CHRONOBIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF CIRCADIAN CLOCK JET LAG -Resetting the clock by exposure to light...
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Transcript of CHRONOBIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF CIRCADIAN CLOCK JET LAG -Resetting the clock by exposure to light...
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CHRONOBIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF CIRCADIAN CLOCK
JET LAG-Resetting the clock by exposure to light at either dusk or dawn.
-East to West: Later dusk, delay of clock.-West to East: Earlier dawn, advance of clock.
-Resetting by drugs-Protein synthesis inhibitors: Causes phase-shifts (DRCs).-Protein phosphorylation and dephos: Causes period changes.
SHIFT WORK; ACCIDENTS AND PERFORMANCE AT NIGHT-Many shift workers do not shift their biological clock. But alertness and task performance follows phase of the unshifted rhythm.-Single vehicle truck and car accidents and fatalities. Three Mile Island,
Chernobyl, Exxon Valdez.
CHRONOTHERAPY-DSPI: Delayed Sleep Phase Insomnia. Failure of advance phase shifts.-ASPI: Advance Sleep Phase Insomnia. Failure of delay phase shifts-SAD: Seasonal Affective Disorder. Day length.-Timing of drug administration; chronopharmacology; LD 50s
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TYPE O (strong) & TYPE 1 (weak) PRCs in Gonyaulax with and without CREATINE
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DRUG PRC for CYCLOHEXIMIDE, a PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITOR
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EFFECTS OF KINASE INHIBITORS ON PERIOD (TAU)
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EFFECT OF PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE INHIBITORS ON PERIOD
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EFFECT OF CREATINE (FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES) ON PERIOD
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CHRONOBIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF CIRCADIAN CLOCK
JET LAG-Resetting the clock by exposure to light at either dusk or dawn.
-East to West: Later dusk, delay of clock.-West to East: Earlier dawn, advance of clock.
-Resetting by drugs-Protein synthesis inhibitors: Causes phase-shifts (DRCs).-Protein phosphorylation and dephos: Causes period changes.
SHIFT WORK; ACCIDENTS AND PERFORMANCE AT NIGHT-Many shift workers do not shift their biological clock. But alertness and task performance follows phase of the unshifted rhythm.-Single vehicle truck and car accidents and fatalities. Three Mile Island,
Chernobyl, Exxon Valdez.
CHRONOTHERAPY-DSPI: Delayed Sleep Phase Insomnia. Failure of advance phase shifts.-SAD: Seasonal Affective Disorder. Day length.-Drug administration; chronopharmacology; LD 50s
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TIMES OF SINGLE VEHICLE TRUCK ACCIDENTS
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MYOCARDIAL INFARCTIONS AT DIFFERENT TIMES OF DAY
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CHRONOBIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF CIRCADIAN CLOCK
JET LAG-Resetting the clock by exposure to light at either dusk or dawn.
-East to West: Later dusk, delay of clock.-West to East: Earlier dawn, advance of clock.
-Resetting by drugs-Protein synthesis inhibitors: Causes phase-shifts (DRCs).-Protein phosphorylation and dephos: Causes period changes.
SHIFT WORK; ACCIDENTS AND PERFORMANCE AT NIGHT-Many shift workers do not shift their biological clock. But alertness and task performance follows phase of the unshifted rhythm.-Single vehicle truck and car accidents and fatalities. Three Mile Island,
Chernobyl, Exxon Valdez.
CHRONOTHERAPY-DSPI: Delayed Sleep Phase Insomnia. Failure of advance phase shifts.-SAD: Seasonal Affective Disorder. Day length.-Drug administration; chronopharmacology; LD 50s
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DELAYED SLEEP PHASE INSOMMNIA THERAPY
Deficiency in advance phase shifts
Treatment: Impose repeated delaysuntil patient is back in phase.
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IS THE CIRCADIAN CLOCK NECESSARY ?
DOES THE CLOCK CONFER SELECTIVE ADVANTAGE?
MEASURE LIFESPAN IN ANIMALS SUBJECTED TO NON-24 hr CYCLES
RESONANCE EXPERIMENTS IN CYANOBACTERIA USING PERIOD MUTANTS
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SURVIVIAL CURVES FOR FLIES IN LIGHT/DARK CYCLES WITH PERIODS OF 20, 24 AND 28 HOURS
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FIVE HOUR LD PHASE SHIFTS EACH CYCLE
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MUTANTS V.S. WILD TYPE IN DIFFERENT LD CYCLES
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MUTANT TAU-28 V.S. WILD TYPE
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SOME FUNCTIONS OF THE CIRCADIAN CLOCK
TIME ACTIVITIES: CERTAIN TIMES OF DAY/NIGHTInsect eclosion acrophase is at time of daily temperature minimum.
The internal bee clock; Visitations timed to time of flower openingsCyanobacteria, photosynthesis by day, nitrogen fixation by night.
CELESTIAL NAVIGATION-Animal migration (birds, butterflies, arthropods, fish, reptiles); knowledge of time of day required.
PHOTOPERIODISM: MEASURE DURATION OF DAY AND NIGHT-Plant rhythms: seasonal flowering, spring, summer or fall.-Animal seasonal reproduction; hamster only once per year.
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DROSOPHILA ENTRAINMENT TO FULL LD CYCLES PITTENDRIGH
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BEAN (top) and CANAVALIA CIRCADIAN LEAF MOVEMENTS
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TEMPORAL SEPARATION OF CELL BIOCHEMICAL ACTIVITIES IN CYANOBACTERIA (OXYGEN, NITROGENASE ETC) MITSUI ET AL 1986
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OXYGEN PRODUCTION(TOP) & NITROGENASE (BOTTOM) IN CYANOBACTERIA IN LD (LEFT) &LL (RIGHT) Stal & Krumbeing, 1987
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SOME FUNCTIONS OF THE CIRCADIAN CLOCK
TIME ACTIVITIES: CERTAIN TIMES OF DAY/NIGHTInsect eclosion acrophase is at time of daily temperature minimum.
The internal bee clock; Visitations timed to time of flower openingsCyanobacteria, photosynthesis by day, nitrogen fixation by night.
CELESTIAL NAVIGATION-Animal migration (birds, butterflies, arthropods, fish, reptiles); knowledge of time of day required.
PHOTOPERIODISM: MEASURE DURATION OF DAY AND NIGHT-Plant rhythms: seasonal flowering, spring, summer or fall.-Animal seasonal reproduction; hamster only once per year.
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DIRECTION OF STARLING MIGRATORY ACTIVITYKramer,1950 a) clear sky b)overcast c),d) direction of incident light deflected by mirrors
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DIRECTION OF DEPARTURE IN PIGEONS ALTERED AFTER EXPOSURE TO LD CYCLE ALTERED BY 6 hr Schmidt-Koenig,1961
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SHIFTING THE DIRECTIONAL RESPONSE OF PIGEONS
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SOME FUNCTIONS OF THE CIRCADIAN CLOCK
TIME ACTIVITIES: CERTAIN TIMES OF DAY/NIGHTInsect eclosion acrophase is at time of daily temperature minimum.
The internal bee clock; Visitations timed to time of flower openingsCyanobacteria, photosynthesis by day, nitrogen fixation by night.
CELESTIAL NAVIGATION-Animal migration (birds, butterflies, arthropods, fish, reptiles); knowledge of time of day required.
PHOTOPERIODISM: MEASURE DURATION OF DAY AND NIGHT-Plant rhythms: seasonal flowering, spring, summer or fall.-Animal seasonal reproduction; hamster only once per year.
![Page 30: CHRONOBIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF CIRCADIAN CLOCK JET LAG -Resetting the clock by exposure to light at either dusk or dawn. -East to West: Later dusk, delay.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56649f225503460f94c3b6d5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
DAY LENGTH AT DIFFERENT LATITUDES & SEASONS
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CIRCANNUAL RHYTHMS IN SQUIRRELS & GONYAULAX
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ANNUAL RHYTHM OF HUMAN REPRODUCTION Roenneberg & Aschoff,1990
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PHOTOPERIODISM
DISCOVERY: Garner & Allard, 1920
TOBACCO FLOWERING ONLY IN FALL WITH SHORT DAYS OTHER PLANTS SHOWN TO FLOWER WITH LONG DAYS. STILL OTHERS DAY LENGTH NEUTRAL
TERMINOLOGY CORRECTED: Hamner & Bonner, 1938
LENGTH OF THE NIGHT, NOT THE DAY, IS CRITICAL LIGHT INTERRUPTIONS OF NIGHT BLOCK RESPONSE, DARK INTERRUPTIONS OF DAY DO NOT BLOCK
INCORRECT TERMINOLOGY STILL IN USE:
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HAMSTER TESTIS WEIGHT IN DIFFERENTFULL PHOTOPERIODS Elliott, 1976
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PHOTOPERIODIC INDUCTION OF CYSTS IN GONYAULAX
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SOY BEAN (SHORT DAY PLANT) 0.5 hr LIGHT INTERRUPTION OF LONG DARK PERIOD WARING, 1954
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H. NIGER (LONG-DAY PLANT) 2 hr LIGHT INTERRUPTION OF LONG DARK PERIOD
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SOYBEAN FLOWERING IN DIFFERENT LD CYCLES
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MODELS FOR PHOTOPERIODISM
HOUR GLASS: Substance X builds up during dark
Explains night interruption
Does not explain oscillation of long dark periods.
ENDOGENOUS OSCILLATION
External Coincidence model: Large delays & advances
Internal Coincidence model: Light cycle entrains. Response is caused by interaction between two internal oscillators, pacemaker and slave.
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EXTERNAL COINCIDENCE: POSTULATED PHOTOPERIODIC EFFECTS ON AN ORGANISM WITH A CIRCADIAN TAU OF 24.5 hr
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ENTRAINMENT TAU OF HAMSTER ACTIVITY RHYTHM DEPENDS ON PERIOD OF SINGLE PULSE T CYCLE AND
PULSE IS POSITIONED DIFFERENTLY Elliott 1976
Tau for hamster is very close to 24 h
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TESTICULAR RESPONSES TO ONE PULSE T CYCLE LENGTH
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DROSOPHILA ENTRAINMENT TO FULL LD CYCLES PITTENDRIGH
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BISTABILITY IN 2-PULSE SKELETON PHOTOCYCLES (Pittendrigh;Drosophila)
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PHASE ANGLES WITH DIFFERENT TWO PULSE SKELETONS Pittendrigh
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BISTABILITY IN HAMSTER ENTRAINMENT SKELETON PHOTOPERIOD 13.5:0.25:10:0.25 hrs
ANIMAL C15 ACTIVE INSHORT NIGHT TESTES MAINTAINED; ANIMAL C16 ACTIVE IN LONG NIGHT; TESTES REGRESSED
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SKELETON PHOTOPERIOD PHASING GIVES DIFFERENT RESPONSES