Chronic(Infec,ons · Bartonella JournalofNeuroimaging Volume!13!Issue!1!Page!79L82,!January!2003!...

Chronic13 Infecons

Dietrich13 Klinghardt13 MD13 PhD

Saturday 11 September 2010

Brain13 and13 Borrelia

13 13 13 13 13 13 Borrelia13 burgdorferi13 infecon13 of13 the13 brain13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Characterizaon13 of13 the13 organism13 and13 response13 to13 anbiocs13 and13 immune13 sera13 in13 the13 mouse13 model13 13 13 13 13 13 13 NEUROLOGY13 199040153513 13 13 13 13 13 13 Andrew13 R13 Pachner13 MD13 and13 Andrea13 Itano13 BS13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 From13 the13 Department13 of13 Neurology13 Georgetown13 University13 Hospital13 Washington13 DC13

bull To13 learn13 more13 about13 the13 neurologic13 involvement13 in13 Lyme13 disease13 we13 inoculated13 inbred13 mice13 with13 the13 causave13 agent13 of13 Lyme13 disease13 Borrelia13 burgdorferi13 We13 cultured13 brains13 and13 other13 organs13 and13 measured13 an-shy‐B13 burgdorferi13 anbody13 ters13 We13 further13 studied13 a13 brain13 isolate13 for13 its13 plasmid13 DNA13 content13 and13 its13 response13 in13 vitro13 to13 immune13 sera13 and13 anbiocs13 One13 strain13 of13 B13 burgdorferi13 N4013 was13 consistently13 infecve13 for13 mice13 and13 resulted13 in13 chronic13 infecon13 of13 the13 bladder13 and13 spleen13 SJL13 mice13 developed13 fewer13 culture-shy‐posive13 organs13 and13 had13 lower13 anbody13 ters13 than13 Balbc13 and13 C57B1613 mice13 Organism13 was13 cultured13 from13 the13 brain13 early13 in13 the13 course13 of13 infecon13 and13 this13 isolate13 named13 N40Br13 was13 further13 studied13 in13 vitro13 The13 plasmid13 content13 of13 N40Br13 was13 different13 from13 that13 of13 the13 infecng13 strain13 implying13 either13 a13 highly13 selecve13 process13 during13 infecon13 or13 DNA13 rearrangement13 in13 the13 organism13 in13 vivo13 N40Br13 was13 very13 sensive13 to13 anbiocs13 but13 only13 aXer13 prolonged13 incubaon13 Immune13 sera13 from13 both13 mice13 and13 humans13 infected13 with13 B13 burgdorferi13 were13 unable13 to13 completely13 kill13 the13 organism13 by13 complement-shy‐mediated13 cytotoxicity13 These13 data13 demonstrate13 that13 B13 burgdorferi13 infects13 the13 brain13 of13 experimental13 animals13 and13 is13 resistant13 to13 immune13 sera13 in13 vitro13 but13 sensive13 to13 prolonged13 treatment13 with13 anbiocs13

13



Infect13 Immun13 200513 February13 73(2)13 1014ndash1022Borrelia13 burgdorferi13 Host-shy‐Derived13 Proteases13 and13 the13 Blood-shy‐Brain13 Barrier13 Dennis13 J13 Grab113 George13 Perides213 J13 Stephen13 Dumler313 Kee13 Jun13 Kim113 Jinho13 Park313 Yuri13 V13 Kim1Olga13 Nikolskaia113 Kyoung13 Seong13 Choi313 Monique13 F13 Sns113 and13 Kwang13 Sik13 Kim113 Department13 ofPediatrics113 Department13 of13 Pathology13 The13 Johns13 Hopkins13 University13 School13 of13 Medicine

ABSTRACT13 13 13 13 13 13 Neurological13 manifestaons13 of13 Lyme13 disease13 in13 humans13 are13 aaributed13 in13 part13 to13 penetraon13 of13

the13 blood-shy‐brain13 barrier13 (BBB)13 and13 invasion13 of13 the13 central13 nervous13 system13 (CNS)13 by13 Borrelia13 burgdorferi13 However13 how13 the13 spirochetes13 cross13 the13 BBB13 remains13 an13 unresolved13 issue13 We13 examined13 the13 traversal13 of13 B13 burgdorferi13 across13 the13 human13 BBB13 and13 systemic13 endothelial13 cell13 barriers13 using13 in13 vitro13 model13 systems13 constructed13 of13 human13 brain13 microvascular13 endothelial13 cells13 (BMEC)13 and13 EAhy13 92613 a13 human13 umbilical13 vein13 endothelial13 cell13 (HUVEC)13 line13 grown13 on13 Costar13 Transwell13 inserts13 These13 studies13 showed13 that13 B13 burgdorferi13 differenally13 crosses13 human13 BMEC13 and13 HUVEC13 and13 that13 the13 human13 BMEC13 form13 a13 barrier13 to13 traversal13 During13 the13 transmigraon13 by13 the13 spirochetes13 it13 was13 found13 that13 the13 integrity13 of13 the13 endothelial13 cell13 monolayers13 was13 maintained13 as13 assessed13 by13 transendothelial13 electrical13 resistance13 measurements13 at13 the13 end13 of13 the13 experimental13 period13 and13 that13 B13 burgdorferi13 appeared13 to13 bind13 human13 BMEC13 by13 their13 ps13 near13 or13 at13 cell13 borders13 suggesng13 a13 paracellular13 route13 of13 transmigraon13 Importantly13 traversal13 of13 B13 burgdorferi13 across13 human13 BMEC13 induces13 the13 expression13 of13 plasminogen13 acvators13 plasminogen13 acvator13 receptors13 and13 matrix13 metalloproteinases13

13 13 13 13 13 13 Thus13 the13 fibrinolyc13 system13 linked13 by13 an13 acvaon13 cascade13 may13 lead13 to13 focal13 and13 transient13 degradaon13 of13 ght13 juncon13 proteins13 that13 allows13 B13 burgdorferi13 to13 invade13 the13 CNS


Bartonella

Infect13 Dis13 Clin13 North13 Am13 199813 Mar12(1)137-shy‐5513 LinksBartonella-shy‐associated13 infeconsSpach13 DH13 Koehler13 JEDivision13 of13 Infecous13 Diseases13 University13 of13 Washington13 Seaale13 USA

Bartonella-shy‐associated13 infec4ons13 occur13 in13 immunocompetent13 andimmunocompromised13 pa4ents13

The13 spectrum13 of13 diseases13 caused13 by13 Bartonella13 species13 has13 expanded13 andnow13 includes13 cat-shy‐scratch13 disease13 bacillary13 angiomatosis13 bacillary13 peliosisbacteremia13 endocardis13 and13 trench13 fever13 Most13 Bartonella-shy‐associatedinfecons13 that13 occur13 in13 North13 America13 and13 Europe13 are13 caused13 by13 B13 henselaeor13 B13 quintana13 The13 domesc13 cat13 serves13 as13 the13 major13 reservoir13 for13 B13 henselaethe13 reservoir13 for13 the13 modern13 day13 B13 quintana13 infecon13 remains13 unknownMethods13 used13 to13 diagnose13 Bartonella-shy‐associated13 infecons13 includehistopathologic13 analysis13 of13 biopsy13 specimens13 culture13 of13 ssue13 samples13 bloodculture13 and13 serology13 Available13 data13 on13 treatment13 of13 Bartonella-shy‐associatedinfecons13 remain13 relavely13 sparse13 but13 would13 suggest13 that13 erythromycin13 ordoxycycline13 provide13 the13 best13 responses


Bartonella

Bartonella13 hensalae13 encephalopathyPresse13 Med13 200513 Feb13 2634(4)297-shy‐813 [Arcle13 in13 French]Angibaud13 G13 Balagueacute13 JP13 Lafontan13 JFService13 de13 neurologie13 Clinique13 du13 Pont13 de13 Chaume13 8213 01713 Montauban13 France

Abstract13 Bartonella13 henselae13 is13 a13 poorly13 known13 cause13 of13 encephalopathy13 in13 youngsubjects13 13 13 13 13 13 13 A13 1713 year-shy‐old13 adolescent13 was13 admiaed13 in13 a13 state13 of13 emergency13 because13 of13

frequent13 convulsive13 seizures13 and13 inter-shy‐crical13 drowsiness13 The13 diagnosis13 of13 encephalopathy13 was13 made13 on13 the13 associaon13 of13 these13 clinical13 signs13 and13 electro-shy‐encephalographic13 abnormalies13 The13 presence13 of13 a13 cat13 in13 his13 home13 a13 right13 axillary13 lymph13 node13 that13 had13 appeared13 in13 a13 context13 of13 fever13 and13 posive13 serological13 kinecs13 related13 this13 encephalopathy13 to13 a13 bartonellosis13 The13 course13 was13 good13 DISCUSSION13 Diagnosis13 of13 a13 Bartonella13 hensalae13 encephalopathy13 is13 based13 on13 a13 range13 of13 anamnesic13 clinical13 and13 microbiological13 arguments13 The13 potenal13 interest13 of13 anbioc13 therapy13 and13 its13 modalies13 remains13 to13 be13 established


Bartonella

Journal13 of13 NeuroimagingVolume13 1313 Issue13 113 Page13 79-shy‐8213 January13 200313 Diffusion-shy‐Weighted13 Magnec13 Resonance13 Imaging13 Abnormalies13 inBartonella13 EncephalopathyAneesh13 B13 Singhal13 MD13 Michael13 C13 Newstein13 MD13 13 Ronald13 Budzik13 MD13 Jang-shy‐Ho13 ChaMD13 PhD13 Guy13 Rordorf13 MD13 Ferdinando13 S13 Buonanno13 MDMichael13 A13 Panzara13 MDDepartment13 of13 Neurology13 Massachuseds13 General13 Hospital13 Boston13 Department13 ofInfecous13 Diseases13 Massachuseds13 General13 Hospital13 Boston13 Department13 ofBiogen13 Inc13 (MAP)13 Boston13

13 13 13 13 13 ABSTRACTbull The13 authors13 describe13 213 paents13 with13 new-shy‐onset13 refractory13 status13 epilepcus13 and13

serological13 evidence13 for13 Bartonella13 infecon13 Brain13 magnec13 resonance13 imaging13 (MRI)13 in13 paent13 113 showed13 transient13 diffusion13 abnormalies13 in13 the13 posterior13 (pulvinar)13 thalami13 In13 paent13 213 brain13 MRI13 showed13 several13 enhancing13 corcal13 lesions13 of13 which13 one13 lesion13 was13 bright13 on13 diffusion-shy‐weighted13 imaging13 (DWI)13

bull In13 paents13 with13 unexplained13 refractory13 seizures13 the13 presence13 of13 DWI13 abnormalies13 warrants13 a13 search13 for13 unusual13 infecous13 or13 inflammatory13 disorders13 like13 Bartonella13 encephali8s


Bartonella

Mulfocal13 osteomyelis13 due13 to13 Bartonella13 henselae13 in13 a13 childwithout13 focal13 pain13 Journal13 of13 Infecon13 and13 ChemotherapyVolume13 1313 Number13 513 13 October13 200713 13 13 13 13 13 13 Yuichi13 Kodama113 13 Nobuaki13 Maeno213 Junichiro13 Nishi113 Naoko13 Imuta113 Hiroshi13 Oda213

Satoru13 Tanaka113 Yukiharu13 Kono113 and13 Yoshifumi13 Kawano13 Department13 of13 Infecon13 and13 Immunity13 Kagoshima13 University13 Graduate13 School13 of13 Medical13 and13 Dental13 Sciences13 Kagoshima13 Japan

Abstract13 13 We13 describe13 a13 case13 of13 an13 11-shy‐year-shy‐old13 girl13 who13 presented13 withosteomyelis13 of13 the13 vertebrae13 and13 right13 femur13 due13 to13 Bartonellahenselae13 Her13 only13 symptom13 was13 prolonged13 fever13 without13 focalpain13 Magnec13 resonance13 imaging13 (MRI)13 and13 nested13 polymerasechain13 reacon13 (PCR)13 were13 useful13 for13 the13 diagnosis13 Osteomyelisdue13 to13 B13 henselae13 should13 be13 considered13 in13 cases13 of13 prolongedfever13 of13 unknown13 origin13 13


BartonellaJ13 Am13 Dent13 Assoc13 Vol13 13213 No13 713 911-shy‐91413 copy13 200113 LOUIS13 MANDEL13 DDS13 FARISA13 SURATTANONT13 BS13 MS13 and13 REZA13 MIREMADI13 MD13 DDS13 Background13 Cat-shy‐scratch13 disease13 or13 CSD13 results13 from13 inoculaon13 of13 the13 gram-shy‐negave13 bacillus13 Bartonellahenselae13 via13 a13 catrsquos13 scratch13 A13 regional13 lymphadenis13 which13 usually13 is13 cervical13 develops13 and13 may13 progress13 tosuppuraon13 It13 is13 necessary13 to13 differenate13 CSD13 from13 other13 lymphadenopathies13 Case13 Descripon13 A13 paent13 who13 had13 close13 contact13 with13 a13 cat13 subsequently13 developed13 a13 localized13 suppuravecervical13 lymphadenis13 As13 B13 henselae13 was13 idenfied13 in13 199213 the13 authors13 were13 able13 to13 confirm13 the13 existence13 ofCSD13 serologically13 Surgical13 drainage13 resulted13 in13 a13 successful13 resoluon13 of13 the13 disease13 process13

Clinical13 Implicaons13 As13 paents13 with13 CSD13 may13 be13 seen13 in13 the13 dental13 office13 an13 awareness13 of13 itssymptomatology13 can13 prevent13 unnecessary13 dental13 intervenon13 and13 facilitate13 early13 treatment13

Paents13 with13 submandibular13 swellings13 oXen13 are13 examined13 in13 dental13 offices13 because13 a13 dental13 eology13 issuspected13 Many13 of13 these13 submandibular13 swellings13 represent13 lymphadenopathies13 Proper13 diagnosis13 requires13 anability13 to13 differenate13 the13 many13 causes13 which13 include13 oral13 sepsis13 skin13 infecons13 tuberculosis13 leukemianeoplasms13 and13 cat-shy‐scratch13 disease13 or13 CSD13 Familiarity13 with13 these13 diverse13 processes13 is13 incumbent13 on13 thedenst13 Thorough13 examinaons13 and13 laboratory13 invesgaons13 usually13 lead13 to13 a13 diagnosis13 13 Diagnosing13 cat-shy‐scratch13 disease13 is13 problemac13 because13 it13 masquerades13 as13 other13 causes13 of13 cervicallymphadenopathy13

It13 is13 esmated13 that13 7000013 new13 cases13 of13 CSD13 occur13 each13 year113 Although13 systemic13 manifestaons13 have13 beenreported13 Cats13 are13 a13 natural13 reservoir13 for13 the13 causave13 microorganism13 Because13 infected13 cats13 rapidly13 developanbodies13 they13 appear13 healthy13 despite13 a13 bacteremia13 that13 can13 be13 present13 for13 at13 least13 1213 monthsA13 posiveserology13 has13 been13 reported13 in13 up13 to13 5613 percent13 of13 North13 American13 cats313 The13 eologic13 organism13 transmiaed13 tohumans13 by13 a13 catrsquos13 scratch13 lick13 or13 bite13 was13 idenfied13 in13 199213 by13 Regnery13 and13 colleagues513 as13 the13 gram-shy‐negavebacillus13 Bartonella13 henselae13 Because13 some13 paents13 who13 have13 CSD13 will13 be13 examined13 in13 the13 dental13 office13 we13 present13 a13 case13 report13 andreview13 of13 CSD13 to13 heighten13 denstsrsquo13 awareness13 of13 signs13 symptoms13 and13 methods13 of13 diagnosis13


Bartonella

13 13 13 13 Bartonella quintana in a 4000-year-old human toothbull The Journal of infectious diseases (J Infect Dis)

2005 vol 191 no4 pp 607-611 DRANCOURT Michel (1) TRAN-HUNG Lam (1) COURTIN Jean (2) DE LUMLEY Henry (2) RAOULT Didier (1) Uniteacute des Rickettsies CNR UMR 6020 IFR 48 FRANCE

Laboratoire de Preacutehistoire du Museacuteum National dHistoire Naturelle CNRS UMR 6569 Faculteacute de Meacutedecine Universiteacute de la Meacutediterraneacutee Marseille FRANCE

Abstractbull Bacteria of the genus Bartonella are transmitted by

ectoparasites (lice fleas ticks) and have mammalian reservoirs in which they cause chronic asymptomatic bacteremia Humans are the reservoir of B quintana the louse-borne agent of trench fever

bull We detected DNA of B quintana in the dental pulp of a person who died 4000 years ago


Babesia

Concurrent13 Lyme13 disease13 and13 Babesiosis13 13 13 13 13 13 13 JAMA13 199613 27513 (21)165713 13 Krause13 PJ13 Telford13 SR13 Spielman13 A13 etal13

Piroplasms13 are13 not13 bacteria13 they13 are13 protozoans13 Therefore13 they13 will13 not13 be13 eradicated13 by13 any13 of13 the13 currently13 used13 Lyme13 treatment13 regimens13 Therein13 lies13 the13 significance13 of13 co-shy‐infecons13 mdash13 if13 a13 Lyme13 paent13 has13 been13 extensively13 treated13 yet13 is13 sll13 ill13 suspect13 a13 co-shy‐infecon13

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Babesia13 infecon13 is13 becoming13 more13 commonly13 recognized13 especially13 in13 paents13 who13 already13 have13 Lyme13 Disease13 It13 has13 been13 published13 that13 as13 many13 as13 6613 of13 Lyme13 paents13 show13 evidence13 of13 co-shy‐infecon13 with13 Babesia13 It13 has13 also13 been13 reported13 that13 Babesial13 infecons13 can13 range13 in13 severity13 from13 mild13 subclinical13 infecon13 to13 fulminant13 potenally13 life-shy‐threatening13 illness13 The13 more13 severe13 presentaons13 are13 more13 likely13 to13 be13 seen13 in13 immunocompromised13 and13 elderly13 paents13 Milder13 infecons13 are13 oXen13 missed13 because13 the13 symptoms13 are13 incorrectly13 ascribed13 to13 Lyme13 Babesial13 infecons13 even13 mild13 ones13 may13 recrudesce13 and13 cause13 severe13 illness13 This13 phenomenon13 has13 been13 reported13 to13 occur13 at13 any13 me13 even13 up13 to13 several13 years13 aXer13 the13 inial13 infecon13 Furthermore13 asymptomac13 carriers13 pose13 risks13 to13 the13 blood13 supply13 as13 this13 infecon13 has13 been13 reported13 to13 be13 passed13 on13 by13 blood13 transfusion13 and13 to13 the13 unborn13 child13 from13 an13 infected13 mother13 as13 it13 can13 be13 transmiaed13 in13 utero13

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Some13 quotes13 from13 the13 literature13 Krause13 PJ13 Spielman13 A13 Telford13 SR13 etal13 Persistent13 parasitemia13 a9er13 acute13 Babesiosis13 N13 Engl13 J13 Med13 199813 33916013


Babesia

bull Human13 babesiosis13 ndash13 an13 unrecorded13 reality13 Absence13 of13 formal13 registry13 undermines13 its13 detecon13 diagnosis13 and13 treatment13 suggesng13 need13 for13 immediate13 mandatory13 reporngMedical13 Hypotheses13 Volume13 6313 Issue13 413 200413 Pages13 609-shy‐615Virginia13 T13 Sherr

Abstractbull Human13 babesiosis13 caused13 by13 parasic13 protozoa13 of13 erythrocytes13 has13 escaped13 usual13

associates13 ndash13 lower13 mammals13 Thriving13 in13 ck13 guts13 it13 has13 spread13 inland13 from13 the13 coasts13 of13 America13 adopng13 mankind13 as13 a13 host13 Babesia13 spp13 threaten13 life13 quality13 of13 unsuspecng13 humans13 in13 quickly13 expanding13 territories13 worldwide13 including13 the13 state13 of13 Pennsylvania13 USA13 The13 causave13 spirochetes13 of13 Lyme13 disease13 oXen13 similarly13 co-shy‐exist13 in13 cks13 Singly13 or13 together13 they13 may13 by13 causing13 persistent13 and13 chronic13 infecons13 duplicate13 any13 symptom13 in13 the13 medical13 literature13 ndash13 including13 depression13 and13 hypochondriasis13 Physicians13 praccing13 throughout13 Pennsylvania13 have13 idenfied13 paents13 with13 symptomac13 babesiosis13 but13 without13 governmental13 surveillance13 or13 health13 registries13 that13 require13 doctors13 to13 consider13 and13 report13 babesiosis13 these13 cases13 have13 not13 prompted13 epidemiological13 concern13 Misunderstandings13 such13 as13 ldquoIsnt13 that13 an13 obscure13 tropical13 diseaserdquo13 are13 usual13 responses13 when13 doctors13 are13 asked13 about13 babesiosis13 inadvertently13 trivializing13 paents13 and13 disease13 Mandatory13 reporng13 of13 babesiosis13 should13 now13 be13 considered13 a13 medical13 necessity


Brain13 and13 Herpesbull Herpes13 Virus13 May13 Play13 Role13 In13 Central13 Nervous13 System13 Diseasesbull American13 Society13 for13 Microbiology13 (200713 December13 25)13 Herpes13 Virus13 May13 Play13

Role13 In13 Central13 Nervous13 System13 Diseases13 ScienceDaily13 Retrieved13 December13 2613 200713 from13 hapwwwsciencedailycom-shy‐13 releases200712071221094901htm

bull ScienceDaily13 (Dec13 2513 2007)13 mdash13 Sciensts13 have13 discovered13 evidence13 suggesng13 a13 herpesvirus13 may13 be13 responsible13 for13 some13 cases13 of13 meningis13 and13 encephalis

bull Human13 herpesvirus13 613 (HHV-shy‐6)13 is13 one13 of13 the13 most13 prevalent13 in13 humans13 There13 are13 two13 variants13 of13 HHV-shy‐613 HHV-shy‐6A13 and13 HHV-shy‐6B13 which13 is13 aaributed13 to13 a13 common13 childhood13 disease13 characterized13 by13 a13 high13 fever13 and13 rash13 Studies13 indicate13 that13 by13 age13 313 the13 majority13 of13 children13 have13 been13 infected13 by13 HHV-shy‐613 aXer13 which13 the13 virus13 persists13 in13 the13 salivary13 glands13 into13 adulthood13 The13 virus13 may13 remain13 dormant13 or13 reacvate13 in13 immunocompetent13 or13 immunocompromised13 individuals

bull Over13 a13 span13 of13 four13 years13 researchers13 from13 the13 New13 York13 State13 Department13 of13 Public13 Health13 Albany13 and13 SUNY13 Albany13 collected13 specimens13 from13 paents13 hospitalized13 with13 symptoms13 of13 encephalis13 and13 meningis13 and13 tested13 them13 for13 the13 presence13 of13 HHV-shy‐613 The13 majority13 of13 the13 specimens13 were13 taken13 from13 cerebrospinal13 fluid13 and13 some13 of13 the13 symptoms13 exhibited13 by13 the13 paents13 include13 fever13 altered13 mental13 status13 and13 abnormal13 CSF13 profile13 as13 well13 as13 seizures13 in13 those13 ages13 313 and13 under


Herpes13 and13 Alzheimer

bull ^13 Middleton13 PJ13 Petric13 M13 Kozak13 M13 Rewcastle13 NB13 McLachlan13 DR13 (May13 1980)13 Herpes-shy‐simplex13 viral13 genome13 and13 senile13 and13 presenile13 demenas13 of13 Alzheimer13 and13 Pick13 Lancet13 31513 (8176)13 103813 doi101016S0140-shy‐6736(80)91490-shy‐713 PMID13 610337913 13

bull ^13 Dobson13 CB13 Itzhaki13 RF13 (1999)13 Herpes13 simplex13 virus13 type13 113 and13 Alzheimers13 disease13 Neurobiol13 Aging13 2013 (4)13 457ndash6513 doi101016S0197-shy‐4580(99)00055-shy‐X13 PMID13 1060444113 13

bull ^13 Pyles13 RB13 (November13 2001)13 The13 associaon13 of13 herpes13 simplex13 virus13 and13 Alzheimers13 disease13 a13 potenal13 synthesis13 of13 genec13 and13 environmental13 factors13 (PDF)13 Herpes13 813 (3)13 64ndash813 PMID13 1186702213 hapwwwihmfcomjournaldownload83pyles(64)vol864pdf13 13

bull ^13 Itzhaki13 RF13 Lin13 WR13 Shang13 D13 Wilcock13 GK13 Faragher13 B13 Jamieson13 GA13 (January13 1997)13 Herpes13 simplex13 virus13 type13 113 in13 brain13 and13 risk13 of13 Alzheimers13 disease13 Lancet13 34913 (9047)13 241ndash413 doi101016S0140-shy‐6736(96)10149-shy‐513 PMID13 901491113 13

bull ^13 Wozniak13 MA13 Mee13 AP13 Itzhaki13 RF13 (January13 2009)13 Herpes13 simplex13 virus13 type13 113 DNA13 is13 located13 within13 Alzheimers13 disease13 amyloid13 plaques13 J13 Pathol13 21713 (1)13 131ndash813 doi101002path244913 PMID13 1897318513 13


Herpes13 in13 the13 brain13

bull Human13 Herpes13 Virus13 6B13 Is13 Associated13 With13 Mesial13 Temporal13 Lobe13 Epilepsy

bull ScienceDaily13 (May13 3013 2007)13 mdash13 There13 is13 strong13 evidence13 that13 one13 parcular13 type13 of13 epilepsy13 is13 associated13 with13 a13 viral13 infecon13 according13 to13 new13 research13 The13 internaonal13 group13 of13 researchers13 led13 by13 Steve13 Jacobson13 from13 Naonal13 Instute13 of13 Neurological13 Disorders13 and13 Stroke13 USA13 found13 DNA13 from13 the13 virus13 Human13 Herpes13 Virus13 6B13 (HHV-shy‐6B)13 in13 specific13 regions13 of13 the13 brains13 in13 1113 of13 1613 paents13 with13 mesial13 temporal13 lobe13 epilepsy13 (MTLE)13 referred13 for13 invesgaon13 compared13 with13 zero13 of13 seven13 (0)13 paents13 without13 MTLE13

bull Citaon13 Fotheringham13 J13 Dona13 D13 Akhyani13 N13 Fogdell-shy‐Hahn13 A13 Vortmeyer13 A13 et13 al13 (2007)13 Associaon13 of13 human13 herpesvirus-shy‐13 6B13 with13 mesial13 temporal13 lobe13 epilepsy13 PLoS13 Med13 4(5)13 e180(hapmedicineplosjournalsorgperlservrequest=get-shy‐documentampdoi=101371journalpmed0040180)


HHV-shy‐613 EBV13 and13 CFIDSbull Gow13 JW13 and13 Behan13 PO13 Viruses13 and13 chronic13 fague13 syndrome13 J13 CFS13 199613 213 67-shy‐8313

bull Komaroff13 AL13 The13 biology13 of13 chronic13 fague13 syndrome13 Am13 J13 Med13 200013 10813 169-shy‐7113

bull Straus13 SE13 at13 al13 Persisng13 illness13 and13 fague13 in13 adults13 with13 evidence13 of13 Epstein-shy‐Barr13 virus13 infecon13 Ann13 Intern13 Med13 198513 10213 7-shy‐1613

bull Hotchin13 NA13 et13 al13 Acve13 Epstein-shy‐Barr13 virus13 infecon13 in13 postviral13 fague13 syndrome13 J13 Infect13 198913 1813 143-shy‐5013

bull Bell13 DS13 Chronic13 fague13 syndrome13 update13 findings13 now13 point13 to13 CNS13 involvement13 Postgrad13 Med13 199413 9613 73-shy‐8113

bull Levine13 PH13 and13 Komaroff13 AL13 Human13 herpesvirus13 type13 613 and13 chronic13 fague13 syndrome13 Arch13 Intern13 Med13 199313 15313 66113

bull Deluca13 J13 et13 al13 HHV-shy‐613 and13 HHV-shy‐713 in13 CFS13 J13 Clin13 Microbiol13 199513 3313 1660-shy‐6113

bull Ablashi13 DV13 et13 al13 Frequent13 HHV-shy‐613 reacvaon13 in13 mulple13 sclerosis13 and13 chronic13 fague13 syndrome13 paents13 J13 Clin13 Virol13 200013 1613 179-shy‐9113

bull Reeves13 et13 al13 Human13 herpesviruses13 613 and13 713 in13 chronic13 fague13 syndrome13 a13 case-shy‐control13 study13 Clin13 Infect13 Dis13 200013 3113 48-shy‐5213

bull De13 Freitas13 E13 et13 al13 Retroviral13 sequences13 related13 to13 human13 T-shy‐lymphotropic13 virus13 type13 II13 in13 paents13 with13 chronic13 fague13 immune13 dysfuncon13 syndrome13 Proc13 Natl13 Acad13 Sci13 USA13 199113 8813 2922-shy‐2613


Chronisches13 Muedigkeitssyndrom13 und13

13 bull Das13 XMRV13 Retrovirus

In13 weiszligen13 Blutkoumlrperchen13 von13 10113 untersuchten13 CFS-shy‐Paenten13 fanden13 US-shy‐amerikanische13 WissenschaXler13 um13 Vincent13 Lombardi13 vom13 Wiaemore13 Paaerson13 Instute13 in13 Reno13 in13 6813 Faumlllen13 das13 Xenotrope13 Maumluse-shy‐Leukaumlmievirus-shy‐verwandte13 Virus13 (XMRV)13 Es13 handelt13 sich13 um13 ein13 Retrovirus13 (wie13 HIV)13 Die13 US13 Originalarbeit13 finden13 Sie13 auch13 weiter13 unten13 Nur13 acht13 von13 21813 gesunden13 Kontrollpersonen13 trugen13 das13 Virus13 in13 sich13 Vergleichbare13 Ergebnisse13 lieferten13 zwei13 voneinander13 unabhaumlngige13 Untersuchungen13 zu13 Prostatatumoren13 Die13 Forscher13 fanden13 im13 Krebsgewebe13 von13 Prostatapaenten13 auffallend13 haumlufig13 XMRV13 XMRV13 koumlnnte13 in13 den13 Zellen13 moumlglicherweise13 ein13 unkoordiniertes13 Wachstum13 und13 damit13 auch13 Prostata-shy‐Krebs13 ausloumlsen13 vermuten13 Singh13 und13 ihre13 Kollegen13 -shy‐13 eine13 Vermutung13 fuumlr13 die13 sie13 derzeit13 im13 Labor13 die13 Bestaumlgung13 suchen13 Diese13 Seite13 beschaumlXigt13 sich13 aber13 schwerpunktmaumlszligig13 mehr13 mit13 dem13 Thema13 CFS13 und13 XMRV


Lyme13 and13 Mycoplasma

bull What13 If13 Its13 Not13 Lyme13 Disease13 -shy‐13 Groundbreaking13 Research13 May13 Provide13 Answers13 To13 Why13 Many13 Chronic13 Sufferers13 Dont13 Respond13 To13 Treatment

bull Main13 Category13 University13 of13 New13 Haven13 Arcle13 Date13 1313 Jun13 200713 -shy‐13 10013 PDT

Sapi13 an13 assistant13 professor13 of13 biology13 and13 environmental13 science13 at13 the13 University13 of13 New13 Haven13 and13 several13 graduate13 students13 recently13 presented13 research13 demonstrang13 that13 over13 8413 percent13 of13 the13 cks13 they13 tested13 were13 infected13 by13 Mycoplasma13 pathogens13 bacteria13 which13 can13 wreak13 havoc13 reminiscent13 of13 the13 Borrelia13 bacterium13 responsible13 for13 Lyme13 disease13 Doctors13 are13 starng13 to13 realize13 that13 some13 of13 the13 paents13 who13 exhibit13 symptoms13 of13 Lyme13 disease13 but13 dont13 respond13 to13 treatment13 may13 be13 infected13 with13 a13 Mycoplasma13 pathogen13 Sapi13 says13 We13 now13 have13 evidence13 of13 the13 presence13 of13 human13 pathogenic13 Mycoplasma13 species13 in13 deer13 cks13

Sapi13 presented13 the13 research13 Recent13 Discoveries13 of13 Novel13 Pathogens13 in13 Ixodes13 Ticks13 in13 Southern13 Conneccut13 during13 the13 naonal13 Lyme13 disease13 conference13 at13 UNH13 in13 May13 and13 will13 submit13 it13 for13 publishing13 later13 this13 month13 She13 notes13 that13 other13 studies13 have13 shown13 that13 some13 paents13 not13 responding13 to13 treatment13 for13 Lyme13 disease13 have13 responded13 to13 treatment13 for13 Mycoplasma13 Determined13 to13 find13 the13 missing13 link13 Sapi13 and13 her13 cohorts13 tested13 15013 deer13 cks13 for13 Mycoplasm13 bacteria13 with13 over13 8413 percent13 of13 the13 cks13 exhibing13 infecon13 with13 a13 single13 Mycoplasma13 pathogen13 Co-shy‐infecon13 rates13 were13 also13 very13 significant13 at13 2713 percent13 and13 three13 percent13 of13 the13 cks13 were13 infected13 with13 all13 three13 Mycoplasma13 pathogens13


Mold

bull Acon13 of13 tremorgenic13 mycotoxins13 on13 GABA13 sub(A)13 receptor13 Gant13 DB13 Cole13 RJ13 Valdes13 JJ13 Eldefrawi13 ME13 Eldefrawi13 AT13 Life13 Sciences13 [LIFE13 SCI]13 Vol13 4113 no13 1913 pp13 2207-shy‐221413 198713

The13 effects13 of13 four13 tremorgenic13 and13 one13 nontremorgenic13 mycotoxins13 were13 studied13 on13 gamma13 -shy‐aminobutyric13 acid13 (GANA13 sub(A))13 receptor13 binding13 and13 funcon13 in13 rat13 brain13 and13 on13 binding13 of13 a13 voltage-shy‐operated13 Cl13 super(-shy‐)13 channel13 in13 Torpedo)13 electric13 organ13

bull The13 data13 suggest13 that13 the13 tremorgenic13 acon13 of13 these13 mycotoxins13 may13 be13 due13 in13 part13 to13 their13 inhibion13 of13 GABA13 sub(A)13 receptor13 funcon13


Mold

bull Fumonisin13 B113 in13 developing13 rats13 alters13 brain13 sphinganine13 levels13 and13 myelinaon13 13 13 13 13 13 Neurotoxicology13 199718(2)571-shy‐7913 13 13 13 13 13 13 Kwon13 OS13 Schmued13 LC13 Slikker13 W13 Jr

13 13 13 13 13 13 Objecves13 of13 this13 study13 were13 to13 test13 the13 hypothesis13 that13 fumonisin13 B113 (FB1)13 alters13 sphinganine13 (Sa)13 levels13 and13 myelin13 synthesis13 in13 the13 central13 nervous13 system13 of13 developing13 rats13 FB113 (subcutaneous13 0413 or13 0813 mgkgday)13 from13 postnatal13 days13 (PND)13 313 to13 PND13 1213 resulted13 in13 a13 significant13 reducon13 of13 body13 weight13 gain13 and13 decreased13 survival13 rates13 Both13 Sa13 levels13 and13 Sasphingosine13 (So)13 raos13 were13 significantly13 increased13 in13 the13 brain13 of13 rats13 given13 0813 mg13 FB1kgday13 To13 confirm13 the13 effect13 of13 limited13 nutrion13 on13 changes13 in13 the13 Sa13 levels13 and13 myelinogenesis13 rats13 given13 0813 mg13 FB1kgday13 or13 treated13 by13 limited13 nutrion13 (temporary13 removal13 from13 dam13 during13 postnatal13 period)13 were13 compared13 to13 those13 in13 saline13 controls13 Sa13 levels13 and13 SaSo13 raos13 were13 increased13 significantly13 in13 the13 0813 FB1-shy‐treated13 but13 were13 not13 altered13 in13 the13 limited13 nutrion13 group13 Myelin13 deposion13 in13 the13 corpus13 callosum13 and13 23-shy‐cyclic13 nucleode13 3-shy‐phosphohydrolase13 (CNP)13 acvies13 were13 decreased13 significantly13 in13 both13 nutrionally13 limited13 and13 FB1-shy‐exposed13 rats13

bull These13 data13 indicate13 that13 sphingolipid13 metabolism13 in13 the13 central13 nervous13 system13 of13 developing13 rats13 is13 vulnerable13 to13 FB113 exposure13 The13 hypomyelinaon13 associated13 with13 FB1-shy‐treatment13 may13 be13 mediated13 by13 limited13 nutrion


Mold13 and13 the13 Brain

13 13 13 13 13 Arch13 Environ13 Health13 200313 Jul58(7)406-shy‐913 13 13 13 13 Use13 of13 funconal13 brain13 imaging13 in13 the13 evaluaon13 of13 exposure13 to13

mycotoxins13 and13 toxins13 encountered13 in13 Desert13 StormDesert13 Shield13 13 13 13 13 Simon13 TR13 Rea13 WJ

13 13 13 13 In13 this13 retrospecve13 analysis13 the13 authors13 compared13 brain13 scingrams13 performed13 using13 triple-shy‐head13 single-shy‐photon13 emission13 computed13 tomography13 (tripleSPECT)13 of13 subjects13 who13 were13 judged13 clinically13 impaired13 from13 exposure13 to13 toxins13 during13 the13 Desert13 StormDesert13 Shield13 military13 acon13 and13 of13 subjects13 exposed13 to13 mycotoxins13 with13 those13 of13 normal13 controls13 The13 scingrams13 for13 both13 exposed13 groups13 exhibited13 similar13 paaerns13 of13 abnormalies13 which13 were13 consistent13 with13 neurotoxic13 impairment13 The13 authors13 conclude13 that13 further13 study13 is13 needed13 to13 determine13 whether13 mycotoxin13 exposure13 may13 be13 a13 cause13 of13 abnormalies13 seen13 in13 tripleSPECT13 images


13

bull Endotoxin13 exposure13 alters13 brain13 and13 liver13 effects13 of13 fumonisin13 B113 in13 BALBc13 mice13 Implicaon13 of13 blood13 brain13 barrier13

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Marcin13 F13 Osuchowski13 Quanren13 He13 and13 Raghubir13 P13 Sharma13 13

bull Abstract13 13 13 13 13 13 Fumonisin13 B113 (FB1)13 a13 mycotoxin13 produced13 by13 Fusarium13 ver4cillioides13 causes13 equine13

leukoencephalomalacia13 and13 hepatotoxicity13 We13 studied13 the13 modulaon13 of13 FB113 toxicity13 in13 brain13 and13 liver13 of13 female13 BALBc13 mice13 aXer13 endotoxin13 administraon13 to13 compromise13 the13 bloodndashbrain13 barrier13 (BBB)13 integrity13 Mice13 were13 injected13 intraperitoneally13 with13 saline13 or13 313 mgkg13 of13 lipopolysaccharide13 (LPS)13 followed13 213 h13 later13 by13 either13 a13 single13 or13 three13 daily13 subcutaneous13 doses13 of13 22513 mgkg13 of13 FB113 AXer13 413 h13 of13 a13 single13 FB113 injecon13 the13 inhibion13 of13 sphingolipid13 biosynthesis13 occurred13 in13 liver13 Circulang13 alanine13 aminotransferase13 increased13 by13 LPS13 alone13 at13 this13 me13 In13 brain13 LPS13 triggered13 inflammaon13 increasing13 the13 expression13 of13 tumor13 necrosis13 factor13 (TNF)13 α13 interferon13 (IFN)13 γ13 interleukin13 (IL)-shy‐1β13 IL-shy‐613 and13 IL-shy‐1213 no13 effect13 of13 FB113 was13 observed13 In13 liver13 LPS13 +13 FB113 aaenuated13 the13 expression13 TNFα13 and13 IFNγ13 compared13 to13 LPS13 alone13 One13 day13 aXer13 the13 3-shy‐day13 FB113 treatment13 the13 biosynthesis13 of13 sphingolipids13 was13 markedly13 reduced13 in13 brain13 and13 liver13 and13 it13 was13 further13 inhibited13 when13 LPS13 was13 given13 before13 FB113 FB113 induced13 hepatotoxicity13 as13 measured13 by13 circulang13 liver13 enzymes13 was13 reduced13 aXer13 the13 combined13 treatment13 with13 LPS13 +13 FB113 compared13 to13 FB113 alone13 FB113 decreased13 the13 LPS-shy‐induced13 brain13 expression13 of13 IFNγ13 and13 IL-shy‐1β13 whereas13 the13 expression13 of13 IL-shy‐613 and13 IL-shy‐1213 was13 augmented13 In13 liver13 FB113 also13 reduced13 the13 expression13 of13 IL-shy‐1β13 and13 IFNγ13 compared13 to13 LPS13 alone13

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Results13 indicated13 that13 endotoxemia13 concurrent13 with13 FB113 intoxicaon13 facilitated13 the13 permeability13 of13

fumonisin13 in13 brain13 indicated13 by13 increased13 accumulaon13 of13 sphinganine13 and13 endotoxin13 modified13 the13 effects13 of13 FB113 in13 both13 brain13 and13 liver13

13

Food13 and13 Chemical13 Toxicology13 Volume13 4313 Issue13 913 September13 200513 Pages13 1389-shy‐139713


Implicaons13 in13 the13 treatment13 of13 illnesses13 due13 to13 indoor13 chronic13 toxigenic13 mold13 exposures13 ScienficWorldJournal13 200413 Mar13 124167-shy‐77

13 13 13 13 13 Chronic13 exposure13 to13 toxigenic13 molds13 in13 water-shy‐damaged13 buildings13 is13 an13 indoor13 environmental13 health13 problem13 to13 which13 escalang13 health13 and13 property13 insurance13 costs13 are13 raising13 a13 statewide13 concern13 in13 recent13 mes13 This13 paper13 reviews13 the13 structural13 and13 funconal13 properes13 of13 mycotoxins13 produced13 by13 toxigenic13 molds13 and13 their13 interacve13 health13 implicaons13 with13 anfungal13 drugs13 Fundamental13 bases13 of13 pathophysiological13 neurodevelopmental13 and13 cellular13 mechanisms13 of13 mycotoxic13 effects13 are13 evaluated13 It13 is13 most13 likely13 that13 the13 interacons13 of13 mycotoxins13 with13 anfungal13 drugs13 may13 at13 least13 in13 part13 contribute13 to13 the13 observable13 persistent13 illnesses13 anfungal13 drug13 resistance13 and13 allergic13 reacons13 in13 paents13 exposed13 to13 chronic13 toxigenic13 molds13 Safe13 dose13 level13 of13 mycotoxin13 in13 humans13 is13 not13 clear13 Hence13 the13 safety13 regulaons13 in13 place13 at13 the13 moment13 remain13 inconclusive13 precauonary13 and13 arbitrary13 Since13 some13 of13 the13 anfungal13 drugs13 are13 derived13 from13 molds13 and13 since13 they13 have13 structural13 and13 funconal13 groups13 similar13 to13 those13 of13 mycotoxins13 the13 knowledge13 of13 their13 interacons13 are13 important13 in13 enhancing13 prevenve13 measures

bull This13 arcle13 links13 mycotoxins13 and13 anfungal13 drug13 interacons


Mercury

Increased13 blood13 mercury13 levels13 in13 paents13 with13 Alzheimers13 disease13 Journal13 of13 Neural13 Transmission13 13 199813 vol13 10513 no113 pp13 59-shy‐6813 (113 p14)13 13 13 13 13 13 HOCK13 C13 (1)13 13 DRASCH13 G13 (2)13 13 GOLOMBOWSKI13 S13 (1)13 13 MUumlLLER-shy‐SPAHN13 F13 (1)13 13 WILLERSHAUSEN-shy‐

ZOumlNNCHEN13 B13 (3)13 13 SCHWARZ13 P13 (3)13 13 HOCK13 U13 (1)13 13 GROWDON13 J13 H13 (4)13 13 NITSCH13 R13 M13 (5)13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Alzheimers13 disease13 (AD)13 is13 a13 common13 neurodegenerave13 disorder13 that13 leads13 to13 demena13

and13 death13 In13 addion13 to13 several13 genec13 parameters13 various13 environmental13 factors13 may13 influence13 the13 risk13 of13 geng13 AD13 In13 order13 to13 test13 whether13 blood13 levels13 of13 the13 heavy13 metal13 mercury13 are13 increased13 in13 AD13 we13 measured13 blood13 mercury13 concentraons13 in13 AD13 paents13 (n13 =13 33)13 and13 compared13 them13 to13 age-shy‐matched13 control13 pacnts13 with13 major13 depression13 (MD)13 (n13 =13 45)13 as13 well13 as13 to13 an13 addional13 control13 group13 of13 paents13 with13 various13 non-shy‐psychiatric13 disorders13 (n13 =13 65)13 Blood13 mercury13 levels13 were13 more13 than13 two-shy‐fold13 higher13 in13 AD13 paents13 as13 compared13 to13 both13 control13 groups13 (p13 =13 0000513 and13 p13 =13 000013 respecvely)13 In13 early13 onset13 AD13 paents13 (n13 =13 13)13 blood13 mercury13 levels13 were13 almost13 three-shy‐fold13 higher13 as13 compared13 to13 controls13 (p13 =13 0000213 and13 p13 =13 0000013 respecvely)13 These13 increases13 were13 unrelated13 to13 the13 paents13 dental13 status13 Linear13 regression13 analysis13 of13 blood13 mercury13 concentraons13 and13 CSF13 levels13 of13 amyloid13 β-shy‐pepde13 (Aβ)13 revealed13 a13 significant13 correlaon13 of13 these13 measures13 in13 AD13 paents13 (n13 =13 1513 r13 =13 0744013 p13 =13 0001513 Pearson13 type13 of13 correlaon)13 These13 results13 demonstrate13 elevated13 blood13 levels13 of13 mercury13 in13 AD13 and13 they13 suggest13 that13 this13 increase13 of13 mercury13 levels13 is13 associated13 with13 high13 CSF13 levels13 of13 Aβ13 whereas13 tau13 levels13 were13 unrelated13 Possible13 explanaons13 of13 increased13 blood13 mercury13 levels13 in13 AD13 include13 yet13 unidenfied13 environmental13 sources13 or13 release13 from13 brain13 ssue13 with13 the13 advance13 in13 neuronal13 death13





Lyme13 is13 a13 spirochetal13 illness13 resembling13 syphilis



Lyme13 is13 a13 spirochetal13 illness13 resembling13 syphilisCan13 mimic13 MS13 myelopathy13 polyneuropathy13 brain



Lyme13 is13 a13 spirochetal13 illness13 resembling13 syphilisCan13 mimic13 MS13 myelopathy13 polyneuropathy13 braintumor13 encephalopathy(Neurosurgery1992May30(5)769-shy‐73)




Lyme13 can13 cause13 meningis13 encephalis13 neuris13 mania13 depression13 OCD13 schizophrenia13 anorexia13 demena(Am13 J13 Psychiatry13 199413 Nov151(11)1571-shy‐83)


Think13 tank13 chat13 Isnrsquot13 it13 all13 psychological

bull A13 well13 know13 scienst13 13 13 13 13 13 13 I13 would13 like13 to13 disagree13 with13 your13 percepon13 that13 the13 missing13 lynchpin13 is13

in13 the13 emoonal13 and13 spiritual13 arena13 While13 I13 whole-shy‐heartedly13 agree13 that13 suffering13 paents13 cannot13 help13 but13 have13 important13 and13 spiritual13 issues13 as13 this13 epidemic13 of13 difficult-shy‐to-shy‐characterize13 illnesses13 has13 evolved13 it13 looks13 more13 and13 more13 to13 me13 that13 it13 is13 abnormal13 biochemistry13 and13 physiology13 that13 triggers13 it13

13 13 13 13 13 13 When13 fibrosis13 now13 called13 fibromyalgia13 and13 chronic13 fague13 first13 entered13 its13 epidemic13 phase13 in13 the13 1980s13 the13 medical13 community13 assumed13 that13 it13 was13 all13 psychogenic13 and13 my13 paents13 received13 superb13 psychotherapy13 and13 spiritual13 counseling13 to13 no13 avail13 They13 didnt13 get13 beaer

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 As13 we13 learned13 about13 adrenal13 thyroid13 and13 other13 hormonal13 imbalances13 as13 well13 as13 heavy13 metal13 toxicity13 a13 myriad13 of13 infecve13 causes13 methylaon13 abnormalies13 etc13 with13 each13 new13 piece13 of13 informaon13 we13 gained13 tools13 that13 helped13 a13 large13 percentage13 of13 these13 paents13 to13 improve13 and13 even13 recover13 I13 used13 to13 believe13 that13 spiritual13 and13 emoonal13 issues13 were13 paramount13 but13 what13 is13 evolving13 here13 has13 persuaded13 me13 that13 what13 I13 dont13 yet13 know13 about13 chemistry13 and13 physiology13 is13 what13 limits13 my13 ability13 to13 help13 these13 paents


Think13 tank13 another13 scienst13 on13 CFIDS

bull More13 importantly13 I13 think13 there13 is13 the13 real13 possibility13 of13 a13 revoluon13 in13 the13 dispersion13 of13 gut13 pathogens13 into13 naive13 populaons13 due13 to13 differences13 in13 human13 waste13 disposal13 pracces13 People13 who13 use13 nightsoil13 for13 ferlizing13 food13 crops13 are13 now13 meeng13 people13 who13 dont13 That13 can13 lead13 to13 a13 revoluonary13 change13 in13 gut13 biota13 in13 human13 populaons13 throughout13 the13 world13

bull It13 should13 be13 considered13 and13 studied13 in13 diseases13 like13 CFS13 ausm13 and13 Lyme13 where13 there13 is13 a13 rising13 incidence13 of13 disease13 dramacally13 so13 in13 some13 cases13 and13 clear13 evidence13 of13 changes13 in13 gut13 biota

bull 13 Globalizaon13 is13 not13 just13 a13 maaer13 of13 beaer13 communicaons13 It13 is13 also13 a13 me13 of13 unprecedented13 mixing13 of13 human13 populaons13 and13 the13 community13 of13 organisms13 they13 carry13 in13 their13 guts13 some13 of13 which13 are13 pathogens


Think13 tank13 Pandemic13 of13 degenerave13 diseases

bull There13 is13 a13 general13 consensus13 in13 the13 more13 progressive13 medical13 communies13 that13 unrelieved13 oxidave13 stress13 feeds13 chronic13 inflammaon13 which13 is13 at13 the13 base13 of13 our13 current13 pandemic13 of13 degenerave13 diseases13 There13 is13 also13 widespread13 agreement13 that13 the13 main13 iniang13 cause13 of13 this13 is13 our13 toxic13 environment13 The13 synthec13 chemicals13 and13 heavy13 metals13 in13 our13 air13 water13 and13 soil13 toxins13 in13 our13 food13 and13 OTC13 and13 pharmaceucal13 drugs13 These13 are13 biochemical13 or13 physiological13 stressors13 Some13 people13 also13 include13 todayrsquos13 ubiquitous13 electromagnec13 fields13 as13 an13 important13 bioenergec13 stressor13 with13 tangible13 physiological13 consequences


Think13 tank13 13 PC13 reflecng

bull Thanks13 and13 very13 interesng13 13 This13 reminds13 me13 of13 the13 yeast13 related13 biotoxins13 found13 highly13 expressed13 in13 urine13 chromatography13 of13 many13 psychiatric13 ward13 inmates13 admiaed13 with13 various13 psychoc13 diagnoses13 13

bull The13 livergut13 guards13 the13 brain13 from13 the13 intrinsically13 toxic13 gut13 microbiome13 and13 brain13 issues13 erupt13 when13 either13 something13 is13 present13 in13 the13 gut13 the13 liver13 or13 the13 gut13 enterocytes13 cant13 handle13 it13 or13 somethings13 affecng13 the13 liver13 detox13 system13 -shy‐13 and13 even13 normal13 gut13 toxicity13 is13 enough13 to13 make13 you13 crazy13 or13 sick13 or13 both13 13

bull Is13 it13 the13 bugtoxin13 or13 is13 it13 the13 terrain13 13 This13 has13 been13 argued13 for13 15013 years13 13 I13 favor13 the13 laaer13 as13 I13 think13 it13 yields13 beaer13 results13 in13 chronic13 complex13 illness13 but13 the13 former13 is13 worrisome13 in13 some13 phenotypes13 13

bull Perhaps13 external13 environmental13 forces13 are13 conspiring13 to13 exert13 a13 constraint13 on13 our13 species13 to13 move13 us13 toward13 some13 as13 yet13 unknown13 future13 and13 certain13 phenotypes13 are13 the13 first13 but13 perhaps13 not13 the13 last13 casuales13 13 Aaacking13 children13 would13 cause13 the13 greatest13 and13 quickest13 genec13 shiX13 of13 our13 species13


Think13 tank13 Stool13 Transplants

bull I13 had13 another13 CFS13 paent13 seen13 in13 the13 same13 week13 with13 relapsingreming13 C13 Difficile13 linked13 diarrhea13 followed13 chronically13 at13 Duke13 U13 for13 years13 with13 intermiaent13 severe13 cramping13 and13 diarrhea13 relieved13 promptly13 with13 anbiocs13 (now13 using13 Xifanax13 or13 Rifaximin)13 but13 she13 typically13 breaks13 through13 as13 anbioc13 resistance13 eventually13 develops13 13

bull Duke13 now13 recommends13 an13 NG13 stool13 microbial13 transplant13 from13 mixed13 healthy13 donor13 stool13 available13 in13 Duluth13 MN13 which13 they13 say13 works13 beaer13 than13 anbiocs13 over13 the13 long13 haul13 for13 chronic13 relapsing13 C13 Difficile13 associated13 diarrhea13 13

bull The13 Xifanax13 currently13 helps13 her13 diarrhea13 and13 cramps13 but13 not13 her13 CFS


Think13 tank13 chat13 between13 sciensts13 Cdifficile

bull There13 is13 a13 physician13 -shy‐-shy‐13 Derrick13 F13 MacFabe13 -shy‐-shy‐13 at13 the13 University13 of13 Western13 Ontario13 specializing13 in13 ausm13 who13 has13 studied13 C13 difficile13 in13 regard13 to13 its13 producon13 of13 propionic13 acid13 MacFabe13 injected13 PPA13 directly13 into13 the13 brains13 of13 rats13 and13 produced13 classic13 and13 severe13 ausc13 behavior

MacFabe13 notes13 that13 oral13 vanomycin13 is13 somemes13 effecve13 in13 treang13 C13 difficile13 The13 ausm13 community13 also13 almost13 automacally13 puts13 kids13 on13 the13 spectrum13 on13 allergy13 eliminaon13 diets13 -shy‐-shy‐13 gluten-shy‐free13 casein-shy‐free13 etc13 -shy‐-shy‐13 and13 puts13 them13 on13 a13 probiocs13 regimen

I13 wonder13 if13 you13 might13 also13 be13 geng13 into13 the13 controversial13 biofilm13 territory13 with13 refractory13 GI13 infecons13 and13 the13 use13 of13 bacteriophages13 to13 break13 through13 the13 protecve13 barriers13 and13 expose13 and13 make13 vulnerable13 the13 C13 difficile13 or13 whatever13 beases13


Heres13 an13 excerpt13 from13 MacFabersquos13 arcle13 on13 ldquoNeurobiological13 effects13 of13 intraventricular13 propionic13 acid13 in13 ratsrdquo13

hapwwwihausaorgnewsleaersPDF_dec2005_July2007200720June20Newsleaer-shy‐emailpdf

bull PPA13 and13 enteric13 bacteria13 The13 human13 digesve13 tract13 is13 host13 to13 a13 wide13 variety13 of13 intesnal13 bacterial13 florae13 both13 harmful13 and13 protecve13 that13 produce13 a13 number13 of13 metabolic13 products13 capable13 of13 entering13 the13 systemic13 circulaon13 in13 both13 normal13 and13 pathological13 condions13 [184]13 Many13 of13 these13 bacteria13 produce13 a13 number13 of13 short13 chain13 faay13 acids13 such13 as13 acetate13 butyrate13 and13 PPA13 via13 the13 break13 down13 of13 carbohydrates13 and13 amino13 acids13 [52]13 Of13 parcular13 interest13 are13 the13 Clostridia13 a13 family13 of13 heterogeneous13 anaerobic13 spore13 forming13 Gram-shy‐posive13 rods13 Clostridia13 are13 major13 gut13 colonizers13 in13 early13 life13 and13 many13 of13 which13 are13 producers13 of13 PPA13 and13 other13 short13 chain13 faay13 acids13 [159]13 Clostridium13 difficile13 is13 known13 to13 be13 a13 major13 cause13 of13 severe13 gastroenterological13 diseases13 such13 as13 pseudomembranous13 colis13 but13 may13 also13 be13 a13 major13 cause13 of13 anbioc13 associated13 diarrhoea13 both13 pre-shy‐13 and13 post-shy‐natally13 [61]13 This13 pathogen13 is13 known13 to13 produce13 an13 enterotoxin13 A13 primarily13 responsible13 for13 gastrointesnal13 symptoms13 through13 mucosal13 damage13 and13 lymphocyte13 infiltraon13 and13 cytotoxin13 B13 However13 the13 exact13 mechanism13 by13 which13 this13 gut13 pathology13 is13 produced13 is13 unknown13 [61]13 Anbioc13 resistant13 clostridial13 strains13 play13 a13 role13 in13 a13 wide13 variety13 of13 hospital13 and13 community13 acquired13 infecons13 [102]13 in13 adult13 paents13 but13 their13 role13 in13 paediatric13 diarrhoea13 related13 to13 anbioc13 treatment13 has13 not13 been13 extensively13 studied13 [61]13 Spore13 forming13 anaerobes13 and13 microerophilic13 bacteria13 parcularly13 from13 clostridial13 species13 have13 been13 shown13 to13 be13 elevated13 in13 late-shy‐onset13 ausc13 children13 but13 absent13 in13 controls13 [64]13 As13 well13 PCR13 analyses13 of13 stool13 samples13 from13 paents13 with13 regressive13 ausm13 have13 revealed13 increases13 in13 clostridial13 species13 including13 C13 difficile13 [157]13 The13 eradicaon13 of13 the13 pathogen13 with13 oral13 vancomycin13 treatment13 has13 improved13 symptoms13 in13 some13 paents

Although13 Irsquove13 read13 worldwide13 reports13 of13 symptom13 migaon13 for13 at13 least13 several13 months13 following13 fecal13 transplantaon13 mdash13 itrsquos13 not13 something13 that13 would13 be13 mandatory13 in13 my13 ideal13 medical13 republic13 The13 fact13 though13 that13 Duke13 is13 recommending13 it13 is13 somewhat13 amazing13 and13 encouraging


Cdiff

bull The13 C13 difficile13 paent13 got13 acutely13 sick13 in13 198013 also13 with13 a13 mono-shy‐like13 illness13 that13 evolved13 into13 CFS13 with13 POTS13 and13 C13 Difficile13 related13 diarrhea13 began13 in13 198313 and13 followed13 at13 Duke13 for13 twenty13 years13 at13 the13 Chronic13 C13 Difficile13 GI13 Clinic13 at13 Duke13 13

bull It13 is13 interesng13 that13 Duke13 is13 recommending13 donor13 stool13 transplants13 now13 13

bull Makes13 you13 wonder13 about13 the13 long13 term13 reliance13 on13 anbiocs13 to13 treat13 what13 is13 really13 a13 terrain13 issue13 and13 I13 wonder13 what13 might13 be13 at13 the13 core13 of13 this13 remarkably13 coherent13 terrain13 problem13 we13 call13 CFS13 13

bull As13 for13 the13 gut13 in13 CFS13 I13 like13 Jeremy13 Nicholsons13 view13 that13 we13 are13 neither13 gut13 or13 human13 but13 a13 symbiote13 involving13 both13 13 It13 is13 hard13 to13 separate13 the13 two13 and13 blame13 one13 for13 the13 ills13 of13 the13 other13 13 The13 core13 problem13 may13 belong13 to13 neither13 sphere13 of13 influence13 completely13 but13 affects13 both13 as13 they13 are13 one


Lungworm

bull The13 gut13 is13 where13 it13 all13 starts13 and13 ends

bull Reading13 about13 the13 fecal13 transplant13 work13 on13 the13 recent13 GI13 posngs13 I13 wonder13 if13 human13 to13 animal13 fecal13 transplants13 have13 been13 tried13 as13 an13 assay13 for13 human13 intesnal13 pathogens13 I13 would13 be13 interest13 in13 CFS13 paents13 donors13 with13 Vk13 parasism13 to13 rodent13 recipients13 with13 running13 wheel13 acvity13 monitoring13 The13 Vk13 parasite13 is13 a13 member13 of13 a13 lungintesnal13 worm13 genus13 varestrongylus13 infecng13 grazing13 caprids13 (goats13 and13 sheep)13 and13 cervids13 (deer)13 which13 has13 become13 chronic13 in13 mammals13 given13 up13 its13 invertebrate13 intermediate13 host13 (snails)13 and13 crossed13 over13 to13 man13 The13 ability13 to13 infect13 divergent13 mammal13 types13 seem13 inherent13 in13 the13 species13 Paents13 oXen13 report13 that13 their13 pets13 got13 sick13 with13 a13 faguing13 illness13 aXer13 they13 did13 Id13 be13 interested13 in13 bringing13 together13 those13 with13 access13 to13 CFS13 paents13 capably13 of13 obtaining13 fresh13 fecal13 material13 and13 lab13 folks13 with13 animal13 raising13 capabilies13 and13 pathogen13 control


The13 gut

bull My13 own13 view13 is13 that13 the13 gut13 involvement13 which13 as13 you13 point13 out13 occurs13 in13 many13 but13 not13 all13 CFS13 paents13 is13 itself13 diverse13 13 Some13 suffer13 from13 leaky13 gut13 leading13 to13 the13 development13 of13 mulple13 food13 allergies13 some13 suffer13 from13 irritable13 bowel13 syndrome13 some13 suffer13 from13 other13 difficules13 and13 of13 course13 some13 have13 mulple13 types13 of13 gut13 dysfuncon13 13

bull I13 think13 the13 reason13 that13 the13 gut13 is13 so13 oXen13 impacted13 is13 because13 the13 bacteria13 of13 the13 gut13 like13 many13 bacteria13 can13 trigger13 inflammatory13 responses13 because13 there13 are13 so13 many13 cells13 of13 the13 immune13 system13 concentrated13 around13 the13 gut13 oXen13 leading13 again13 to13 a13 major13 inflammatory13 response13 and13 also13 because13 of13 the13 role13 of13 the13 enteric13 nervous13 system13 which13 has13 receptors13 implicated13 in13 the13 NOONOO-shy‐13 cycle13 notably13 the13 NMDA13 and13 TRPV113 and13 other13 TRP13 receptors13 13

bull So13 I13 have13 no13 doubt13 that13 the13 gut13 has13 an13 important13 role13 in13 many13 cases13 but13 that13 does13 not13 mean13 that13 is13 where13 the13 disease13 always13 starts


Most13 CFIDS13 paents13 are13 infected13 with13 lungworm13 (VKlapowi)

bullIn13 a13 retrospecve13 study13 done13 in13 England13 CFS13 paents13 most13 oXen13 saw13 their13 doctors13 for13 respiratory13 symptoms13 in13 the13 five13 year13 period13 before13 they13 got13 typical13 CFS13 symptoms13 Hamilton13 WT13 Hall13 GH13 and13 Round13 AP13 Frequency13 of13 aaendance13 in13 general13 pracce13 and13 symptoms13 before13 the13 development13 of13 chronic13 fague13 syndrome13 a13 case13 control13 study13 BrJ13 Gen13 Pract13 200113 Jul51(468)553-shy‐8

In13 my13 own13 case13 I13 traveled13 to13 France13 in13 April13 197613 where13 I13 got13 an13 acute13 digesve13 problem13 (13 pain13 with13 conspaon13 for13 ~413 days)13 which13 almost13 took13 me13 to13 the13 hospital13 By13 August13 I13 was13 having13 a13 consistent13 and13 troublesome13 dry13 cough13 Then13 a13 day13 or13 so13 aXer13 taking13 the13 Swine13 Flu13 vaccine13 in13 October13 197613 I13 had13 my13 first13 full13 blown13 episode13 of13 CFS

An13 interpretaon13 of13 the13 experience13 I13 acquired13 the13 intesnal13 ssue13 boring13 larval13 stage13 of13 a13 lung13 parasite13 by13 eang13 contaminated13 food13 (salads13 I13 was13 served13 in13 France13 oXen13 had13 griay13 dirt13 in13 them13 apparently13 washing13 is13 considered13 to13 ruin13 the13 flavor13 of13 leauce13 according13 to13 my13 brother)13 It13 migrated13 to13 the13 lungs13 became13 chronic13 and13 grew13 slowly13 Finally13 when13 a13 vaccine13 smulated13 a13 generalized13 up-shy‐regulaon13 of13 the13 immune13 response13 the13 parasite13 secreted13 neurotoxin13 and13 cytokine13 mimics13 to13 suppress13 the13 immune13 response13 producing13 the13 symptoms13 of13 CFS13 I13 hope13 to13 test13 the13 laaer13 mechanism13 in13 provocaon13 experiments13 I13 dont13 think13 it13 will13 take13 thirty13 years

So13 it13 starts13 in13 gut13 (inial13 infecon)13 goes13 to13 the13 lungs13 then13 circulates13 between13 the13 gut13 and13 lungs13 connuously13 via13 a13 chronic13 auto-shy‐infecous13 migratory13 life13 cycle13 Maybe13 the13 parasite13 is13 beaer13 able13 to13 suppress13 the13 lung13 response13 (~30-shy‐4013 percent13 CFS13 have13 lung13 symptoms13 while13 gt8013 have13 GI13 problems)13 while13 most13 are13 infected13 with13 the13 parasite13 The13 inial13 gut13 symptoms13 associated13 with13 acquiring13 a13 parasite13 might13 not13 have13 been13 noced13 or13 recorded13 because13 it13 is13 and13 isolated13 single13 event13 separated13 from13 the13 main13 body13 of13 CFS13 symptoms13 (very13 low13 parasite13 growth13 rate)13 and13 most13 of13 us13 get13 short13 GI13 episodes13 once13 in13 a13 while

Of13 course13 a13 great13 many13 physiological13 infecous13 and13 physiological13 abnormalies13 would13 be13 expected13 to13 follow13 producing13 a13 rich13 area13 for13 theory13 development13 and13 hopefully13 empirical13 tesng


13

13 13 13 13 13 13 Certainly13 given13 our13 level13 of13 knowledge13 and13 the13 obvious13 complexity13 of13 the13 illness13 there13 can13 be13 many13 complementary13 and13 compeng13 explanaons13 for13 the13 phenomenon13 that13 has13 come13 to13 be13 called13 CFS13 From13 the13 onset13 I13 have13 maintained13 that13 the13 ability13 to13 understand13 the13 right13 direcon13 to13 go13 requires13 that13 we13 get13 beyond13 the13 how13 shall13 I13 say13 chauvinism13 no13 professional13 pride13 we13 naturally13 have13 for13 our13 parcular13 scienfic13 disciplines13 and13 try13 to13 understand13 CFS13 as13 a13 muldimensional13 phenomena13

13

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 My13 own13 view13 is13 strongly13 influenced13 by13 what13 I13 understand13 as13 the13 epidemiology13 of13 the13 illness13 and13 responses13 to13 treatment13 addional13 dimensions13 which13 suggest13 that13 it13 could13 predominantly13 be13 a13 new13 parasite13 species13 spreading13 into13 previously13 naive13 populaons13 Ive13 called13 this13 the13 Asian13 hypothesis13 but13 really13 It13 should13 be13 called13 the13 Nightsoil13 hypothesis13

13 13 13 13 13 13 Nightsoil13 as13 you13 may13 know13 is13 the13 pracce13 of13 using13 untreated13 human13 fecal13 waste13 to13 ferlize13 food13 crops13 It13 is13 the13 dominant13 pracce13 of13 Southeast13 Asian13 farming13 where13 household13 fecal13 waste13 is13 collected13 daily13 and13 immediately13 spread13 untreated13 on13 food13 crops13 at13 night13 The13 CFS13 of13 the13 Victorian13 Eraneurasthenia13 corresponded13 13 to13 the13 colonizaon13 of13 this13 region13 by13 European13 powers13 most13 notably13 France13 and13 the13 beginning13 of13 transatlanc13 tourism13 by13 wealthy13 individuals13 made13 possible13 by13 the13 advent13 of13 the13 steamship13

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 The13 dispersion13 of13 several13 million13 rural13 Asian13 farmers13 the13 boat13 people13 escaping13 the13 Cambodian13 genocide13 to13 the13 Western13 alliance13 countries13 in13 the13 1979-shy‐8113 period13 preceded13 the13 CFS13 outbreaks13 and13 what13 the13 CDC13 has13 called13 the13 renewed13 interest13 in13 CFSneurasthenia13 I13 dont13 think13 doctors13 woke13 up13 one13 day13 and13 said13 lets13 revive13 neurasthenia13 under13 the13 name13 of13 CFS13 Much13 more13 likely13 there13 was13 a13 sharp13 increase13 in13 incidence13 Ive13 interested13 some13 folks13 into13 looking13 at13 the13 epidemiology13 and13 try13 to13 keep13 these13 ideas13 among13 sciensts13 for13 obvious13 reasons


Varestronglylus13 Klapowi13 and13 CFIDS

bull 13

bull On13 the13 treatment13 side13 all13 of13 the13 CFS13 symptoms13 I13 have13 are13 reduce13 by13 anthelminthics13 for13 a13 few13 months13 Andy13 Wright13 in13 England13 tried13 mulple13 day13 courses13 of13 ivermecn13 aXer13 we13 spoke13 and13 got13 the13 same13 result13 significant13 symptom13 improvement13 in13 ~7513 percent13 of13 paents13 about13 half13 had13 virtually13 no13 symptoms13 Unfortunately13 their13 experience13 turned13 out13 like13 mine13 the13 sickness13 returned13 The13 parasite13 was13 not13 eradicated13 My13 life-shy‐cycle13 studies13 indicates13 that13 the13 Vk13 parasite13 lives13 and13 reproduces13 in13 at13 least13 the13 lungs13 and13 GI13 track13 and13 possible13 other13 reservoirs13 within13 a13 circa13 two13 week13 lifecycle13 If13 we13 had13 an13 easliy13 tolerated13 anthelminthiimmune13 smulantphysiology13 correcng13 treatment13 regimen13 which13 could13 be13 applied13 connuosly13 or13 at13 least13 weakly13 for13 a13 long13 period13 of13 me13 (Vkt13 appears13 to13 have13 a13 very13 long13 lived13 ssue13 phase)13 eradicaon13 might13 be13 possible13

bull I13 dont13 know13 how13 others13 feel13 but13 I13 would13 consider13 transfer13 of13 the13 infecon13 to13 animals13 and13 the13 subsequent13 development13 of13 CFS13 symptoms13 proof13 of13 causaon13 a13 la13 Koch13 That13 may13 become13 possible13 if13 I13 can13 get13 live13 worms13 from13 my13 proof13 of13 life13 experiments13 In13 the13 meanme13 I13 am13 very13 grafied13 to13 know13 that13 some13 important13 CFS13 doctors13 are13 doing13 experiment13 anthelninthic13 treatments13 either13 on13 diagnosed13 Vk13 paents13 or13 presumed13 infecons13 with13 the13 parasite

13


Amoebas13 Act13 as13 Trojan13 Horses13 for13 Salmonella

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 The13 research13 done13 in13 the13 UK13 and13 supported13 by13 the13 Society13 for13 Applied13 Microbiology13 the13 Department13 for13 Environment13 Food13 and13 Rural13 Affairs13 (DEFRA)13 and13 the13 Higher13 Educaon13 Funding13 Council13 for13 England13 (HEFCE)13 is13 published13 in13 the13 journal13 Applied13 and13 Environmental13 Microbiology13 The13 work13 was13 done13 at13 the13 University13 of13 Liverpool13 in13 collaboraon13 with13 the13 Instute13 for13 Animal13 Health13 2313 March13 2009

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Sciensts13 said13 today13 theyve13 learned13 that13 Salmonella13 get13 inside13 amoebas13 mdash13 single-shy‐celled13 organisms13 common13 on13 land13 and13 in13 water13 mdash13 and13 protect13 themselves13 with13 a13 secreon13 system13

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 The13 research13 suggests13 that13 amoebas13 may13 be13 a13 major13 source13 of13 Salmonella13 within13 the13 environment13 and13 could13 play13 a13 significant13 role13 in13 transmission13 of13 infecon13 to13 man13 and13 animals13

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Salmonella13 uses13 a13 system13 called13 SP1213 type13 III13 which13 acts13 as13 a13 bacterial13 machine13 inside13 organisms13 and13 causes13 disease13 in13 humans13 animals13 and13 plants13 The13 system13 employs13 a13 syringe-shy‐like13 mechanism13 to13 inject13 bacteria13 into13 cells13 that13 would13 normally13 release13 compounds13 to13 rid13 the13 body13 of13 harmful13 substances13 This13 system13 changes13 the13 structure13 of13 the13 cell13 and13 prevents13 these13 compounds13 from13 coming13 into13 contact13 with13 pathogens13 and13 destroying13 them13

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Salmonella13 has13 managed13 to13 survive13 extremely13 successfully13 in13 the13 environment13 finding13 its13 way13 into13 our13 food13 and13 causing13 illness13 despite13 the13 bodys13 best13 efforts13 to13 fight13 it13 off13 explained13 Paul13 Wigley13 from13 the13 Naonal13 Centre13 for13 Zoonosis13 Research13 and13 the13 University13 of13 Liverpool13 We13 found13 that13 it13 uses13 a13 system13 which13 operates13 in13 the13 human13 immune13 system13 as13 well13 as13 inside13 amoeba13 living13 in13 the13 environment13

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 This13 system13 essenally13 protects13 Salmonella13 within13 cellular13 compartments13 called13 phagosomes13 where13 it13 can13 survive13 and13 mulply13

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Its13 ability13 to13 survive13 in13 amoeba13 is13 a13 huge13 advantage13 to13 its13 connued13 development13 as13 it13 may13 be13 more13 resistant13 to13 disinfectants13 and13 water13 treatment13 Wigley13 said13 This13 means13 that13 we13 need13 to13 work13 to13 understand13 ways13 of13 controlling13 amoeba13 in13 water13 supplied13 to13 animals13 and13 prevent13 it13 acng13 as13 a13 Trojan13 Horse13 for13 Salmonella13 and13 other13 pathogens13

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13



13 13 13 13 13 13 Borrelia13 burgdorferi13 infecon13 of13 the13 brain13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Characterizaon13 of13 the13 organism13 and13 response13 to13 anbiocs13 and13 immune13 sera13 in13 the13 mouse13 model13 13 13 13 13 13 13 NEUROLOGY13 199040153513 13 13 13 13 13 13 Andrew13 R13 Pachner13 MD13 and13 Andrea13 Itano13 BS13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 From13 the13 Department13 of13 Neurology13 Georgetown13 University13 Hospital13 Washington13 DC13

bull To13 learn13 more13 about13 the13 neurologic13 involvement13 in13 Lyme13 disease13 we13 inoculated13 inbred13 mice13 with13 the13 causave13 agent13 of13 Lyme13 disease13 Borrelia13 burgdorferi13 We13 cultured13 brains13 and13 other13 organs13 and13 measured13 an-shy‐B13 burgdorferi13 anbody13 ters13 We13 further13 studied13 a13 brain13 isolate13 for13 its13 plasmid13 DNA13 content13 and13 its13 response13 in13 vitro13 to13 immune13 sera13 and13 anbiocs13 One13 strain13 of13 B13 burgdorferi13 N4013 was13 consistently13 infecve13 for13 mice13 and13 resulted13 in13 chronic13 infecon13 of13 the13 bladder13 and13 spleen13 SJL13 mice13 developed13 fewer13 culture-shy‐posive13 organs13 and13 had13 lower13 anbody13 ters13 than13 Balbc13 and13 C57B1613 mice13 Organism13 was13 cultured13 from13 the13 brain13 early13 in13 the13 course13 of13 infecon13 and13 this13 isolate13 named13 N40Br13 was13 further13 studied13 in13 vitro13 The13 plasmid13 content13 of13 N40Br13 was13 different13 from13 that13 of13 the13 infecng13 strain13 implying13 either13 a13 highly13 selecve13 process13 during13 infecon13 or13 DNA13 rearrangement13 in13 the13 organism13 in13 vivo13 N40Br13 was13 very13 sensive13 to13 anbiocs13 but13 only13 aXer13 prolonged13 incubaon13 Immune13 sera13 from13 both13 mice13 and13 humans13 infected13 with13 B13 burgdorferi13 were13 unable13 to13 completely13 kill13 the13 organism13 by13 complement-shy‐mediated13 cytotoxicity13 These13 data13 demonstrate13 that13 B13 burgdorferi13 infects13 the13 brain13 of13 experimental13 animals13 and13 is13 resistant13 to13 immune13 sera13 in13 vitro13 but13 sensive13 to13 prolonged13 treatment13 with13 anbiocs13

13








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13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13


Chronic(Infec,ons · Bartonella JournalofNeuroimaging Volume!13!Issue!1!Page!79L82,!January!2003!...

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Transcript of Chronic(Infec,ons · Bartonella JournalofNeuroimaging Volume!13!Issue!1!Page!79L82,!January!2003!...