Chronological Table

1918 28/29 September

1 October 23 October

28 October 7/8 November

9 November

11 November

16-20 November

29 December

30-31 December

1919 5-12 January 15 January

19 January 6 February 7 April

1 May

28 June

The German High Command advises the Kaiser to establish a parliamentary cabinet and sue for peace.

Prince Max of Baden appointed Chancellor. President Wilson's Third Note implying that

peace could not be negotiated unless the Kaiser abdicates.

Naval mutinies begin in Kiel. Bavarian monarchy overthrown and a republic

declared in Munich. Republic declared in Berlin. Ebert heads first

Republican government - a coalition of Ma­jority and Independent Social Democrats.

The Kaiser flees to Holland. Erzberger concludes an armistice with Marshal

Foch. Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Councils in

Berlin. Votes to hold elections for a National Assembly.

Independent Social Democrats leave the Gov­ernment.

Foundation of the German Communist Party in Berlin.

Spartakist rising in Berlin. Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht murdered

by government forces. Elections for the National Assembly. National Assembly meets at Weimar. Bavarian Soviet Republic proclaimed in Mun­

ich. Bavarian Soviet suppressed by Reichswehr and

Bavarian Freikorps. Treaty of Versailles signed.

162

11 August

21 August September

1920 24 February

1921

1922

1923

13 March

17 March 24 March

6 June

21 March 27 April

5 May

26-29 July 26 August

16 April 24 June 18 July

10 January

11/12 January

Summer 1923 13 August

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 163

The Constitution of the German Republic for­mally promulgated.

Friedrich Ebert takes the oath as President. Hitler joins the German Workers' Party m

Munich.

Hitler announces new programme of the Nat­ional Socialist German Workers Party (for­mally German Workers' Party).

Kapp Putsch. Ebert and ministers flee to Stutt­gart.

Collapse of Putsch. Defence Minister Noske and army chief Rein­

hardt resign. Gessler and von Seeckt take their places.

1st Reichstag election. SPD wins 102 seats; USPD 84; DNVP 71; DVP 65; Centre 64; DDP 39; BVP 21; KPD 4.

Plebiscite in Upper Silesia. Reparations Commission sets German debt at

132 thousand million gold marks. Allied ultimatum delivered in London requiring

German compliance with conditions about disarmament, reparations and war criminals.

Hitler becomes undisputed leader of the Nazis. Erzberger assassinated.

German-Soviet Agreement signed at Rapallo. Assassination of Rathenau. 'Law to Protect the Republic' passed by the

Reichstag.

Germany declared in default on reparations payments.

Franco-Belgian forces occupy the Ruhr and the German government declares passive resistance.

Inflation of currency completely out of control. Stresemann becomes Chancellor.

164 WEIMAR AND THE RISE OF HITLER

26 September

27 September

1-3 October 29 October-6 November 2 November 8/9 November 15 November 23 November

1924 13 February

1 April 4 May

9 August

7 December

1925 28 February 27 April 5 October

1926 24 April 8 September 9 October

1927 31 January

Passive resistance ended. Von Kahr declares state of emergency in Bavaria and establishes himself as State Commissioner.

Ebert declares state of emergency throughout Germany. Gessler given full powers under Article 48 of Constitution.

Buchrucker Putsch suppressed at Kustrin. Socialist/Communist governments suppressed

in Saxony and Thuringia. SPD ministers in Berlin resign. Hitler Putsch in Munich. First Rentenmark notes issued. Stresemann resigns as Chancellor but continues

to serve as Foreign Minister.

President Ebert declares end of state of emer­gency.

Hitler sentenced to five years' fortress arrest. 2nd Reichstag election. SPD 100; DNVP 95;

Centre 65; KPD 62; DVP 45; Racialists 32; DDP 28; BVP 16; Landbund 10; Economics Party 10.

London Conference protocol accepting the Dawes Plan for reparations payments.

3rd Reichstag election. SPD 131; DNVP 103; Centre 69;; DVP 51; KPD 45; DDP 32; BVP 19; Economics Party 17; Racialists 14; Landbund 8.

President Ebert dies. Hindenburg elected President. Locarno Treaty initialled.

German-Soviet Non-aggression pact. Germany elected to the League of Nations. Von Seeckt resigns as head of the Reichswehr.

Succeeded by Heye.

Allied Control Commission withdrawn from Germany.

1928 30 January

20 May

1929 7 June 6-31 August

3 October

1930 30 March 14 September

1931 20 June

13-14 July

1932 10 April 13 April

13 May 30May 16 June-9 July 17 June 20 July 31 July

6 November

17 November 2 December

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 165

Defence Minister Gessler resigns. Groener becomes Minister of Defence.

4th Reichstag election. SPD 153; Centre 62; DNVP 73; KPD 54; DVP 24; DDP 25; Economics Party 23; BVP 16; Nazis 12; Landvolk 10; Farmers' Party 8; Landbund 3.

Young Plan drawn up in Paris. First Hague Conference on Young Plan. Agree­

ment on evacuation of Rhineland. Stresemann dies.

Bruning appointed Reich Chancellor. 5th Reichstag election, SPD 143; Nazis 107;

KPD 77; Centre 68; DNVP 41; DVP 30; Economics Party 23; DDP 20; BVP 19; Landvolk 19; German Farmers' Party 6; Landbund 3.

President Hoover suggests Moratorium on repa­rations and War Debts.

DANAT Bank closes its doors. 'Bank holiday' in Germany.

Hindenburg re-elected President. SA and other Nazi para-military formations

suppressed. Groener resigns post as Defence Minister. Bruning resigns. Von Papen Chancellor. Lausanne Conference on reparations. Ban on SA lifted. Von Papen deposes Prussian government. 6th Reichstag election. Nazis 230; SPD 133;

KPD 89; Centre 75; DNVP 37; BVP 22; DVP 7; DDP 4; Economics Party 2.

7th Reichstag election. Nazis 196; SPD 121; KPD 100; Centre 70; DNVP 52; BVP 20; DVP 11.

Von Papen resigns. Von Schleicher appointed Chancellor.

166 WEIMAR AND THE RISE OF HITLER

1933 28 January 30 January 27 February 28 February

5 March

23 March

Von Schleicher resigns. Hitler appointed Chancellor. Reichstag fire. Decree to Protect the German People and the

State. 8th Reichstag election. Nazis 288; SPD 120;

KPD 81; Centre 74; DNVP 52; BVP 18; DVP2.

Enabling Act passed through Reichstag.

Bibliography

Scholars of German history are fortunate in the availability of a wealth of sources in the Federal and Land archives of the Federal Republic. Access to East German archives is often more difficult, but there is reason to hope that historians will benefit from the coming together of the two Germanies.

Many important documentary collections have been published as aids to scholarship. On the politics of Weimar Governments scho­lars are indebted to Professor K. D. Erdmann and the Historische Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften for the documentary publication Akten der Reichskanzlei: Weimarer Republik (Boppard urn Rhein, Harald Boldt Verlag), 1968-, a multi-volume publication.

A very useful set of documents is that edited by Michaelis and Schraepler, Ursachen und Folgen vom deutschen Zusammenbruch 1918 und 1945, Volumes 1-8, (Berlin, Dokumenten Verlag, 1958-).

On the history of the Nazi party in Weimar, the first volume of the collection of documents on Nazism, 1918-1945, edited by Jeremy Noakes and Geoffrey Pridham (Exeter University, 1983) is particularly helpful.

On the collapse of the Empire and the German Revolution the books by Professor E. Matthias and Professors Matthias and Morsey contain sources of great value for the light they cast on the reform movement in the German Reichstag before November 1918. These are:

E. Matthias, Der Interfraktionelle Ausschuss 1917-1918, 2 vols. (Dusseldorf, Droste, 1959).

E. Matthias and R. Morsey, Die Regierung des Prinzen Max von Baden (Dusseldorf, Droste, 1962).

Das Kriegstagebuch des Reichstagsabgeordneten Eduard David, 1914 bis 1918, ed. E. Matthias and S. Miller, (Dusseldorf, Droste, 1966).

Die Reichstagsfraktion der deutschen Sozialdemokratie, 1898-1918, ed. E. Matthias and E. Pikart (Dusseldorf, Droste, 1966).

167

168 WEIMAR AND THE RISE OF HITLER

In addition, W. Deist, Militiir und Innenpolitik, 1914-1918 (Dusseldorf, Droste, 1970), is very informative on the domestic role of the military in Germany during the war.

The memoirs of Prince Max von Baden should still be consulted, as should Arnold Brecht's fascinating autobiography, which adds to our knowledge of the confused and difficult situation in the Chancellery on the eve of revolution. Good accounts of the German revolution are given by F. L. Carsten in Revolution in Central Europe, and A. J. Ryder in The German Revolution of 1918. Very helpful is Wolfgang Mommsen's contribution to the admirable collection of essays edited by Richard Bessel and Edgar Feuchtwanger, Social Change and Political Development in Weimar Germany.

The flavour of the revolution and the success of Majority Socialist attempts to moderate it comes out well from C. B. Burdick's and R. H. Lutz's The Political Institutions of the German Empire, a book of documents on the revolutionary period. Fuller documentation is now available in German; the most authoritative publication is Die Regierung der Volksbeauftragten, 1918-19, ed. S. Miller and H. Potthoff with an introduction by Erich Matthias (Dusseldorf, Droste, 1969). The introduction has been separately published under the title Zwischen Riiten und Geheimriiten (Dusseldorf, Droste, 1969).

A good short selection of documents on the Revolution is that by Gerhard A. Ritter and Susanne Miller, Die Deutsche Revolution 1918-1919 Dokumente (Frankfurt M/Fischer Verlag, 1968).

Eberhard Kolb's history of the Workers' Councils remains one of the most illuminating books on the working-class movement in this period. Ulrich Kluge has also produced a well documented volume treating the Soldiers' Councils. The histories of the USPD by David Morgan and Robert Wheeler have deepened our understanding of the German Left and its reactions to the crisis years, 1918-20.

On the foundations of the Republic Professor Bracher's early chapters in Die Aufiosung der Weimarer Republik and his general reflections in Deutschland zwischen Monarchie und Diktatur deal very effectively with the problems presented by the Weimar constitution, and by the nature of Germany's civil service, political parties and officer corps. For English readers The German Dictatorship has useful introductory chapters on the rise of the NSDAP and the collapse of Weimar. On the important question of the reform of the bureaucratic system in Prussia, Wolfgang Runge's Beamtentum im Parteienstaat gives a good picture of the extent of which the Prussian civil service was Republicanised and the difficulties faced by

BIBLIOGRAPHY 169

reforming ministers in achieving this end. For an illuminating and scholarly description of the position of officials

in Weimar the reader is referred to Jane Caplan's Government without Administration.

On the army there is a very large bibliography, but Professor Carsten's history of the Reichswehr remains outstanding. New insights into military policy have been produced by Edward Bennett, Wilhelm Deist and Michael Geyer. Sir John Wheeler-Bennett's Nemesis of Power remains a classic indictment of military interference in German politics, and its main conclusions have been reinforced by the documentary evidence which has appeared since it was written. Important information on the organisation of secret reserve formations in Prussia, as well as on the political ideas of General Schleicher, are to be found in Thilo Vogelsang's Reichswehr, Staat und NSDAP. Hans Meier-Welcker's biography of Seeckt contains much interesting detail.

As far as particular political parties are concerned, the German Social Democrats have found a worthy historian in Heinrich Winkler, whose monumental three volumes, Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung, are of great importance. Professor Morsey's analysis of the Centre Party remains very valuable, although it only takes the story up to 1923. He has however published the protocols of the Centre's parliamentary delegation, 1926-33. The liberal parties have also received the benefit of a very effective treatment in Larry Jones's German Liberalism and the Dissolution of the Weimar Party System, 1918-1933, which will remain a standard work for many years. Nevertheless, for an understanding of the German People's Party, Henry Turner's Stresemann and the Politics of the Weimar Republic is still essential reading. A good idea of the tensions within the German National People's Party emerges from Hertzmann's DNVP, but much more work needs to be done on this subject. The situation has improved as far as left-wing parties are concerned. Apart from the histories of the USPD mentioned above, Hermann Weber's monumental study Die Wandlung des Deutschen Kommunismus (2 vols., Frankfurt, 1969) has provided much valuable information on the KPD, and the early years of the Communist Party received a detailed and balanced treatment from Werner Angress in his Stillborn Revolution.

Two of the para-military formations which played such an important part in Republican political life have received illuminating and schol­arly treatment in Karl Robe's Reichsbanner and Volker Berghahn's Stahlhelm. The Nazi Party can best be understood by reading about its real creator in Alan Bullock's Hitler: A Study in Tyranny. Werner

170 WEIMAR AND THE RISE OF HITLER

Maser's Friihgeschichte gives an interesting and detailed account of the party's early struggles in Bavaria, but does not alter the main outlines of Bullock's account. The best short description of the nature of National Socialism in Martin Broszat's Der Nationalsozialismus. Extremely helpful are Ian Kershaw's The Nazi Dictatorship, and The Hitler Myth.

On the making of Peace 1918-19 Alma Luckau's The German Delegation at the Peace Conference remains very important though sadly difficult to obtain. Klaus Epstein's biography of Erzberger is informative on the armistice and the critical negotiations leading up to the German acceptance of the Versailles Treaty. German attempts to stress the transformed nature of German politics in order to attract the Entente are illustrated in H. Holborn's article in The Diplomats. The extent of their failure can be read in vol. xii of Foreign Relations of the United States. The Paris Peace Conference. German-Russian relations are particularly well served for the early part of the Republic's history by G. Freund's Unholy Alliance. The military relationships are set out in Professor Carsten's Reichswehr. The foreign policy of the Stresemann era is illuminated by John Jacobsen's Locarno Diplomacy (Princeton U.P., 1972).

The collapse of the Republic is best studied in Professor Bracher's Auflosung der Weimarer Republik and Nationalsozialistische Machter­greifung. The volume on the demise of Germany's political parties, Das Ende der Parteien, by Professors Matthias and Morsey, is also essential. Professor Conze has some challenging comments on the Bruning Government in his chapter in Die Staats- und Wirtschaftskrise des deutschen Reiches, while E. W. Bennett presents a critical picture of Bruning's foreign policy in Germany and the Diplomacy of the Financial Crisis (Harvard U.P., 1962). Readers are also referred to the second volume of Professor Schulz's Zwischen Demokratie und Diktatur.

The social and economic problems which bedevilled Weimar have been the subject of careful scrutiny. The works of Gerald Feldman, Carl-Ludwig Holtfrerich, Hans Mommsen, Bernd Weisbrod and Peter-Christian Witt have furthered our understanding of inflation, taxation policies and industrial pressure groups. On the economic crisis which engulfed Weimar, Harold James's The German Slump is admirable, and the work of Knut Borchardt has opened up important perspectives and stimulated debate.

The victory of National Socialism has attracted many writers, but mention should be made of local studies which throw light on the

BIBLIOGRAPHY 171

nature of the support for Hitler. Heberle's analysis of Nazi growth among the farming communities of Schleswig-Holstein remains a clas­sic of its kind, but Jeremy Noakes's work on Lower Saxony and Geoffrey Pridham's book on Bavaria have added a great deal to our knowledge of the mechanics of Nazi expansion and the nature of the party's appeal. Roloff's description of the Nazi victory in Brunswick illustrates the stages by which bourgeois parties lost their voters to the Nazis. W. S. Allen stresses the conflict between classes in his study of a small town in the Weser valley. The Nazi Party itself is described by Dietrich 0. Orlow in the first volume of his history. The attraction of National Socialism for craftsmen and small businessmen is described by Professor Winkler in his Mittelstand Demokratie und Nationalsozialismus. Professor Brozat's chapter in Upheaval and Continu­ity ( ed. E. J. Feuchtwanger) is also highly illuminating on the social basis of Nazi support.

On the whole question of elections and electoral movements Milatz's study Wiihler und Wahlen in der Weimarer Republik remains important. Much detailed work has been done on the Nazis' electoral support. Thomas Childers has made particularly outstanding contributions, and there is much to interest the reader in the writings of Jiirgen Falter, Ian Hamilton and Michael Kater.

Leading figures in the Weimar Republic have not always found it easy to attract adequate biographers, but the gaps are being filled. Hagen Schulze's biography of Otto Braun is most welcome. Kotowski's biography of Ebert stops at the end of the First World War. Rathenau has been sensitively and sympathetically treated by Count Harry Kessler, and James Joll. Andreas Dorpalen's political biography of Hindenburg is a most useful and thoughtful book. The best treatment of all has been reserved for Hitler: Alan Bullock's picture of him remains unsurpassed.

The fullest general history of the Weimar Republic in English remains that by Erich Eyck, A History of the Weimar Republic, 2 vols., tr. H. P. Hanson and R. G. L. Waite (Harvard and Oxford U.P., 1962 and 1964). This is especially good when dealing with parliamentary politics, foreign policy and constitutional questions. Social and economic questions are given less detailed consideration, although Eyck still has a good many sensible things to say about them.

Eberhard Kolb's useful one-volume history has now appeared in English.

Still required reading are:

172 WEIMAR AND THE RISE OF HITLER

ARTHUR ROSENBERG, The Birth of the German Republic (Oxford U.P. 1931).

-A History of the German Republic (Menthuen, 1936).

The following list of books and articles is selective. Books mentioned in this brief survey, and others of particular importance, are marked with an asterisk. The place of publication is London unless otherwise stated. For more detailed information the reader is referred to the following:

DAHLMANN-WAITZ, Quellenkunde der deutschen Geschichte. Biblio­graphie der Quellen und der Literatur der deutschen Geschichte, 10 ed. book 8, section 393-4 (Stuttgart, Anton Hiersemann, 1965).

BRUNO GEBHARDT, Handbuch der deutschen Geschichte, 8th ed. vol. 4 (Stuttgart, Union Verlag, 1959).

BRANDT-MEYER-JUST, Handbuch der deutschen Geschichte, vol. iv, sec­tion 3, 'Die Weimarer Republik' (1958).

section 4, 'Die Diktatur Hitlers bis zum Beginn des zweiten Weltkrieges' (1%1).

Weiner Library. Catalogue Series No.2. From Weimar to Hitler, Germany 1918--1933 (Vallentine, Mitchell, 1964).

The bibliographical appendices published in the Vierteljahrshefte fiir Zeitgeschichte should also be consulted.

1 PUBLICATIONS OF DOCUMENTS AND OTHER SOURCE MATERIALS

C. B. BURDICK and R. H. LUTZ, The Political Institutions of the German Revolution (Stanford U.P. and London, 1966).

W. DEIST, Militiir und Innenpolitik, 1914-1918 (Dusseldorf, Droste, 1970). J. HOHLFELD (ed.), Dokumente der deutschen Politik und Geschichte

vom 1948 bis zur Gegenwart (Berlin, Dokumentem-Verlag/Dr Herbert Wendler, 1951-).

E. KOLB and R. RVRUP,Der Zentralrat der deutschen sozialistischen Republik, 19.12.1918-8.4.1919 (Leiden, E. Brill, 1968). ,

P. MANTOUX, Les Deliberations du Conseil des Ql-jlltre (Paris, Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1955).

E. MAITHIAS, Der Interfraktionelle Ausschuss 1917-1918, 2 vols. (Dussel­dorf, Droste, 1959).

E. MAITHIAS and S. MILLER (eds.), Das Kriegstagebuch des Reichstagsab geordeneten Eduard David, 1914 bis 1918 (Dusseldorf, Droste, 1966).

E. MAITHIAS and R. MORSEY, Die Regierung des Prinzen Max von Baden (Dusseldorf, Droste, 1962).

BIBLIOGRAPHY 173

E. MATIHIAS and E. PIKART (eds.) Die Reichstagsfraktion der deutschen Sozialdemokratie 1898-1918 (Dusseldorf, Droste, 1966).

H. MICHAELIS, E. SCHRAEPLER and G. SCHEEL, Ursachen und Folgen. Vom deutschen Zusammenbruch 1918 und 1945 bis zur staatlichen Neuordnung Deutschlands in der Gegenwart (Berlin, Dokumenten­Verlag, 1958-).

S. MILLER and H. POTIHOFF (eds.), Der Regierung der Volks beauftrag­ten, 1918-19, 2 vols. (Dusseldorf, Droste, 1969).

R. MORSEY (ed.), Die Protokolle der Reichstagsfraktion und des Fraktions­vorstands der Deutschen Zentrurnspartei, 1926-1933 (Mainz, Friinewald, 1969).

JEREMY NOAKES and GEOFFREY PRIDHAM, Documents on Nazism, 1919--1945 (Cape, 1974).

-Nazism 1919--1945. A Documentary Reader, vol. 1, The Rise to Power, 1919--1934, (Exeter University Press, 1983).

GERHARD A. RITTER and SUSANNE MILLER, Die Deutsche Revolution 1918-1919 Dokumente (Frankfurt/M, Fischer Verlag, 1968).

H. ROTHFELS, M. BEAUMONT, A. BULLOCK and H. M. SMYTHE (eds.), Atkten zur deutschen auswdrtigen Politik 1918-1945, Series B, 1925-1945, vol. I, I (Gottingen, Vandenhoeck & Rupprecht, 1966).

LEO STERN, Die Auswirkungen der grossen sozialistischen Oktober­revolution auf Deutschland, 4 vols. (E. Berlin, Rutten und Loening, 1959).

ALBERT TYRELL, Furer Befehl . .. Selbstzeugnisse aus der "Kampfzeit" der NSDAP Dokumentation und Analyse. (Dusseldorf, Droste Verlag, 1969).

2 BIOGRAPHIES, MEMOIRS, DIARIES AND WORKS CONTAINING SOURCE MATERIALS

*PRINZ MAX VON BADEN, Erinnerungen und Dokumente (Stuttgart, OVA, 1927).

EMIL BARTH, Aus der Werkstatt der deutschen Revolution (Berlin, Hoffmann, 1919).

*OTTO BRAUN, Von Weimar zu Hitler (Hamburg, Nord-deutsche Verlagsanstalt, 1949).

*ARNOLD BRECHT, A us Ndchster Ndhe. Lebenserinnerungen eines beteiligten Beobachters 1884-1927 (Stuttgart, OVA, 1966).

U. VON BROCKDORFF-RANTZAU, Dokumente und Gedanken urn Ver­sailles (Berlin, Verlag fiir Kulturpolitik, 1925).

HENRICH BRUNING Memoiren 1918-1934, (Stuttgart, DVA, 1970). *KLAUS EPSTEIN, Matthias Erzberger and the Dilemma of German Democ­

racy (Princeton U.P., 1959). DAVID LLOYD GEORGE, The Truth about Reparations and War Debts

(Heinemann, 1932).

174 WEIMAR AND THE RISE OF HITLER

*OTIO GESSLER, Reichswehrpolitik in der Weimarer Zeit (Stuttgart, DVA, 1958).

*WILHELM GROENER, Lebenserinnerungen, Jugend, Genera/stab, Welt­krieg (Gottingen, Vandenhoeck & Rupprecht, 1957).

D. GROENER-GEYER, General Groener, Soldat und Staatsmann (Frank­furt/M. Societiits-Verlag, 1954).

*H. SCHULZE, Otto Braun oder Preuf3ens demokratische Sendung, Eine Biographie, (Berlin/Frankfurt/Vienna, Propylaen, 1977).

P. D. STACHURA Gregor Strasser and the Rise of Nazism (Allen and Unwin, 1983).

H. TROTNOW Karl Liebknecht Eine politische Biographie (Cologne, Kiepenheuer und Witsch, 1980).

Adolf Hitler

*ALAN BULLOCK, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (Penguin, 1962). JOACHIM C. FEST, Hitler (Frankfurt/M, Propylaen 1973). A. HITLER, Mein Kampf (Jubilaumsausgabe, Munich, Zentralverlag der

NSDAP, 1939). -Hitler's Secret Conversations 1941-44 (New York, Signet, 1961). WERNER MASER, Hitler (tr. Peter and Betty Ross) (Allen Lane, 1973). HERMANN RAUSCHNING, Hitler Speaks (Butterworth, 1939). ROBERT G. L. WAITE, The Psychopathic God, Adolf Hitler (New York,

Basic Books Inc., 1977).

Hindenburg

*A. DORPALEN, Hindenburg and the Weimar Republic (Princeton U.P., 1964).

W. GORLITZ, Hindenburg: Ein Lebensbild (Bonn, Atheniium-Verlag, 1953).

W. HUBATSCH, Hindenburg und der Staat. Aus den Papieren des General­feldmarschalls und Reichspriisidenten von 1878 bis 1934 (Gottingen, Berlin, etc., Musterschmidt, 1966).

J. W. WHEELER-BENNE1T, Hindenburg. The Wooden Titan (Macmillan, 1936).

WILHELM ROEGNER, Der Schwierige Aussenseiter. Erinnerungen eines Abgeordneten, Emigranten und Ministerpriisidenten (Munich, Isar, 1959).

JAMES JOLL, Intellectuals in Politics: Three Biographical Essays (Essay on Rathenau) (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1960).

H. KESSLER, Walther Rathenau, His Life and Work (Gerald Howe, 1929).

GEORG KOTOWSKI, Friedrich Ebert. Eine politische Biographie (Wies­baden, Franz Stein, 1963).

BIBLIOGRAPHY 175

HANS LUTHER, Politiker ohne Partei. Erinnerungen (Stuttgart, DVA, 1960).

0. MEISSNER, Staatssekretiir unter Ebert-Hindenburg-Hitler (Hamburg, Hoffmann & Campe, 1950).

HANS MEIER-WELCKER, Seeckt (Frankfurt/M., Bernard und Graefe, 1967).

R. MULLER, Vom Kaiserreich zur Republik (Vienna, Malik Verlag, 1924). J. P. NETIL, Rosa Luxemburg, 2 vols. (Oxford U.P., 1966). GUSTAV NOSKE, Von Kiel bis Kapp (Berlin, Verlag fur Politik und

Wirtschaft, 1920). - Erlebtes aus Aufstieg und Niedergang der deutschen Sozial-demokratie

(Offenbach, Bollwerk Verlag, 1947). FRANZ VON ~.APEN, Memoirs tr. B. Connell (Andre Deutsch, 1952). HERMANN PONDER, Politik in der Reichskanzlei. Aufzeichnungen (ed.

Th. Vogelsang) (Stuttgart, DVA, 1961). F. VON RABENAU, Seeckt. Aus Seinem Leben 1918-1936 (Leipzig, Hase

& Koehler, 1940). WALTHER RATHENAU, Tagebuch 1907-1922, ed. H. Pogge von-Strand­

mann (Dusseldorf, Droste, 1967). HJALMAR SCHACHT, The Stabilization of the Mark (Allen & Unwin,

1927). -My First Seventy-Six Years (Wingate, 1965). PHILIPP SCHEIDEMANN, The Making of the New Germany. The Memoirs

of Philipp Scheidemann, 2 vols., tr. J. Mitchell (New York, Appleton, 1929).

- Der Zusammenbruch (Berlin, Verlag fur Sozialwissenschaft, 1921). HELMUT J. SCHORR, Adam Stegerwald. Gewerkschaftler und Politiker

in der Ersten Deutschen Republik (Recklinghausen, Kommunalverlag, 1966).

*CARL SEVERING, Mein Lebensweg, 2 vols. (Cologne, Greven, 1950). GUSTAV STRESEMANN, Vermiichtnis des Nachlasses in drei Biinden,

3 vols., (ed.) H. Bernhard (Berlin, Ullstein Verlag, 1932-3). EARL OF SWINTON, Sixty Years of Power (Hutchinson, 1966). ANNELISE THIMME, Gustav Stresemann (Hanover and Frankfurt/M,

Worldeutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1957).

3 SECONDARY WORKS

L. ALBERTIN und W. LINK (eds.) Politische Parteien auf dem Wege zur parlamentarischen Demokratie in Deutschland, Entwicklungslinien bis zur Gegenwart (Dusseldorf, Droste, 1981).

*W. S. ALLEN, The Nazi Seizure of Power. The Experience of a Single German Town 1930-1935 (Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1966).

ALFRED ANDERLE, Die Deutsche Rapallo-Politik (E. Berlin, Rutten & Loening, 1962).

176 WEIMAR AND THE RISE OF HITLER

J. W. ANGELL, The Recovery of Germany (Yale U.P., 1929). *WERNER T. ANGRESS, Stillborn Revolution. The Communist Bid for

Power in Germany. 1921-1923 (Princeton U.P., 1963). WILLIBALT APELT, Geschichte der Weimarer Verfassung (Munich,

Biederstein, 1946). G. AXHAUSEN, Organisation Escherich. Die Bewegung zur Nationalen

Einheit (Berlin, Weicher, 1921). *EDWARD W. BENNETT, Germany and the Diplomacy of the Financial

Crisis (Harvard U.P., 1962). -German Rearmament and the West, 1932-3 (Princeton U.P. 1979). *V. R. BERGHAHN, Der Stahlhelm. Bund der Frontsoldaten (Dusseldorf,

Droste, 1966). V. R. BERGHAHN and M. KITCHEN Germany in the Age of Total War

(Croom Helm, 1981). CARL BERGMANN, Der weg der Reparationen. Von Versailles iiber den

Dawesplan zum Ziel (Frankfurt/M, Frankfurter Societats-Druckerei, 1926).

A. J. BERLAU, The German Social Democratic Party 1914-1921 (New York, 1949.

*R. BESSEL and E. FEUCHTWANGER, Social Change and Political Devel­opment in Weimar Germany (Croom Helm, 1981).

W. BESSON, Wiirttemberg und die deutsche Staatskrise 1928-1933 (Stutt­gart, DVA, 1959).

GEORGES BONNIN, Le Putsch de Hitler a Munich en 1923 (Paris, Les Sables D'Olonne, 1966).

*K. BORCHARDT Wachstum, Krisen, Handlungsspielriiume der Wirt­schaftspolitik, (Gottingen, Vandenhoeck und Rupprecht, 1982).

*KARL ERICH BORN, Die deutsche Bankenkrise 1931 (Munich, Piper, 1967).

*K. D. BRACHER, Die Auflosung der Weimarer Republik. Eine Studie zum Problem des Machtverfalls in der Demokratie (Villingen, Ring Verlag, 4th edn., 1964).

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BIBLIOGRAPHY 177

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180 WEIMAR AND THE RISE OF HITLER

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182 WEIMAR AND THE RISE OF HITLER

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4 ARTICLES

(I have confined this list to articles cited in footnotes. They are given here in order of appearance in the text.)

REINHARD RORUP, 'Problems of the German Revolution, 1918-19', in Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 3, no. 4 (October 1968) pp. 101-35.

WILHELM DEIST, 'Seekriegsleitung und Flottenrebellion 1918', in Viertel­jahrshefte fiir Zeitgeschichte, October 1966.

LORD BRAND, 'How a Banker Watched History Happen', in The Observer, 8 January 1961.

FRITZ DICKMANN, 'Die Kriegschuldfrage auf der Friedonskonferenz von Paris 1919', in Historische Zeitschrift, August 1963.

!MANUEL GEISS, 'The Outbreak of the First World War and German War Aims', in The Journal of Contemporary History, vol. I, no. 3, 1966.

K. D. ERDMANN, 'Deutschland, Rapallo und der Westen', in Vierteljahr­shefte fiir Zeitgeschichte, April1963.

184 WEIMAR AND THE RISE OF HITLER

R. C. WILLIAMS, 'Russians in Germany: 1900-1914', in The Journal of Contemporary History, vol. I, no. 4, 1966.

ERNST DEUERLEIN, 'Hitlers Eintritt in die Politik und in die Reichswehr', in Vierteljahrshefte fii.r Zeitgeschichte, Apri11959.

R. H. PHELPS, 'Hitler als Parteiredner im Jahre 1920', in Vierteljahrshefte fii.r Zeitgeschichte, 1963, pp. 274-330.

DIETRICH 0. ORLOW, 'The Organizational History and Structure of the NSDAP, 1919-1923', in Journal of Modem History, June, 1965.

HANS W. GATZKE, 'The Stresemann Papers', in Journal of Modem His­tory, 1954, pp. 49 ff.

M. STORMER, 'Probleme der parlamentarischen Mehrheitsbildung in der Stabilisierungsphase der Weimarer Republik', in Politische Vierteljahrs­schrift, Heft I, 1%7.

AITILA CHANADY, 'The Disintegration of the German National People's Party, 1924-1930', in Journal of Modem History, March 1%7.

H. HAMMER, 'Die deutschen Ausgaben von Hitlers "Mein Kampf"', in Vierteljahrshefte fii.r Zeitgeschichte, April1956.

H. TREVOR-ROPER, 'Hitlers Kriegsziele', in Vierteljahrshefte fii.r Zeit­geschichte, Apri11960.

J. NOAKES, 'Conflict and Development in the NSDAP 1924-1927', in Journal of Contemporary History, October 1966.

HEINRICH AUGUST WINKLER, 'From Social Protectionism to National Socialism' in Journal of Modem History vol. 48, no. 1 (March 1976) pp. 7-13. ..

HEINRICH BRUNING, 'Ein Brief', in Deutsche Rundschau, July 1947. K. 0. VON ARETIN, 'Priilat Kaas, Franz von Papen und das Reichskon­

kordat von 1933,' in Vierteljahreshefte fii.r Zeitgeschichte, July 1966. D. ABRAHAM, 'Big Business, Nazis and German Politics at the End of

Weimar' in European History Quarterly, vol. 17, 1987. U. BUTTNER, 'Politische Alternative zum Briiningschen Deflationskurs.

Ein Beitrag zur Diskussion iiber 'Okonomischen Zwangslagen' in der Endphase von Weimar', in Vierteljahreshefte fii.r Zeitgeschichte, vol. 37, 1989.

H. A. WINKLER, 'Die Revolution von 1918/19 und das Problem der Kontinuitat in der deutschen Geschichte', in Historische Zeitschrift, vol. 250, no. 2, Apri11990.

Index

Adenauer, Konrad 150 Allies, see Western Allies Alsace-Lorraine:

no voting allowed in 31n.

loss of 46, 48, 96 Amann, Max, Hitler's business

manager 80, 120 Anti-semitism 112

origins of 73ff. in Nazi programme 76 Hitler and 78

Armistice: November 1918, 17 decision to seek 3 negotiations for 11, 45, conditions of 12, 14

Austria: on brink of revolution 34 aggression of 44 possible union with Germany

46 rejected by Allies 47, 49 racialists in 74, 79,

Balfour, Lord, British Foreign Secretary 46

Barth, Emil, Independent Social Democrat in revolutionary government 13, 16, Bauer, Gustav (1870-1944), Reich Chancellor 57-8,

Bavaria: revolutions in 10, 34-5 constitutional, position of 27,

29, 134, 154 Coburg joined to 28n

diplomatic documents published 44

and Nazi Movement 7lff, 146 Bavarian People's Party 71, 101,

112, 146, 148 Belgium:

and Peace settlement 46, 48, 49 and Ruhr occupation 69 and Locarno 96-7

Bell, Dr Hans, Centre Party Minister, at Versailles 53

Benes, Eduard, at Locarno 97 and n.

Bismarck, Prince Otto von 23, 36, 39, 77, 144

Blomberg Werner von, General, appointed Defence Minister 139

Bolsheviks 9 and world revolution 34 andKPD 36 recognition of, by German

government 44 Brandler, Heinrich, KPD leader 88 Braun, Otto, Prussian Prime Min­

ister 109-111, 132, 134, 138 Breitscheid, RudoH 67 Briand, Aristide, French Statesman

129 Britain 46-9, 60-1, 84

and Russian relations with, in 1922 64-6

attitude of, over Ruhr occupation 87

and Locarno 98ff. and war debts moratorium 129

Brockdorff-Rantzau, Count Ulrich von (1869-1928)

185

186 INDEX

Foreign Minister (1918-19) 45, 48

refuses to sign Peace Treaty 53 Briining, Dr. Heinrich (1885-1970)

135 prominent in Centre Party 113 becomes Chancellor 117, 143 domestic policies of 124ff, 149ff,

foreign policy of 129 forced out of office 130-3

Buchrucker, Ernst, Major, attempts coup 88

Burgerbraukeller, the, scene of the Munich Putsch 90

Centre Party 60-1, 117, 144, 147, 150-1

in Imperial Reichstag 2 in inter-party committee 3 and

n., 4 and parliamentary reform, 1918,

5 and other Weimar parties 23,

25, 33-4, 67, 110 attitude towards Republic

24-5,62 and socialism 26 in Prussia 25 and Civil Service 38 and Roman Catholic Church

41 and Versailles Treaty 50 and Rapallo 66 and Bavaria 71 and 1925 presidential elections

101 leadership of 112 and 1930 Reichstag elections

124 and 1932 presidential elections

132 and Papen 134 and 1932 Reichstag elections

136, 146 and Hitler 136, 139-40, 148

Chamberlain, Austen, British Foreign Secretary 99

Chicherin, G. V., Russian Foreign Minister 65, 96,

Civil Service, character and recruitment of 37-9, 40

in Kapp Putsch 57 pay settlement 1927, 153

Colonies, German, loss of 48 Comintern, Third (Communist)

International 34, 88, 101, 148

Communist Party, see KPD Conservatives (DKP):

in Imperial Reichstag 2 electoral strength in East Germa­

ny 25, 42n. Cuno, Wilhelm (1876-1933),

Chancellor 68, 81, 83, 85-6

Curtius, Julius (1877-1948), German Foreign Minister 129

Czechoslovakia, and Locarno 97

Danzig 47, 49 Darre, Walther, Nazi agrarian

expert 123 Dawes, Charles 94-5, 103 Dawes Committee, the 94-5, 113 Dawes Plan 93, 94, 100, 103, 106,

149 Democratic Party (DDP) 33, 145

foundation of 23-4 and Progressives 23-4 and DVP 24, 68, 108-9 attitudes and policies 24, 26,

68 and Civil Service 38 and Versailles Treaty 50 electoral losses 60, 100 and 1925 presidential elections

101 and 1932 presidential elections

131 Denmark 48, 66 Depression, the (1929-), 115ff.,

126ff., 149ff. Dittmann, Wilhelm (1874-1954), in

revolutionary government 13 DNVP (German Nationalist Party)

32, 50, 68, 137' character of 25, 144-5 opposition to the Republic 50,

INDEX 187

88, 111 and Kapp 58, 60 Ministers in Republican govern-

ments 91,96 and Dawes Plan 95 and I..ocamo 96ff. and 1928 Reichstag elections

105 divisions in 111ff. and Young Plan 113ff. 122 1930 electoral defeat 124 and Bruning 125ff. and Hindenburg 131-2 and Papen 136 and Hitler 138

Drexler, Anton 76, 79-80 Duesterberg, Theodor 131 DVP (German People's Party) 66,

88-9, 108, 110, 136, 145 foundation of 24 attitude towards Republic 24,

60, 68,109 and Kapp 58 not in Wirth's cabinet 61 in Stresemann's cabinet 87 and 1924 Reichstag elections

100 and unemployment relief policy

115ff. Ebert, Friedrich (1871-1925) 28,

39, 57, 72, 89 patriotic attitude, October 1918

5 appointed Chancellor 11 fears of disorder 11-13 heads USPD/SPD coalition 12,

13 personality 13 and socialisation 14 and civil servants 14 and Army 15, 16 breaks with USPD 17 and Spartakist rising 18 and elections to National

Assembly 23 becomes President 30n., 56 and foreign policy 44-6, 65 and Peace Treaty 53-4 dies 101

Economics Party, the 112, 118n. Eichhorn, Emil, Police President in

Berlin 12, 16, 18 Eisner, Kurt (1867-1919):

seizes power in Munich 10, 91 and foreign policy 44 murdered 34

Emergency powers 26 use of 77ff. by Bruning 109ff.

Entente, see Western Allies Erhard, Ludwig 150-1 Erzberger, Matthias (1875-1921):

and armistice 11 Finance Minister 28, 56, 71 retires from politics 56 murdered 63

Esser Hermann 121

Feder, Gottfried, Nazi economist (1883-1941) 77

Fehrenbach, Konstantin (1852-1926), Centre Party politician and Chancellor 60-1, 72

First World War, see World War I Foch, Marshal Ferdinand 4, 47,

54 France 50, 60, 65

fears for future security of 46-7

and Rhineland 47 and Ruhr occupation 69, 83ff. and Locarno 96ff. and end of reparations 129-30

Freikorps: foundation of 18 suppression of Spartakist rising

18 atrocities committed by 18-19,

35,39 in Bavaria 35, 39, 71-2 and Reichswehr 36, 56 and Kapp 57-8

Genoa Conference, 1922 65-6 German Empire, the 27, 73, 144

political structure before 1914 2

188 INDEX

fall of 8-11 legacy of 33, 40-1, 44, 144 and war guilt 45, 51, 75

Gennan Farmers' Association, anti­semitic trends in 73

Gennan Social Democrats, see SPD Gennany, see German Empire

Weimar Republic Gennany, Federal Republic of,

contrasted with Weimar 150-1 Gessler, Otto Karl (1875-1955),

member of Democratic Party: Defence Minister 59, 72, 87,

107 Goebbels, Paul Josef 122, 132 Goring, Hermann, Prussian Minis­

ter of the Interior in Hitler's regime 139

Groener, Lieut.-General Wilhelm (1887-1939):

advises Wilhelm II to leave Germany 11, 15

relations with Ebert 15, 16 and signature of Peace Treaty

53 as Defence Minister 107, 115,

133, 136

Haase, Hugo (1863-1919): USPD leader 9 in revolutionary government

13,44 Habsburg Empire, the 46 Haussmann, Conrad (1857-1922),

Progressive Party member: supports Pince Max 5

asked by Ebert to stay in govern­ment 23

Helfferich, Dr Karl (1872-1924), attacks Erzberger 56

Herriot, Edouard 94 Heye, Wilhelm, General 107 Hilferding, Rudolf 67 Hindenburg, Field-Marshal Paul

von Beneckendorff und (1847-1934): 105, 111, 115, 135, 137, 147

has to admit Germany's defeat 1, 4

and revolution 15 President (1925-34) 30, 101-2,

116 'stab-in-the-back' 52n. and Peace Treaty 53 elected President 101 and Bruning's Ministry 125-6,

157 and 1932 presidential election

131-2 and Hitler 137, 138

Hirsing, Otto, Reichsbanner founder 102

Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945) 15, 19, 32,39,66,93, 116,117,123,125, 136, 143, 144, 158

and Versailles 50-1 early career 72ff. joins DAP 76ff. Mein Kampf 77, 120ff. aims and character of 78-9 becomes undisputed Party leader

79-80 his methods 80-1 and Ruhr occupation 85-6 and Munich Putsch 90-2 and Young Plan 114, 122, 148 rebuilds Party after Munich

Putsch 120ff. trial in Munich 120 and

Schleicher 131 and 1932 presidential elections

131-3, Chancellor 138ff, 156 nature of his support 145ff. possibility of stopping 147ff

Hoffman, Adolf, Education Minis­ter in Prussia after November Revolution 25

de Hondte's electoral system 31 Hoover, Herbert, President of the

USA 127n., 129, Hugenberg, Alfred (1865-1951),

Nationalist leader and news­paper proprietor 111-2, 114, 117, 124, 126, 136, 138, 139, 145, 147-8

Imperial Army: attitude of public towards 2

INDEX 189

increase in power of, 1917 2 morale lowered in 1918 3 and revolution 9, 11 relations with Ebert 15 repatriation of 14, 15 in ruins 15 and victor powers 45 reduced by Peace Treaty 48

Inflation 83-5, 152 'Iron Front' in defence of Republic

132,134-5, Italy 46

and Locamo 97-8

Judiciary, character of 39-40

Kaas, Ludwig, Centre Party Leader 113, 140

Kahr, Gustav Ritter von (1862-1934), heads Bavarian government 71ff.

State Commissioner in Bavaria 87,89

and Hitler 90, 120 Kaiser, see Wilhelm IT Kampfbund, and Munich Putsch

90 Kapp, Dr. Wolfgang (1858-1922)

57-9 Kapp Putsch, March 1920 41,

56-9' 71' 120 Kautsky, Karl (1854-1938), and

revolution 9 Keynes, J. M., British economist

128n., 155 Koch-Weser, Erich 100, 109 Kolbis, and Naval Mutiny 1917

21n. KPD (German Communist Party)

35, 116, 121, 131, 137, 140, 146 founded December 1918 17 involved in Berlin rising January

1919 18 and Bavaria 34-5 and fighting in 1919 17-18 long term advantages of, in 1919

36, 145 opposition to Republic 50

and Kapp Putsch 59 and Ruhr occupation 86 planned rising in 1923 88 electoral success 1924 100 and Hindenburg 1925 election

101 and Reichstag elections through­

out Republican period 124, 136

and Weimar's fall 148, 154 Kreuzzeitung, Conservative news­

paper 101 Kun, Bela, heads Soviet Republic in

Budapest 34

Landsberg, Otto, in revolutionary government 12-13

Lausanne Conference,1932, 130 League of Nations:

enthusiasm for 45 and Danzig 47 and German colonies 48 German exclusion from 48 German membership of 96ff.

Legien, Carl, trade union leader 20

Lenin, Vladimir Dyitch Ulyanov 63

and foundation of KPD 17 and Bavarian Soviet 35, 63

Levi, Paul 67 Levine, Eugen, Communist leader in

Munich Soviet 35-6 revolutionary martyr 36

Liebknecht, Karl (1871-1919): in prison 4 and proclamation of Republic

11 co-founder of German Commun­

ist Party 17 and Spartakist rising, January

1919 18 murdered 18 revolutionary martyr 36

Lithuania 47 Lloyd George, David, British Prime

Minister 47, 64-6 LObe, Paul 109 Locarno, Treaty of 93, 96ff., 105

190 INDEX

conference at 96 spirit of 99

Lossow, General Otto von (1868-1938):

insubordination of 89 and von Kahr 89ff. and Hitler 90-1, 120

Ludendorff, General Erich (1865-1937): has to admit defeat 1, 4, 5, 7

and 'stab-in-the-back' 4, 52n. and parliamentary government

4 and Kapp Putsch 57 and Munich Putsch 90-1 presidential candidate 131

Ludwig III, King of Bavaria (1845-1921) 10, 74,

Luther, Dr Hans 68, 93, 96, 125, 154

Liittwitz, General Walther Freiherr von (1859-1942) 57-8

Luxemburg, Rosa (1871-1919): in prison 3 founds German Communist Party

17 attitude towards Revolution 17 and Spartakist rising January 1919

18 murdered 18 revolutionary martyr 36

MacDonald, J. Ramsay, British Prime Minister 127n.

Malcolm, Major-General Neill, and 'stab-in-the-back' 52n.

Maltzan, Freiherr Ago von 64-5 Mark, stabilisation of 93-4 Marx, Dr Wilhelm (1863-1946):

Chancellor 91 presidential candidate 101 resigns leadership of Centre Party

112-13, 147 Maurice, Lieut.-General 52n. Max of Baden, Prince (1867-1929):

as Chancellor 5, 24 fear of precipitate peace talks 5 starts to negotiate for armistice

6,44,49

hands over to Ebert 11 authority handed on to Ebert from

39 Mayr, Captain, Hitler's commander

75 Mein Kampf 77, 120-1 Memel 47 Muller, Hermann: SPD Foreign

Minister 53 Cllancellor 59,60, 105,110,111,

115 resigns 116

Munich, Soviet republic in 34-5, 71, 74-5, 120

Munich, 1938 agreement at 97 Munich Putsch, November 1923

90-1

Napoleon III 30 National Assembly 27, 34, 46

and SPD 13-14 and USPD 14 elections for 19, 23, 25-6 meets at Weimar 27 and Versailles 45, 53 does not dissolve itself 56 flees Kapp Putsch 57

National Liberals: in Imperial Reichstag 2, 46 and interparty committee 3 andDDP 23-4

Naval Mutiny, October 1918 6, 8-10

Noske, Gustav (1868-1947): Defence Minister 18, 36, 37 sends troops to Bavaria 35, 75 and Kapp Putsch 57 resigns 59

NSDAP (Nazis) 51, 80, 101, 116, 123

asDAP 75 origins 75ff. programme 76-7 nature of its appeal 78, 122, 123,

145ff. Young Plan 114ff., 122 1930 election victory 117, 124 recovery after Munich Putsch

120ff. struggles within 12lff.

INDEX 191

and Bruning's Ministry 126ff. andArmy 133 and 1932 elections 136, 137 and 1933 elections 139

Ottoman Empire, the 46

Pan-German League, the 73, 98, 114

Papen, Franz von, Chancellor 130, 133-5, 136-7, 143

resigns 138 and Hitler 138

Patriotic Leagues, see Vater-liindische Verbiinde

Peace Treaty, see Versailles Treaty Pohner, Ernst (1870-1925) 72 Poincare, Raymond 68, 83,86-7,

94 Poland:

loss of territory to 48, 66, 97-8 and Polish Corridor 47, 49 German pressures on 97-9

Preuss,IIugo 27-8 Progressives:

pre-war views 1 in inter-party committee 3, 4 and reform 5 and other Weimar parties 23 and Democratic Party 23-4

Protocols of the Elders of Zion, the 73

Prussia: desire to reform electoral

system 1 Government suppressed, 1932

134-5 constitutional position of 27,

28n., 29, 154 Civil Service in 38-9 Social Democrats in power in

28, 110. 126, 133 Prussian War Ministry 16

and Freikorps 18 as IIeadquarters, Reichswehr 36

Radek, Karl, at foundation of KPD 17

Rapallo Treaty, 1922, the 65-6 Rathenau, Walther (1867-1922):

Foreign Minister 1922 65 murdered 67-8

Reichspeitsch, and Naval Mutiny 1917 21n.

Reichsbank 93-4, 106 Reichsbanner, Republican organisa­

tion 102, 124, 132, 135, 138, 143

and suppression of Prussian gov-ernment 134-5

Reichsmark 94 Reichsrat, the 29-30 Reichstag 11, 23, 35, 67-8, 95, 105,

113, 116, 117, 130 in 1914 1-2, 46 interparty committee of, 1917 3,

4-5 in Weimar Constitution 30-1 proportional representation

31-2 1920 elections for 35, 60 1924 elections for 100 and Reichswehr 107 inadequate support given to Min-

istry 110 1928 elections for 105, 112 1930 elections for 117-8 1932 elections for 136-7 1933 elections for 138-40 fire in 139

Reichswehr: 83, 98 suppres~s leftwing revolts 35,

36,88 character and formation of

36-7 and Freikorps 36, 71 and Kapp Putsch 57-9 and disarmament 48, 61, 63,

130, 134, 157 and Russia 63-4, 96 in Bavaria 72, 86ft. Black Reichswehr 86-8 in Republican politics 107ft.,

115-7 and Bruning 117, 125 and IIitler 136 and IIindenburg 133

192 INDEX

and plans for conscription 135-6

Reinhardt, Walther, Colonel (later General): appointed Prussian War Minister 16

opposes Peace Treaty 53 and Kapp Putsch 57 resigns 59

Rentenmark 93-4, Reparations 48-9, 50, 60-3, 68, 84,

129 and Dawes Plan 94-5, 102 and Young Plan 113, 129 end of 129-30

Reparations Commission 60, 69 fixes German debt 61

Reusch, Paul 148 Rhineland:

occupation of 48, 98, 99 promise to evacuate 99, 105,

113 Rohm, Ernst 131 Rote Fahne, Die (Communist

newspaper) 17, 86 Ruhr occupation:

threat of 61 carried out 69ff. passive resistance to 83ff. abandonment of 87

Rundstedt 136 Russia:

relations with 44, 63ff., 69n., 96-7

civil war in 46 pogroms in 73

Si\,the 80,123,125,131-3,134, 136-7

Saar Basin 48 Saxony 27,28n.,88-9, 148 Schacht, Hjalmar, banker: 154

and Democratic Party 26n. and currency stabilisation 94

Scheidemann, Philipp (1865-1939): and Kaiser's abdication 6

proclaims Republic 11 in Republican government

12-13 resigns as Premier 53

Schaffer, Hans 155 Schiffer, Eugen 58, 108 Schleicher, Kurt von (1882-1934),

General: political views 115, 117, 130,

133, 143 Chancellor 138 and Hitler 138 Defence Minister 133

Second World War, see World War II

Seeckt, Hans von (1866-1936), General:

and Kapp Putsch 57-9 appointed head of Reichswehr

59 policies 63-4 and evasion of arms restrictions

64 and Russia 63ff. and Ruhr crisis 86ff. and Bavarian insubordination

89ff. opposes Stresemann 87-9, 99 resigns 107

Seisser, Hans von 120 Seldte, Franz 139 Serbia, attack on 44 Skrzynski, Nexander, at Locarno

97 and n. Soviets, see Workers' and Soldiers'

Councils Spartakists 25

duringwar 2 and November Revolution 8 attack Ebert's government 17 Congress to found KPD 17 'Spartakist Rising', January 1919

17-18 Press attacks on 26 and foreign policy 44

SPD 10,25,31,61, 121,124,136, 144, 146, 147, 150-1

pre-war views of 1, 2 attitude towards war 2 in interparty committee 3, 4 attitude towards Max's govern-

ment 5-6 and November Revolution 8,

INDEX 193

9-11, 13 and Workers' Councils 10, 12,

15 coalition with USPD 12-17 attitude to other Weimar parties

23,24,33-4,89, 109,149 and socialisation 20 and constitution 27, 33 attitude towards Reichswehr

36-7, 107 and Civil Service 38 and trade unions 41 and Versailles Treaty 50 and Kapp Putsch 58-9, 60 reunion with USPD 67 and Stresemann 87-9, 91 and 1924 elections 100 and 1925 presidential elections

101 and Reichsbanner 102 and 1928 elections 105 and unemployment 116-7 and Bruning 117, 125 and 1930 elections 124 and Iron Front 134 opposes Enabling Law 140

'Stab-in-the back', the 52n., 100 Stalhelm (ex-servicemen's associa­

tion) 134, 138 hostile attitude towards Republic

34 and Hugenberg 114 and Bruning 125ff. and Hindenburg 131

Stampfer, Friedrich 109 Stinnes, Hugo, Industrialist 20,

89 Strasser, Gregor, Nazi leader 121-

22,137, 138 Streicher, Julius 121 Stresemann, Gustav (1878-1929)

62,66,67,97,125 founds DVP 24 attitude towards Republic 46,

68 and Austria 46 andKapp 59 Chancellor 86 ends passive resistance 87

conflict with Bavaria 87ff. resigns as Chancellor 91 appointed Foreign Minister 91 and Locarno 96ff. foreign policy 97-8 refuses liberal union 100, 108 and Young Plan 113ff. andDVP 115 death of 115, 129

Tat, rightwing journal 108 Thlilmann, Ernst, KPD leader 131 Third Reich, the 120 Thuringa 28n., 88-9 Trade unions, and Workers'

Councils 14 and socialization 19, 20 and Civil Service 38-9 development in Republic 41 and Kapp Putsch 57 and Rathenau's death 67 and Depression 117, 151-2, 154 Schleicher appeals to 138

Trimbom, Carl, Centre Party poli­tician 24

Unemployment (1923) 85-6, 92n. (1929-33) 115, 126ff., 152 unemployment benefit 105, 115,

150, 154, 157 United States of America, the 51,

156 and war debts 49, 60-1, 84, 113

Upper Silesia 48 USPD 25,35

formation 2 attacks SPD participation in Max's

government 5 agitation against war 8 and revolution 8-9 and Workers' Councils 10, 16 in coalition with SPD 12-17 and Army 16, 35 radical tendencies in 17 and socialisation 26 confused aims 35 and Comintem 35 moves for reunion with SPD 35,

194

67 and foreign policy 44 and Kapp 59-60

Vaterliindische Verbiinde 86 in Bavaria 71, 89ff.

Versailles Treaty 40, 42, 56, 63, 100, 125, 142, 158

German public unprepared for 45

terms of 47-9 resentment over 49 criticism of 49, 147 impact of 49-50 'War Guilt Oause' 51-3 signature of 53 evasion of 60-1, 98, 135 Article 231 of 51 Article 116 of 64

Volkischer Beobachter 85

War Guilt Question, the 51-2, 114

Weimar Coalition 100, 108 formed 33, 131 fears elections 1919-20 56

Weimar Republic 42, 136, 149 more liberal than predecessor

21,33 foundation of 23ff. makes peace 44ff. constitution of 27, 29-30, 40,

71 position of president in 30,

100-2, 110 position of parties in 33, 109 women in 33, 146-7 civil service in 37-8, 40 judiciary in 39-40 universities in 40-1, 108 Churches in 41 possible union with Austria 46 rejected by Allies 47 economy of 49-50, 105, 149ff. Wirth tries to rally support for

67 Law to Defend 67 improved situation of, in 1924

INDEX

93ff. Reichsbanner supports 102 importance of Milller's fall for

116-7 reasons for collapse of 143ff.

Wels, Otto 11, 12, 16 Westarp, Count von, DVP leader

112 Western Allies, and armistice 6,

11 peace terms presented 34 and German Army 37, 61, 72 and Peace Treaty 44-9 relations with Germany 44 and Reparations 48-9, 61, 95,

125 and London ultimatum, May,

1921 6,84 Wilhelm, Crown Prince (1882-1951)

10 Wilhelm II (1859-1941), German

Emperor 45, 56, 68, 125, 144 advised to sue for peace 1 attitude to Roman Catholics 2 possible victory in war 2 attitude to reforms 5 obstacle to peace 6 abdication 6, 11 and Hindenburg 101, 102

Wilhelmine Empire, see German Empire

Wilson, Woodrow (1856-1924), President, USA 6, 46, 49, 54

his Fourteen points 45-7, 49 Wirth, Dr Josef (1879-1956):

Chancellor 61 and Russia 63-6 and Law to Defend the Republic

67 resignation 68

Women, rights of, in politics 146-7

Workers' and Soldiers' Coun­cils:

established in revolution 9-10, 12, 14, 74

and Republican government 12, 14

and USPD 14

attempts to set up Red Guard 14

trade unions and 14 National Congress convened

14-15 and Army 15, 36 failure to assert their authority

14, 19

INDEX

Press attacks on 16 and judiciary 39 emasculation of 42

Wiirttemberg 27, 134

Young, Owen D. 94, 113

195

Young Plan 31, 113, 128, 148, 150