Chuong_01 - Information Technology Basic

8/2/2019 Chuong_01 - Information Technology Basic

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Module 1: Information Technology Basic

Overview

Computer types and software applications

A brief overview of the Internet

Information Technology Terminology

Digital Base Systems

Introductions to analog and digital


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Getting Started in IT


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Computer Systems and Programs

A computer system consistsof

HardwareSoftware

Hardware is the physical

equipmentCase, floppy disk drives,keyboardsMain-board, RAM, CD-Romdrives,

Software is the programsused to operate thecomputer system.


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Two types of softwareOperating systems

Applications

Applications are programs to perform aspecific function for

User

Another application program

For example: Word, Excel, Web browsers,


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An operating system (OS)


File and folder managementManagement of applicationsSupport for built-in utility

programsControl to the computerhardware


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Firmware is a program

Embedded in a silicon chip

Outdated if any change to either the

hardware or softwareOlder firmware lead to device failure,system failure or data loss The only solution is to replace it

Flash-able


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Computer Types

Mainframes arepowerful machines

The mainframe model

consists ofCentralized-computers

Dumb terminals

Terminals consists of

A monitor, keyboard

A communication port


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Computer Types

A mainframe environmentA single computer or group of computers

Centrally managed and maintained

AdvantagesScalability

Centralized management

Centralized backupLow cost desktop devices

High level of security


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Computer Types

Disadvantages

Character-based applications

Lack of OS standards and interoperabilityExpensive maintenance, set-up cost

A single point of failure

Potential for a bottleneck


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Computer Types

A personal computer (PC) isa standalone device.

Graphical User Interface(GUI) employs a graphicsdisplay to representprograms executed by thecomputer

An example is theWindows desktop.

Icons are small picturesto represent differentprograms


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Computer Types

Advantages

Standardized hardware

Standardized, highlyinteroperable OS

GUIDistributed computing

User flexibility

High-productivityapplications

Disadvantages

No centralized backup

No centralizedmanagement

Physical, data access,and virus security risksbe greater


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Connecting computer systems

Networka group of computers connected to shareresources.

allows users to share printer, files,


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Connecting computer systems

Internet is the ultimate network connectingmillions of smaller networks

Most connections are made by cable

Cable can carry voice, data, or bothHomes can connect to Internet throughmodems with the speed of 56Kbps

Faster connections to the Internet

Digital subscriber line (DSL), cable, T1, E1,


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Birth of the Internet

1968: ARPANET project began1970s: The Growth Begins

1980s: More is Better

1982: The term Internet used for the firsttime

1983: TCP/IP becomes the universallanguage of the Internet

1984: DNS was introduced


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Birth of the Internet

1990s: The Net Becomes Big Business1990: ARPANET becomes the Internet

1991: The World Wide Web is born

1996: The Internet covers the globe. Thenumber of Internet hosts exceeds 10million

2005: The number of Internet hostsexceeds 350 million


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Windows Desktop Environment


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Starting, shutting down, and restartingMicrosoft Windows

The basic functions of a computer includeturning the computer onrestarting the computershutting down the system

Turning on the PCThe startup process of a PC is referred to asbooting the systemTurning on the PC using the power button referred

to as a cold bootAt the end of this process, Windows OS desktopwill be displayed


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Starting, shutting down, and restartingMicrosoft Windows

Shutting down a computerClick Start button -> selectShut Down

Or press Ctrl-Alt-Delete ->click Shut Down

Not to power off the

computer with the powerswitch

Restarting the PCReferred to as a warm boot

By pressing the reset buttonOr press Ctrl-Alt-Delete ->click Restart


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Windows Explorer

The Windows Explorerprovides the ability to create,copy, move, and delete filesand folders

Explorer displays

the hierarchy of foldersstored on the hard disk orother storage device in theleft windowthe folders contents in theright window

Two or more instances ofExplorer can be launched todrag and drop between them


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Windows Explorer

Explorer can beaccessedIn Windows 9x, bychoosing Start ->Programs -> WindowsExplorer

In Windows 2000, XPand 2003, choose Start -> Programs ->

Accessories ->Windows Explorer

Right-click on Start andthen select Explorer


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The Desktop

The main display screen in Windows

An icon isan image that represents an application or a capability

selectable as a shortcut to a program or file on the computer

desktopnon-selectable as in a company logo on a web page

Some of the icons on the desktop, such asMy Computer, My Network Places, Recycle Bin, or MyDocuments are shortcuts to those directories

Microsoft Word, Excel, or Yahoo! Messenger are shortcuts tothose applications


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The Desktop

The My Computer icongives access to all theinstalled drives

My Documents is a

shortcut to personal orfrequently accessed files

My Network Places allowsthe users to see neighboringcomputers in a networked

environment


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The Desktop

The taskbarlocated at the bottom of the desktop

contains the Start button, quick launch buttons, and thesystem tray.

The Start buttondisplays the Start Menuallows access to almost every program and function on thePC

The quick launch buttons

located on the taskbar next to the Start button

allow immediate access to desktop from any application, aswell as access to any application quickly


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The Desktop


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Working with icons

Creating the Shortcuts(icons)navigate to the program or file.Right-click it and select CreateShortcutright-click on the desktop andselect New > New Shortcutor Create Shortcut. Enter thepath for the program or file

Moving IconsClick on it and then drag it tothe desired locationIf the icon not move, right-clickon an empty space of the

desktop and uncheck theAutoArrange selection


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Working with icons

Selecting MultipleIcons

hold down the Ctrl keyand click on all the icons

to be moveddrag the group of iconsto the new location

de-select the icons byclicking on the empty

part of the desktop


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Working with icons

Renaming Iconsthe first way is to clickonce on the name underthe icon.

then type in a new nameclick on the empty partof the desktop tocomplete

the second way is to

right-click on the iconand select Renameoption


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Recognizing an application window

Title Bar Displays the name of thedocument and application.

Menu Bar Contains menus formanipulating the document

Status BarShows useful information suchas the page number, how to access Helpfeature, and so on

Scroll BarMoves the images or textthrough the window.


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Resizing a desktop window

To resize a windowmove the cursor to any corner or side of the applicationwindow

a double-headed arrow will appear

click and drag on the window edge to change the window

size


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Resizing a desktop window

There are types ofarrows, pointers,cursors, and other itemsused to navigate around

in Windows

To modify the mousepointers, go to MyComputer > Control

Panel > Mouse >Pointer


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Switching between windows

When more than one window is open, theuser can switch between windows bypressingAlt-Tab or clicking the desiredwindow on the taskbar


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Basic Features of Windows

h b f


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Viewing the basic system informationof a computer

To view information about the system inWindows 2000, go to the Start menu andchoose Programs >Accessories >System Tools > System Information

Vi i h b i i f i


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Viewing the basic system informationof a computer

A window will display the information such asthe OS name and version, the systemmanufacturer and model, the BIOS version,and the memory,


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Setting the clock rate

To adjust the date and time, double-click onthe clock on the taskbar.

To choose the appropriate time zone, click on

the tab labeled Time Zone


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Setting the clock rate

To automatically synchronize with an Internettime server, click on Internet Time tab andthen click the Update Now button


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Minimizing, maximizing, and exiting

Most applications in Windows have threesmall icons in the upper right corner of thescreen used to minimize, maximize thescreen, or exit the application


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Minimizing, maximizing, and exiting

By clicking on the Minimize button, the applicationis placed on the taskbar

The middle button, the Maximize or Restorebutton, changes depending on whether the window isopened partially or fully


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Adjusting the screen display

To adjust the screendisplay

Right-click on emptyspace on the desktopand choose Properties

to open the DisplayProperties window

Or choose Settings >Control Panel >

Display from the Startmenu


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The Desktop tab allows users to choose theBackground for the desktop


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The Screen Saver tabpermits the selection of ascreen saver

when it should activateon the desktop

Screen saver also be setup to require apassword

Energy savings featuresof the monitor are alsoapplied in this tab


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TheAppearancetab

choose the size andcolor of text

backgrounds forapplications

The Effects buttonallows users tochoose visual effects

such as fade effects,large icons,


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The Settings tab allows users to adjust thescreen area display and colors


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Desktop Settings

To adjust thedesktop settings

access the DisplayProperties window

in the Settings tab,adjust the number ofcolors and pixels bedisplayed

clickApply


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Desktop Settings

Pixels are the tiny dotsmake up the light on the screen

determine the intensity of a screen image

Lower values display cartoon-like colorimages

Higher values display more realisticcolor images


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Adjusting Audio Volume

To access the volume controlclick on the speaker icon on the taskbar

or from the Sounds and Multimedia icon in theControl Panel


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Start Menu Options

Run featureanother method of starting a program

used instead of clicking the program shortcut icon

access the Run feature by clicking on Start and choosingRun


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Start Menu Options

Find or Search featureused to locate files, folders, and networkconnections to other computers and peripherals

Documents or Recent Documents menushows a list of the most recent documents thathave been accessed or created

Programs menulists all of the programs that are installed on thecomputer


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Recycle Bin

Stores files, folders, graphics, and web pagesfrom the hard disk that have been deleted

The deleted items can be undeleted orrestored back to their original location


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Overview of SoftwareApplications


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Word Processors

A word processor is an applicationcreates, edits, stores, and prints documents

insert or delete text, define margins, copy, cut, and paste

Examples are Corel WordPerfect, Microsoft Word, and Lotus


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Spreadsheets

In a spreadsheet, numerical data is stored in cellsthat are arranged on a gridThe data in a cell could be a number, text, orcalculationExamples are Microsoft Excel and Lotus 1-2-3


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Databases

A database is an organized collection of data that can be easilyaccessed, managed, and updated

PC databases are divided into two distinct categoriesflat-file

relational

Examples are Microsoft Access, MS SQL, and Oracle Database


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Presentation Applications

Permit the organization, design, and delivery ofpresentations in the form of slide shows and reports

Microsoft PowerPoint is a prominent presentationapplication


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Web browser and E-mail

A web browser is anapplication used tolocate and displaypages from the WorldWide Web (WWW)

Examples are MicrosoftInternet Explorer,Firefox, Opera,

Electronic mail (e-mail)is the exchange ofcomputer-storedmessages by networkcommunication


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Math for a Digital Age


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Measurement-related terminology

bitsmallest unit of data in a computer

the value of either one or zero

the binary format processed by computers

bytea unit of measure used to describe the size of a data file, theamount of space on the storage medium,

one byte consists of eight bits of data

nibblehalf a byte or four bits


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kilobyte (KB)1024, or approximately 1000, bytes

kilobytes per second (kBps)a measurement of the amount of data transferred over aconnection

approximately 1,000 bytes per second

kilobit (Kb)1024, or approximately 1000, bits

kilobits per second (kbps)a data transfer rate of approximately 1,000 bits per second


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megabyte (MB)1,048,576 bytes, or approximately 1,000,000bytes

megabytes per second (MBps)a data transfer rate of approximately 1,000,000bytes or 106 kilobytes per second

megabits per second (Mbps)

data transfer rate of approximately 1,000,000 bitsor 106 kilobits per second


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hertz (Hz)a unit of frequency measurement

synonymous with cycles per second

used to describe the speed of a computer microprocessor

megahertz (MHz)one million cycles per seconda common measurement of the speed of a processing chip

gigahertz (GHz)

one billion cycles per seconda common measurement of the speed of a processing chip


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Analog and digital systems

The variables thatcharacterize ananalog system mayhave an infinitenumber of values

The variables thatcharacterize digitalsystems only occupy

a fixed number ofdiscrete values


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Boolean logic gates

There are three primary logic functionsAND gate If either input is off, the output is off

OR gate If either input is on, the output is on

NOT gate If the input is on, the output is off.

The same is true of the opposite

NOR gate a combination of the OR andNOT gates. If either input is on, the output is

off


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Boolean logic gates


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Boolean logic gates


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Decimal and binary number systems

The decimal number system uses tendigits including 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,and 9

The binary number system uses twodigits 0 and 1

Ex, 1000101001101111


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In Base 10, powers of ten are usedFor example, 23605 in Base 10 means 2 x 10,000 + 3 x1000 + 6 x 100 + 0 x 10 + 5 x 1

Note that 100 = 1, 101= 10, 102= 100, 103= 1000,and 104 = 10,000


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Binary numbers are converted into decimal numbersby using the same method as with powers of 2

Ex, 100100012 = 1 x 128 + 0 x 64 + 0 x 32 + 1 x 16+ 0 x 8 + 0 x 4 + 0 x 2 + 1 x 1 = 128 + 16 + 1 =

145


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Decimal to binary conversions

To convert a decimal number to binary, first find thelargest power of 2 that will "fit" into the decimalnumberFor example, convert the decimal number 35 intobinary


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The hexadecimal number system

The Base 16, or hexadecimal, number system usedfrequently with computers to represent binarynumbers in a more readable form

To express hexadecimal output is using "0x" in frontof the hexadecimal number

For example, 0x1234 means 1234 in Base 16

Base 16 uses 16 characters to express numericalquantities

These characters are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B,C, D, E, and F


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Binary to hexadecimal conversion

To convert a binarynumber tohexadecimal

divide the number

into groups of fourbits, starting fromthe right

convert each group

of four bits intohexadecimal


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Hexadecimal to binary conversion

To convert ahexadecimal numberto binary

convert each

individualhexadecimal digit tobinary

string together the

solution


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Converting to any base

From decimal to binaryGeneral rule: divide and write remainderfrom right to left

Why this works remainder gives bit 0

odd numbers have a 1 in bit 0

dividing by 2 does a shift right

For example, convert 1810 to binary


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Converting to any base

1810 = 100102

This rule works in converting decimal to anybase

18 29 2

4 22 2

1 2

0

188

42

0

0

1

0 01

Stop


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Chuong_01 - Information Technology Basic

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