe Eliba 3=ontserr!t, 1/14M 3iplomatarid:Eliba, comte, abat i bisbe, ed+ Jn%ent 3forthco'ing4M Estee A$(ert i C!r", ":obra social i pol'tica del:abat-bisbe Eliba 3#!rce$on!, 1;;4+

;+ A(!d!$, ":abat Eliba, ""+ 1/8-1/@+

;1+ I(id+, ""+ 8;-8/+

;8+ I(id+, "+ 8+ *ifrB, notorios for his io$ence !nd r!"!cit%, &!s ! s%'(o$ to the *regori!n refor'of the ei$s of si'on%+ A reised esti'!te of his ch!r!cter is gien in =!gno-Nortier, "a sociétélaCque, ""+ @;<-@/@+

;<+ The on$% f$$ std% of #erenger is th!t of A+ 5$!de!$$, 9#erenger Seniofred de L$P, o(is"o deVich % !r:o(is(o de T!rr!gon! 31/;-149 35h+D+diss+, UniersitB c!tho$i2e de Lo!in, 1;<4+ Ih!e not seen this &or., &hich, !ccording to its !thor, is no& $ost+

;@+ "a documentacin pontificia hasta *nocencia *** (12?-0@02), ed+ De'etrio =!nsi$$!, o$+ 1 of Monumenta Hispaniae 3Ro'e, 14, nos+ ;, 1<+

;+ #erenger>s centr!$ ro$e in this effort is the s(6ect of !n e7ce$$ent std% (% L+ =cCr!n.,9Rest!r!ciGn c!nGnic! e intento de recon2ist! de $! sede T!rr!conense, 1/;-110,9 %uadernos dehistoria de $spaPa ;1-;8 31//4, 1@-8@+



;;+ The ($$ of 10 !nnoncing the "o"e>s intention to restore T!rr!gon! is JL @1+ The tit$e &!sconferred on #erenger (% JL @+ On the '!neering necess!r% for #erenger to !chiee his desire,see ehr, 9D!s 5!"stt',9 ""+ @8-8M =cCr!n., 9Rest!r!ciGn,9 ""+ 1@/-1/+

;/+ =cCr!n., 9Rest!r!ciGn,9 ""+ 8<;-8@<+

;0+ On the sccessf$ recon2est, see L+ =cCr!n., 9Restor!tion !nd Recon2est in =edie!$C!t!$oni! The Chrch !nd 5rinci"!$it% of T!rr!gon!, /1-11//9 35h+D+ diss+, Uniersit% of Virgini!,1/@4, ""+ 8-<<0M J+ $g$Bsi!s, "a restauraci de Tarra&ona 3#!rce$on!, 1;<4+

;+ A 2i7otic "recedent for the !tte'"ted restor!tion of T!rr!gon! &!s the intrige of A((ot Ces!ri ofS!nt! Ceci$i! de =ontserr!t 3the !ncestor of the reno&ned S!nt! =!ri! de =ontserr!t4+ Ces!ri iss""osed to h!e "ers!ded the Conci$ of S!nti!go de Co'"oste$$! in ; to recogni:e hi' !s!rch(isho" of T!rr!gon!, (t this c!'e to nothing, !nd he &!s neer !c.no&$edged in C!t!$oni! 3R+A(!d!$, 9L>!(!t Ces!ri, fnd!dor de S!nt! Ceci$i! de =ontserr!t i "rets !r2e(is(e de T!rr!gon!+ L!f!$s! (t$$! de S!nt! Ceci$i!,9 in A(!d!$, 3els #isi&ots, 88-@14+ =cCr!n., 9Restor!tion !ndRecon2est,9 ""+ /0-@, cites ! n'(er of re!sons for do(ting th!t Ces!ri eer tr!e$ed to S!nti!go, (t he !d'its th!t Ces!ri did !rrog!te to hi'se$f the !rche"isco"!$ tit$e+

/+ Th!t s"re'!c% &!s (itter$% o""osed (% #r!g! !nd To$edoM see Antonio LG"e: erreiro, Historia

de la !anta A. M. *&lesia de !antia&o de %ompostela, 11 o$s+ 3S!nti!go de Co'"oste$!, 100-14,@/-0, //-0M 5eter eige, 9Die Anfnge des "ortgiesischen nigt's nd seiner L!ndes.irche,9*AS 8 31/04, <1<-<@@+

/1+ =cCr!n., 9Rest!r!ciGn,9 ""+ 1;;-1;, 81-88@+

/8+ So(re2Bs, $ls &rans comtes, ""+ 1@<-1@+ =cCr!n. (e$iees there &!s ! "re$% "o$itic!$ 'otiefor the don!tion, nre$!ted to !n% sense of re'orse 39Rest!r!ciGn,9 ""+ 10-1004+ On the cont>s se ofthe "!"!c% in (i$ding ! strong territori!$ 6stific!tion for his r$e, see Enge$s, !chutz&edan5e, ""+ 8<@-88+

/<+ =cCr!n., 9Rest!r!ciGn,9 ""+ 10-10;+

/@+ ehr, 9D!s 5!"stt',9 ""+ <;-@M Ansc!ri =ndG, 9=oiss!c, C$n% et $es 'oe'ents 'on!sti2esde $>est des 5%rBnBes d We ! WIIe sic$e,9 Annales du Midi / 31;<4, 1-/ 3tr!ns$!ted in NoreenHnt, ed+, %luniac Monasticism in the %entral Middle A&es XLondon, 1/1Y, ""+ 0-1884M J+ #!er,9Rechtserh$tnisse der .!t!$!nischen $ster in ihren $osterer(nden 3+-18+ J!hrhndert4,9 *AS@7 31;/4, ;-1<+

/+ Ri"o$$ &!s gien (% Cont #ern!t 11 of #es!$) in 1/ to St+ Victor 3%artulaire de *:Abbae de!aint-#ictor de Marseille, ed+ #en6!'in *Br!rd, 8 o$s X5!ris, 10/Y, 8nos+ 01/, 01M #!er,9!t!$!nischen $ster in ihren $osterer(nden,9 ""+ /8-//+ S!nt #enet de #!ges &!s 'ore or $esssei:ed (% S!int 5ons de Tho'ires in 1/ 3 #", /81/4+ Ci7! &!s o(t!ined (% S!int Victor fro'Cont *i$$e' R!'on of Cerd!n%! in 11 (%art. !aint-#ictor, 8no+ 08;M #!er, ""+ -84+

/;+ or these refor's, see J+ #!er, 9Die it! c!nonic! der .!t!$!nischen !thedr!$.!"ite$ o' + (is:' 11+ J!hrhndert,9 in Homena8e a Oohannes #inc5e 3=!drid, 1;84, 101-118M ide', 9Die it!c!nonic! !n den .!t!$!nischen o$$egi!t.irchen i' 1+ nd 1 1+ J!hrhndert,9 AB! 81 31;<4, @-08+

//+ ehr, 9D!s 5!"stt', 9 "+ @@+

/0+ The ($$, !ddressed to the (isho" of Ason!, is JL @M "a documentacin pontificia, ed+ =!nsi$$!,no+ <8+

/+ =cCr!n., 9Rest!r!ciGn,9 ""+ 8<<-8<;+



0+ So(re2Bs, $ls &rans comtes, ""+ 1;<-1;+

01+ =cCr!n., 9Rest!r!ciGn,9 ""+ 8</-8<+

08+ I(id+, "+ 8<+ A doc'ent of 1/ inc$des ! s(scri"tion (% 9Arn!, #isho" of Vic,9 th!t '!%indic!te the (rief e7istence of !n !nti(isho" &hi$e #erenger &!s !$ie 3So(re2Bs, $ls &rans comtes, p. 1;@4+ =cCr!n. (e$iees it is 'ore $i.e$% th!t the s(scri"tion &!s !dded $!ter (% Arn! de =!$$!, (isho" fro' 11@ to 11 39Rest!r!ciGn,9 ""+ 8@-8@14+

0<+ ACV+ c+ , E"+ II, /M $! , 80!"+ 1;+ #!er, 9Die it! c!nonic! +++!thedr!$.!"ite$,9 "+ n, d!testhis doc'ent (et&een 10 !nd 1+ The t%"e&ritten chec.$ist c!t!$oge of doc'ents fro' calaix ;!nd of ACV gies the d!te !s 10/ or 100+

0@+ ACV, c+ , E"+ II, 1 $! , 80!"+ 1+

0+ This gr!nt is .no&n fro' ! $!ter concession to the senesch!$s of the cont 3ACV, c+ ;, 1// X11@YMJose"h *dio$ % Cni$$, "as monedas episcopals #i&atans $studi de las encunacins que s:han fet en#ich desde:lsi&le 4 al 4*# XVic, 10;Y, ""+ 1/-104+ The re$e!nt "!ss!ge re!ds 9et i"s!' dr!g'!' de'onet! 2!' nnc tenet nostr! c!nonic! "reter do(s so$idis "$!te 2os tenet *i$$e$'s R!i'ndi deTer!de$$ "er fe' c!nonice i!' dicte sict !d2isiit "er #ereng!ri' !rchie"iso"'+ 9 The d!te of

the concession to the T!r!de$$ &!s 10, !ccording to E+ Jn%ent, in Ourisdiccions i privile&is de laciutat de #ich, ed+ Jn%ent 3Vic, 1;4, no+ 8+

0;+ Sch is the contention of Enge$s, 9Die &e$t$iche Herrsch!ft, 9 "+10+ The ($$ of Ur(!n 11 in 1,confir'ing the endo&'ent of the ch!"ter, does not 'ention coin!ge !'ong the ch!"ter>s rights 3JL/0M #", ;!"+ 4+ At his de!th, #erenger $eft to the ch!"ter the st!'"ing instr'ent sed in '!.ingthe coins, &hich i'"$ies so'e c!"it$!r right to coin!ge reenes 3ACV, LD, f+ 1< X1Y4+

0/+ A=E 1<, 11 rene&ed !n e!r$ier gr!nt, no& $ost+ The rene&!$ is "hr!sed 9Don!t deni2e ide'e"isco"s eide' *i$$e$'o +77+ so$idos o"er!ndos in Uicensi 'onet! et co'end!t ei "!$!ci' !dcstodiend' et !d h!(it!tend' et (!i$i!s 2!s h!(et in Ason! sict so$its er!t h!(ere in die(s!rchie"isco"i, et donet ei terci!' "!rte' "$!citor' i$$e Uici et in (!i$is terci!' "!rte' "$!citor'et 2!tor "orchos de the$oneo Uicensis 'erch!ti+9

00+ The origin!$ gr!nt co$d h!e (een '!de e!r$ier in #erenger>s "ontific!te, !$thogh there !re notr!ces of sch signific!nt intrsions into e"isco"!$ 'ono"o$ies nti$ the end of the centr%+ The right to9g!rd9 the "!$!ce &!s c$e!r$% &orth h!ing+ In 11/1 #isho" 5ere de

Redort! (oght ot the L$P>s rights in this connection for go$d 'or!(etins 3A=E 1<, 18, !nd ACV,LD, f+ 4+

0+ Concerning the interregn' !nd the e"he'er!$ #isho" *i$$e' 3e$ected (t neer confir'ed4, seeA""endi7 1+

+ Enge$s, 9Die &e$t$iche Herrsch!ft,9 ""+ 10-1+

1+ The shift in the conts> 'e!ns of "o$itic!$ !ction is descri(ed in #onn!ssie, "a %atalo&ne, 8;;8-;0+

8+ I(id+, "+ ;;8+ In gener!$, on the sec$!r !ss'"tion of res"onsi(i$it% for the 5e!ce, see Ar%eh*r!(ois, 9De $! tr[e de Die $! "!i7 d roi tde sr $es tr!nsfor'!tions d 'oe'ent de $! "!i7! WIIe siBc$e,9 in 5ierre *!$$!is !nd ?es-Je!n Rio, eds, Mélan&es offerts a 9ené%rozet l:occasionde son KJe anniversaire + + + 35oitiers, 1;;4, 10-;M Jes)s L!$inde A(!di!, "a 8ursidiccin realinferior en %ataluPa (Gcorts, ve&uers, batllesG) 3#!rce$on!, 1;;4, ""+ ;-/+

<+ ehr, 9D!s 5!"stt',9 "+ +

Church of Vic

Documents

Transcript of Church of Vic