Chronica - Acta Hort · 2003-09-24 · IN TORONTO XXVIth IHC. Welcome to Toronto! CHRONICA...

ChronicaHORTICULTURAE

MAGAZINE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE

Symposia and Workshops

Volume 42 - Number 1 - 2002

ISHS

Pistachios and Almonds • Peach Symposium • Foliar Nutrition ofPerennial Fruit Plants • Sustainable Use of Plant Biodiversity •Hungarian Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Horticultural Science NewsCanada • Portuguese Horticultural Association • Research and Development Down Under •Chile’s Counterseason to Mediterranean Horticulture

ISHS • 2

IN THIS ISSUE

Foto on cover: Prairie wintersof Canada

News from the Board: Welcome toToronto! and so much more . . . . . . . 3

Historical Perspectives:ISHS Congresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

III International Symposium onPistachios and Almonds . . . . . . . . . 12

V International Peach Symposium . . 13

International Symposium on FoliarNutrition of Perennial Fruit Plants . . 14

International Symposium onSustainable Use of Plant Biodiversityto Promote New Opportunities forHorticultural ProductionDevelopment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Conference on Medicinal andAromatic Plants in Budapest . . . . . . 18

Horticulture in Canada - Spotlight onthe Prairies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

APH - Portuguese HorticulturalAssociation - 25th Anniversary . . . . 24

Australian and New ZealandHorticulture, part 3: R & D inAustralia and New Zealand . . . . . . . 25

Chile: Counterseason toMediterranean Horticulture . . . . . . . 31

Japan Blueberry Associacion . . . . . . 35

New Books and Websites . . . . . . . . . 36

Courses and Meetings . . . . . . . . . . . 37

From the Secretariat . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Calendar of Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Acta Horticulturae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

MEMBERS FORUMMEMBERS FORUM

ViewpointsThe ISHS invites you to express yourself!

The Viewpoints section of ChronicaHorticulturae was created as a regularfeature for ISHS members to express theirviews on current issues in HorticulturalScience or on any Society related topic ingeneral.

ISHS members who do wish to publish anarticle in this or any other feature ofChronica Horticulturae are requested tosend their material to the ISHS Secretariat,preferably in electronic format.

Did you renew your ISHS membership?Logon to www.ishs.org/members and renew online!

ISHS

COMEAND VISIT US

IN TORONTO XXVIth IHC

Welcome to Toronto!

CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE • 3

XXVIth InternationalHorticultural CongressToronto, 11 - 17 August 2002

The most important event on the Society’s calendar for any four-year period is

the International Horticultural Congress. We are delighted to report that the

host and organizing Society for IHC2002, the Canadian Society for

Horticultural Science, has succeeded in strengthening this Congress by secur-

ing the participation and cooperation of a wide array of national and other

international societies concerned with horticultural science. The American

Society for Horticultural Science, American Pomological Society, Potato

Association of America, Canadian Horticultural Therapy Association and the

People-Plant Council will incorporate their annual meeting with IHC2002.

Twenty-four other societies and associations are cooperating with promotion

and program development. Dr. Norm Looney, President of the Congress and

his very hard-working and dedicated team are looking forward to welcoming

in excess of 2000 delegates from more than 70 countries! More than 2700

abstracts were received following the Call for Papers.

The Metropolitan Toronto ConventionCentre will comfortably accommodate allcolloquia, symposia, posters, and anExhibition and Trade Show that will beconsiderably larger than at any recentCongress. Nearby hotels and a range ofother housing options will provide com-

fortable and convenient accommodation.The Congress social program will includea gala Welcoming Reception, a Banquet,and a full day excursion to Niagara Falls.Eighteen post-Congress tours will explorehorticultural science and industry ofsouthern Ontario.

NEWS FROM THE BOARDNEWS FROM THE BOARD

The ISHS and the Congress Organizersbelieve that the decision to build the sci-entific programme around high-level col-loquia, multi-day symposia and well-organized poster sessions will serve as amodel for future Congresses. Most dele-gates will find a symposium “homeroom” where they can interact daily withvalued colleagues from around the world.Many will be making presentations with-in these symposia, and together with theauthors of most posters will contribute tothe 24 volumes of Acta Horticulturae thatwill be published as a result of thisCongress. The list of symposia and othermeetings scheduled during the Congressis very impressive.The Board encourages you to register andtake part in what promises to be a veryexciting and rewarding scientificCongress; one designed to both accom-modate and call attention to the manydisciplines and specializations that con-sider horticulture and horticultural scienceas their profession. Please visitwww.ihc2002.org and register now.The ISHS Secretariat will have a largebooth at the Congress to assist ISHSmembers and all who attend theCongress. We hope to meet as many ISHSmembers as possible when you visit ourtemporary headquarters in Toronto.

Christopher BrickellISHS President

... what are you doingfrom August 11-17, 2002?

ISHS • 4

Nominations for new Honorary

Members of the ISHS will be consid-

ered by the Council at its meeting in

Toronto. Any nomination for this

should be received at the Secretariat

not later than June 15th, 2002, prior

to circulation to the Council.

The Rules of Procedure under whichHonorary Membership is awarded are asfollows:

d) Nominations must be balloted eitherby circulating voting Council members(one vote per country as for otherCouncil matters) prior to a Councilmeeting, or by a secret ballot at aCouncil meeting.

e) Two thirds of Council members votingshould be in favour of a nominee forHonorary Membership to be granted.

ISHS members are invited to nominateindividuals who they feel are worthy ofthis honour for consideration by Council.

Friday August 16, 2002, 11.00 -12.40 hours.

Dear ISHS member,The year 2002 is again a Congress year.Our previous meeting in Brussels seems asthough it was only a very short time agobut much has happened in theInternational Society for HorticulturalScience since 1998. As a Board we lookforward to reporting to you on all theactivities during the last four years and toreceiving your comments. The ISHSGeneral Assembly is scheduled to takeplace at the Metro Toronto ConventionCentre on Friday 16 August 2002,Canada, 11.00 h - 12.40 hours, just

Meeting of the Executive CommitteeThursday 8 August 2002, 9.00-18.00 h,Crowne Plaza Hotel, TorontoJoint Meeting of the Council andExecutive Committee

The Council will in Toronto in Augustevaluate and decide on proposals for theCongress to be organized in the year

ISHS General Assembly:Invitation to the Membership

before the end of the Congress. After afull week of scientific exchange and pro-fessional discussions meeting colleaguesand peers, we hope very much you willbe able to attend the General Assembly toreceive reports from the Board on theprogress your Society has made duringthe last four years:

AGENDAThe Agenda for this meeting is as follows:1 Opening by the President of the ISHS2 Board Reports for the years 1998 -

20013 Proposed amendment to the ISHS

Statutes

4 XXVII International HorticulturalCongress

4.1 Inauguration of the President of theXXVII IHC

4.2 Date and Place of the XXVII IHC5 Date and Place of the XXVIII IHC6 ISHS Honorary Members and Awards7 Confirmation and Inauguration of the

ISHS President and the Members ofthe Board

8 Other Business9 Adjournment of the General Assem-

bly

ISHS management meetings (*)at the time of the Congress

Friday 9 August 2002, 9.00-17.30 h,Crowne Plaza Hotel, TorontoSaturday 10 August 2002, 9.00-17.30h,Crowne Plaza Hotel, Toronto

Friday 16 August 2002, 14.00-17.00 h,Metro Toronto Convention Centre

(*) Time schedules and Agenda available fromthe ISHS Secretariat

Honorary MembershipArticle 3 ‘Honorary Membership’:a) This is the Emeritus Award of the ISHS

given for meritorious service to theSociety.

b) Nominations must be received by theExecutive Director at least 1 monthprior to a Council meeting.

c) Five letters of support are to be pro-vided giving the reasons why a nomi-nee is considered worthy of the hon-our. These letters must come frommembers in no less than three differ-ent countries.

Bids for Future ISHS Congresses - Welcome2010. Countries, interested for makingbids, are invited to provide the ISHSSecretariat with a letter of intent. The

Secretariat will upon receipt of this letter,provide more detailed information.


Sections Working groups

* One Advisory Group Member for Fruit Sections* 1. Pome and Stone Fruits F01, F03, F04, F05, F06, F08, F10, F09,

F13, F14, F17, F21* 2. Soft Fruits and Viticulture F02, F11, F12, F19, I01,I02, I03* 3. Mediterranean Fruits & Nut Crops F15, F22, F23, F24, F25, F26, F27* 4. Tropical Fruits and Subtropical Fruits T01, T02, T03, T06, T07, T09, T10/I01

(joint WG’s )

■ One Advisory Group Member for Ornamentals/Medicinal Plants/Vegetables/Root& Tuber Crops

■ 5. Ornamentals OP1, OP2, OP3, OP4, OP5■ 6. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants M01, M02, M03■ 7. Vegetables and Root & Tubers V01, V04, V06, V07, V08, V09, V11,

V13, V10 (WG only under Vegetables)

Commissions/Disciplines Working groups

◗ One Advisory Group Member for Protected Cultivation◗ 8. Protected Cultivation PC1, PC2/HE5 (joint WG’s)◗ 9. Horticultural Engineering HE1,HE2, HE3, HE4, HE5/PC2

(joint WG’s)◗ 10. Plant Substrates PS1, PS2, PS3, PS4

• One Advisory Group Member Horticultural Production Techniques• 11. Plant Protection PP1, PP2, PP3, PP4, PP5, PP6, PP7, PP8• 12. Post Harvest Horticulture PH1, PH2, PH3, PH4, PH5 (also called

V05), PH6• 13 Biotechnology & Molecular Biology B01, B02, B03, B04, B05• 14. Irrigation & Mineral Nutrition F 07, F18, F20,V02 ,V03

15. Genetic Resources currently no working groups16. Nomenclature NR1, NR217. Urban Horticulture UH118. Economics & Management currently no working groups19. Education & Training currently no working groups

Table 1. Proposed Grouping of Sections, Commissions & WG’s of ISHS

Scientific StructureBoard’s Suggestionson the Scientific Structure

By way of background to these propos-als the ISHS Board recognizes that theintellectual strength of Society has beenbuilt on organizing small, highly special-ized meetings that are very focused,either on a particular crop or a very spe-cialized discipline. These meetings arevery successful, facilitating the exchangeof current research between like-mindedcolleagues from a number of countries.Also the main income stream of ISHS aris-es from these meetings in the form of vol-umes of Acta Horticulturae available bothas hard copy and in electronic format.Although this has been a winning formu-la and continues to do so, no successfulsociety can afford to stand still. The pro-posals outlined below are aimed at induc-ing the Society and its members to bemore outward looking in at least some ofits activities. One major objective is togenerate some large multi-discipline andmulti-crop meetings between our con-gresses, which are currently spaced atfour yearly intervals. This is perceived tobe a gap that is relatively wide in relation-ship to the increasing speed with whichtechnology currently advances.

Proposals for Change to the Sections andCommissions of ISHS

1. Four Sections concerned with fruit areto be formed from the working groupsthat are currently associated with theexisting Sections for Fruit andViticulture and with the Commissionfor Tropical and Subtropical Horti-culture. The names provisionally sug-gested for these separate Sections arePome and Stone Fruits, Soft Fruits andViticulture, Mediterranean Fruits andNut Crops and Tropical and SubtropicalFruits. Each Section will have a chair-

A NEW STRUCTURE FOR THE SCIENCE ORGANISEDWITHIN ISHS

A series of changes to the present structure of the Sections and Commissionsof ISHS was provisionally agreed to by the Board at our meeting held on 25-27th January 2002 in Bruges, Belgium. These proposals detailed below inparagraphs 1 to 7, are to be formally submitted to the Executive Committeeand Council for consideration at the meetings to be held in Toronto Canada inearly August 2002.

person who will be a member of theExecutive Committee. The WorkingGroups to be associated with eachSection are listed in Table 1.

2. The Vice-President, who in future is tochair the Executive Committee, willalso chair a small Advisory Group ofthe Executive Committee whoseresponsibility will be to develop infor-mal linkages and increase the collabo-ration between our individual Sectionsand Commissions.The composition of the Vice-President’s Advisory Group wouldinclude one chairperson to be selectedfrom the chairs the four Fruit Sections,one chairperson from the threeSections for Vegetables + Roots &Tubers, Ornamentals and Medicinal &Aromatic Plants. There will be an

ISHS • 6

Advisory Group Member for the devel-oping area of Protected Cultivation (tobe one of the Chairs of theCommissions for Protected Cultivation,Horticultural Engineering and PlantSubstrates).There will be an Advisory Group mem-ber for Horticultural ProductionTechniques (one of the chairs of theCommissions for Plant Protection, PostHarvest Horticulture, Biotechnologyand Molecular Biology or Irrigation &Mineral Nutrition). An Advisory Groupmember has not been allocated to theCommissions for Nomenclature,Genetic Resources, Education andTraining, Economics and Managementand Urban Horticulture (see commentsunder paras 4 and 6).

3. An imperative for the Vice-PresidentsAdvisory Group will be to generatesome combined, cross commodity andcross-disciplinary meetings. Examplesmight include, the influence of vari-eties, climatic conditions and systemsof production on the nutritional andhealth benefits of horticultural crops orthe long-term impact of sustainableproduction systems on rural communi-ties in relation to changing marketsand supply chains for horticulturalproducts. These larger meetings willaim to appeal to, and include, a rangeof different specialists such as nutri-tionists, environmentalists, ecologists,sociologists, economists, educationexperts, botanists, meteorologists andthose responsible for legislation andgovernmental policy as well as to thediminishing band of ‘generalist’ horti-culturalists. It will be a considerablechallenge to induce these experts whoare traditionally non-ISHS people tojoin with us and broaden the scope ofour larger conferences. It is envisagedthat professional conference organizersmay be employed to arrange some ofour larger meetings. There is a viewthat it is unrealistic to expect youngactive scientists in university and gov-

ernmental employment to continue tocarry the burden of convening andorganizing ISHS symposia without atleast some external help.

4. The Vice-Presidents Advisory Groupwill also be requested to give activeconsideration to forming some newCommissions, possibly in the areas ofsustainable or organic horticulture,precision horticulture, horticulture andhealth, integrated breeding methodsby combining conventional breeding,genetic resources and aspects ofbiotechnology and molecular biology.They should encourage closer collabo-ration with other organizations such asEucarpia. Some new Commissionsmight be developed from the combi-nation and/or expansion of existingworking groups, such as the proposedCommission for Irrigation & MineralNutrition. They might also considerwhether the work of the Commissionfor Urban Horticulture should be moreclosely associated with the Section forOrnamental Plants. Commissions inentirely new disciplinary areas wouldfollow the holding of a successfulworkshops and the formation of newworking groups.

5. A further activity of the AdvisoryGroup will be to assist the some of oursmaller Sections and Commissions tocollaborate and arrange somewhatlarger meetings. This should enablethem to more easily fund the atten-dance of number of invited speakersand the printing the Actas that arisefrom their meetings. The AdvisoryGroup may also be able to assist withthe search for new Chairs for oursmaller Sections and Commissions.

6. There are three Commissions withinISHS, Education and Training,Economics and Management, andPlant Genetic Resources that do nothave Working Groups associated withthem. These disciplinary areas togetherwith that concerned with the

Nomenclature of plants are relevant tomany ISHS activities and should beincluded in as many meetings as possi-ble. The Vice-Presidents AdvisoryGroup will be asked to encouragemembers of these commissions to beactive participants at more of ourmeetings.

7. Further discussion will be needed toestablish whether additional travelfunds from Headquarters would beneeded for the members of theAdvisory Group to enable them tocarry out the tasks for which the Boardhave agreed they take responsibility. Itshould be reminded that these personsare already Chairpersons of a Sectionor a Commission and in this capacityreceiving already some assistance as allother members of the ExecutiveCommittee are. They will as usualattend the joint Board and ExecutiveCommittee meetings at which they willmake recommendations. The Vice-President will nominate the membersof the Advisory Group and the Boardwill approve their appointment. Theterm of office for members of the AGcan be either for 4 years or for stag-gered terms, which would be distrib-uted initially for 2 or 4 years.

John V. PossinghamISHS Vice-President

History


HISTORYHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF THE ISHS

Some time ago the ISHS Board had invited some of our most outstanding researchers and longstanding

ISHS members, many of them already retired from their professional activities, to write down their impres-

sions on ISHS. Several articles have been received and the Board decided to publish these articles in series

of forthcoming numbers of the Society magazine Chronica Horticulturae under the heading ‘Historical

Perspectives of the ISHS’. We are convinced that you will enjoy reading about the good old days but hope

that these articles might inspire you even more about the value of your Society. The first article published

in this number, tells about the series of great memorable congresses. Who said that ISHS congresses were

boring?

We hope that if you had not yet decided to participate to the next ISHS International Horticultural

Congress, that you soon will. We look forward meeting you in Toronto, August 2002 for the XXVIth IHC!

Jozef Van AsscheISHS Executive Director

From Brussels (1962) to Brussels(1998), Personal impressions of 36 yearsof great ISHS Congresses

I always felt that I began my horticultural career at a good time. I started work

in the early 1950s when much of Europe was still short of food and when hor-

ticultural advice, research and development were high on many a national

agenda. Job opportunities were plentiful. After some years as a horticultural

adviser, I was given a research brief in 1955 and so was ready to present a

paper at the 16th International Horticultural Congress (IHC) in Brussels in

1962 - the first Congress held under the auspices of the ISHS. With only one

exception I was privileged to attend all subsequent congresses including the

most recent which again convened in Brussels.

Visiting the same city for the 25th Congress after a break of 36 years was a

powerful reminder of how much society and horticulture have changed during

this period and how successive congresses have adapted to changing times.

Professor Asgar Klougart (Denmark), acharismatic figure at all earlier congressesup until Hamburg in 1982, said thatmemories are small bits of history hiddenin our hearts and brains. Congresses arewell-attended events with many concur-rent sessions so that no one person gets a

complete overview and there can be noconsensus. There are, of course,irrefutable facts and statistics about allCongresses such as the numbers of dele-gates and papers presented, the countriesrepresented and the names of keynotespeakers. On the other hand, personalimpressions are subjective and will vary

greatly between people depending ontheir horticultural interest and experience.The passage of time also changes thedesires and perspectives of every individ-ual participant. Certainly my expectationsaltered over the period of the Congressesas I changed from enthusiastic neophyteresearcher to balding retiree.

BRUSSELS 1962

The 16th International HorticulturalCongress was a key event for ISHS beingthe first held under its auspices. ProfessorA. Lecrenier, ISHS President and his col-leagues had worked hard in preparing anexcellent programme and in publicisingthe event widely. Professor Lecrenier hadtravelled to England in February 1962 toaddress the Horticultural EducationAssociation of Great Britain and Irelandon ‘Horticulture in Belgium’. With theground well prepared, the Congress washighly successful with a diverse group ofparticipants from 52 countries, represent-ing all continents. It was to this variedaudience that Professor H.B.Tukey (Sn.)

ISHS • 8

in a keynote address likened horticultureto a great green carpet covering theearth, upon which are gathered all kindsand conditions of men.Memories are somewhat blurred after alapse of nearly four decades. But my mostvivid recollections are of masterly generallectures, an enormous number of submit-ted papers presented in English, Frenchand German and hair raising dashesacross main thoroughfares throughchaotic traffic to reach some of the minormeeting rooms located some distancefrom the main congress building.As with the congresses that followed,time was not devoted solely to paperreading sessions. Memories also includeleisurely official gourmet meals, visits tosome of Belgium’s many architectural andcultural treasures such as the beautiful,mediaeval city of Bruges and informativefield trips demonstrating the diversity andstrength of the national horticulturalindustry.The 16th Congress broke new ground inmany ways. Previously congresses hademphasised science but in 1962, econom-ic subjects were introduced for the firsttime and one of twenty colloquia heldduring the congress was devoted to thistopic.

MARYLAND 1966

A World Congress in Horticulture washeld in Chicago in 1893 but as it wasattended by only two or three participantsfrom Europe it was not recorded in theannals as an International HorticulturalCongress. Accordingly the meeting inMaryland was the first international horti-cultural congress to be held on the conti-nent of America.Probably more than at any other con-gress, the Maryland meeting demonstrat-ed the problems that can arise when ‘oneis spoiled for choice’. It was a massivegathering of the world’s horticultural andbiological scientists. For the horticulturalgroup did not meet alone. On this occa-sion it met within the framework of theAmerican Institute of Biological Sciencesalong with over 20 other affiliated biolog-ical societies including the AmericanSociety of Plant Pathologists and theBotanical Society of America.All meetings were open to delegatesattending the 17th IHC. The warm wel-come extended to all visitors by ourAmerican hosts and the resulting friendly,informal atmosphere that quickly infusedthe Maryland campus along with themany thousands of square metres of sci-entific and educational exhibits, made the

congress a unique experience for manyoverseas visitors. With 1,900 delegatesfrom 50 countries, the congress broke allprevious records for attendance; 710 lec-tures were delivered in 21 colloquia andat 65 afternoon sessions. The long walk-ing distance between meeting rooms wasa problem for some participants changingsession. A shuttle bus and the kindness ofgenerous car driving Americans reducedthe problem to minor proportions.Participants expected the congress to bewell organised and it was. With fewexceptions, they did not expect Marylandto be so hot and sticky. Many delegateswho opted for the simple, inexpensivebut adequate facilities in students’ dormi-tories found the heat oppressive. To com-pound the problem, the Maryland cam-pus was a temperance area by law. Freshfrom a discussion on ‘Plants and waterrelations’ and with his own brand ofDanish humour Asgar Klougart suggestedthat ‘old Tukey and John Carew hadheated up the campus so that we couldfeel the effects of moisture stress onhumans.’Discomfort at night in airless dormitoriesand absence of alcoholic beverages wereminimised by the splendour and unstint-ing hospitality of the social events such asthe colourful Hawaiian evening party andthe magnificent congress banquet. Thisbanquet was the occasion for a masterlyaddress on ‘Horticulture - Challenge andOpportunity’ by Dr H.R. Fletcher, RegiusKeeper, Royal Botanic Gardens,Edinburgh, Scotland. Dr H.B. Tukey (Sn.)described the setting for the address asfollows:- ‘Five hundred persons from allcorners of the world were in attendance.Only once in a long, long time does the‘perfect’ occasion arise. This was one. Thearrangements were choice - in food, com-fort and stimulating companionship.Flowering bulbs had been flown from theNetherlands to grace the tables and toshow what industry and science can doworking together. This was the climax ofthe Congress - a week and more of excel-lent papers, discussions, tours and enter-tainment. It was this audience that DrFletcher addressed.’The atmosphere was electric at the end ofan address in which Dr Fletcher empha-sised the vital task facing horticulture inrelation to the balanced development ofmany nations and to the preservation ofthe treasures of nature. When theapplause had subsided Asgar Klougartmounted the rostrum and took the micro-phone. With a twinkle in his eye belyinghis serious expression, he solemnly askedthe Chairman Dr Tukey (Sn.), where was‘the great green carpet that covered the

earth?’ as he had never seen anything sodry, brown and parched as the Marylandlandscape at the present time! And so theMaryland Congress finished on a highnote with an evening that had everything- good food, companionship, serious sci-ence and humour all contained in oneunforgettable evening.

TEL AVIV 1970

Organising a conference is hard work.Organising an International HorticulturalCongress is a gargantuan task. The organ-isers of the Tel Aviv Congress were wellaware of this in 1962 when they issuedthe invitation in Brussels to hold the 18thCongress in Israel in 1970. What theycould not have foreseen was the politicalunrest of the ensuing years culminating inthe Six Day War in 1967.Regrettably these troubles caused anxi-eties in certain quarters. According to amember of the organising committee acable from America, one month beforethe congress, asked ‘How many peoplehave been killed in Tel Aviv last week?Reply voucher. Stop’. The answer ‘None.Two injured in car crash. Stop.’Apart from keeping some delegates away,the momentous events surrounding theSix Day War did not harm the Congress.On the contrary it seemed to strengthenthe resolve of all Israelis directly or indi-rectly involved with the meeting to ensurethat it was an outstanding success.Foreign delegates who might have stayedaway from Tel Aviv because of interna-tional tension missed out on a memorablecongress. Paradoxically, the atmospherein the hotel, where lectures and meetingswere held, was possibly more peacefuland relaxing that in any Congress beforeor since. The reason was simple; the num-ber of participants was small - only about900 - and all activities could be concen-trated in one location. With the use of asingle building, delegates could contacteach other more easily and the freneticrush from one building to anotherbetween sessions, that characterised somany congresses, was avoided. Theorganisers had also cleverly limited thenumber of sessions to the rooms availablein the one building and so choosing onefrom a number of equally inviting concur-rent sessions was easier for delegates thanat other congresses.Not that everything went absolutelyaccording to plan - an impossibility at ameeting of this size and complexity. Arecurring difficulty for congress organisersis the allocation of the right sized roomfor a particular speaker or topic. MarkCathey (USA) ended up giving one of his


flamboyant show lectures in the Hiltonnight club. George Sheard (UK) tooattracted a substantially larger audiencethan the organisers anticipated and therewas standing room only. An overcrowdedlecture room is not normally any great dif-ficulty; on the contrary it can gives thelecture a cachet or importance that itmight not otherwise have had in a roomwith many empty seats.Another surprise for lightly clad delegateswho had travelled to Israel expecting toenjoy uninterrupted spring sunshine, wasthe heavy and sustained rainstorms.These drenched many delegates on fieldtrips but were insufficient for the waterdeficient soil and so the sprinklers keptrotating.A highlight of this meeting was thepoignant opening address on ‘Wateredgardens’ by Dr P. Spiegel-Roy, President18th IHC. The address was topical as lackof water is the Achilles’ heel of Israeli hor-ticulture and the garden is a symbol ofabundance and well-being. It was alsoredolent of the historical horticulturalachievements of Carthage and Babylon,skilfully set against the current problemsfacing the new state. Describing thepeace and prosperity for which the worldcraves, Dr Spiegel-Roy closed his addresswith the words of the prophet Micah, ‘Butthey shall sit every man under his vineand under his fig tree’ and asked for thecongress deliberations to be blessed withthe wisdom of the ancients, the vigour ofyouth, vision and amity.Another unforgettable aspect was thegenerous hospitality displayed by ourIsraeli hosts to overseas guests. Althoughgreatly outnumbered by the influx of vis-itors, they opened their homes and insti-tutes in large numbers and discussions onIsraeli politics and horticultural topics last-ed long into the night.

WARSAW 1974

The year 1974 was a period of continuingdistrust between east and west concern-ing strategic arms limitation talks (SALT).While the political atmosphere was cool,the mood in horticultural circles was verydifferent. The Warsaw congress was time-ly and innovative as it provided the firstreal meeting place for horticultural scien-tists from east and west. In the longpreparation time for this congress, thehighest standards of sociability andfriendliness had been evident from theCongress President Professor Dr S.A.Pieniazek and these attributes were alsoadopted by his Polish colleagues. Againsta background of warm hospitality, thehost nation provided a fertile seedbed for

genuine co-operation and better under-standing between people from all parts ofthe world.The constructive atmosphere at the scien-tific sessions was enhanced by conviviali-ty of superb social events. In particular,the musical and dancing events duringthe opening ceremony at the Palace ofCulture and Science were performed tothe highest possible professional stan-dards and will never be forgotten bythose present.From a personal viewpoint, the organisa-tion of the Congress was superb with onlyone very minor, private glitch. The limou-sine that had been arranged to meetCouncil members at the airport to takethem to their hotel, in my case, failed toappear. Twenty years later, I heard J.C.Robinson of South Africa, reminiscinghow surprised he was, having beenawarded his PhD degree shortly beforethe 1974 congress, to hear a call for DrRobinson as soon as he had cleared cus-toms at Warsaw airport. He was evenmore astonished when a stretch limousinewhisked him and his rucksack in style tohis students’ quarters in the city. It is an illwind that blows nobody any good.In the preparations for the congress, theorganisers had striven for a formula thatwould provide excellent papers from wellestablished scientists and, at the sametime, allow young, yet-unproven scien-tists a platform. Accordingly, an invitedspeaker introduced each session and thiswas followed by a number of contributedpapers. Many of the latter were submit-ted by people who wished to attend themeeting and who, by offering papers toone or more sessions, hoped to increasetheir chances of attendance. The pro-gramme included over 1,000 lectures on awide range of topics but many speakerswhose papers were accepted for presen-tation failed to show up. This allowedmore time for questions and discussionson previously presented papers.

SYDNEY 1978

Anxieties over the wisdom of holding acongress in southern hemisphere in midAugust were rife close up to the openingdate. Would enough delegates attendfrom the northern hemisphere to makethe congress worthwhile? In particular,would participants from northern coun-tries curtail their holidays and forsakesummer pleasures to attend a meeting inthe Australian ‘winter’? The answer at theopening ceremony in the Concert Hall ofthe famous Sydney Opera House was aresounding ‘yes’. Refreshments presented

by the Australian wine growers flowedfreely after the ceremony in bothNorthern and Southern Foyers and theproceedings continued on a high note forthe rest of the week.With the University of Sydney as thevenue, over 900 papers were presentedeither orally or by poster in five workingdays. Many of the presenters were fromAustralia or New Zealand but there wasalso good overseas representation. Morethan in any other congress, before orsince, there was ready interactionbetween the audience (often withAustralians in the majority) and thespeaker. Australian speakers, in particular,were kept on their toes, for if their contri-bution was not new and original, theycould well be told so from the floor beforethe end of the presentation.I remember clearly an interesting sessionchaired by Brian Morley from theAdelaide Botanic Gardens on ‘The devel-opment of Australian native plants’.Howls of laughter came from some sec-tions of the audience when I started mypresentation by saying that ‘theEucalyptus is a remarkable genus withgreat potential for ornamental use’. It isgratifying now to note the numbers ofPhD students working in Australia on thedecorative aspects of this versatile genus.This lively, vocal involvement by the audi-ence made for spirited sessions and con-tributed to a relaxed, informal atmos-phere and a good interchange of views.Another contribution to the sociableatmosphere was the comfortable hospi-tality room with its ‘bottomless coffeepot’. Here free coffee and fruit juices wereavailable all day long and many lastingfriendships were made in the CarslawBuilding during the week.All congresses are different in their ownway but the Australian meeting was espe-cially so. It was the first and only horticul-tural congress held in the southern hemi-sphere. While ISHS President W.F. Walkeracted as roving ambassador drumming upsupport for the Congress, the lateGraham Gregory took on the oneroustask as Chairman of the OrganisingCommittee. That the congress ran sosmoothly and was so well supportedfinancially is a great testimony to his skilland the dedication of the committee.With sessions held in only a few buildingson campus and within a short walkingdistance of each other, movementbetween sessions was easy. Interestingexhibitions, displays, short excursions,tours and a full social programme all con-tributed further to an exceptionally pleas-ant and rewarding congress.

ISHS • 10

HAMBURG 1982

The 21st IHC broke all records of con-gresses held under the auspices of theISHS. Over 2,200 participants arrived inHamburg from 77 countries and present-ed 1,250 papers and posters. This enor-mous gathering of horticultural scientistspresented no obvious problems for ISHSPresident Professor Dr Dietrich Fritz andhis Organising Committee and the meet-ing ran smoothly with many innovations.Chinese horticulturists participated in thisISHS Congress for the first time and cre-ated great interest with breeders wishingto exchange plant material.The motto of the congress ‘Horticulture inthe Industrial Society’ was topical. Theproblems that faced Germany in 1982were becoming more commonplace inother European countries at that time.Consequently, many of the papers had aspecial appeal.In his opening remarks Professor Fritzsummed up pithily the conflict betweenhorticulture and the industrialised societyin these words:- ‘In densely populatedindustrial countries with a high wage lev-els and exacting standards expected byconsumers, the problems of growing andmarketing, and especially those caused bythe environment, are especially obvious.Among the important topics are healthcare, quality and marketing of horticultur-al products and the contribution theymake to improving our lives and bright-ening our environment. The 1,200 papersto be delivered at this Congress reflect thewhole spectrum of the problems weencounter today.’With vast industrialised conurbations, thefunctional use of plants in cities if of espe-cial interest in Germany. Much researchhas been done there on the many waysthat plants, especially large trees, canimprove living conditions for city dwellers.It was fitting, therefore, that after years ofdiscussion at Council level, a new body,the Commission for Urban Horticulturewas established in Hamburg.The organising committee had paid spe-cial attention to the social side of the con-gress. Despite the large numbersinvolved, opportunities for establishinggood personal contacts were plentiful forall participants who wished to avail ofthem. The first evening was a highly suc-cessful, jovial but crowed occasion whenover 1,000 people were served Germanbeer and snacks. This was done withremarkable efficiency in the open underperfect weather conditions and in a set-ting that provided participants withsuperb views of the attractive garden‘Planten und Bloemen’. Further opportu-

nities for developing new contacts andstrengthening old friendships occurredthroughout the week at many ‘gettogethers’, scientific sessions, tours,excursions and the fabulous farewellparty enlivened by performances by folk-lore groups from the Hamburg area.Despite the bright lights and many count-er attractions of Hamburg, much usefulexchange of views occurred during thecongress. Facilities for both oral andposter presentations were outstandingand the poster rooms were accessibleevery day until 22.00 hours. Many peo-ple, both authors and participants, discov-ered for the first time in Hamburg thatposters are not an inferior way of pre-senting research results. In many casesposter sessions provide a better forum forexchanging ideas and establishing worth-while contacts.

DAVIS, CALIFORNIA, 1986

There was something déjà vu about theDavis Congress. It wasn’t just that theCongress was meeting again in the USAfor the second time in only 20 years. Thefeeling of ‘having been here before’ camefrom the fact that an H.B.Tukey wasagain President. ‘Like father like son’,Harold (Jn) bore many similarities, both inphysical features and in personality, to hisfather, who was President of the 17th IHCin Maryland. Two large men, who chairedmeetings of Council skilfully and efficient-ly and both presided over large congress-es. The 22nd IHC grew to be the largestmeeting of horticultural scientists in theworld, with 3,900 participants assemblingin Davis from all over the globe.It seemed that most of the participantshad gathered on the grass in front of theMemorial Union Building on the firstevening for the welcoming barbecue. Thecampus looked superb, the weather wasglorious and the American food, drinksand music created a magical atmosphere.The garden was just the right size, smallenough to encourage the making of newfriendships with those close by and spa-cious enough to enable old acquaintancesto be spotted at a distance.This was an exceptionally hard workingcongress. There were over 1,700 presen-tations of research activities with mostmeetings starting at 8.30 hours and somegoing on late into the evening. But therewere plenty of pleasant breaks in theCalifornian sunshine to balance the timespent in darkened lecture theatres andcrowed poster sessions. Two memorableevents were the animated wine andcheese reception by the CampusSwimming Pool and the informative

walking tours around the magnificentspecimen trees in the area. Many of theworld’s botanical gardens would envy thearboricultural wealth of the Davis cam-pus, in terms both of tree health andnumbers and also the enthusiasm andknowledge of the staff who conductedthe tours.Dr Bill Simms, Chairman of theOrganising Committee had a hard tenday period during the meeting but hadthe satisfaction of knowing that the 22ndIHC was a succes. Over 600 participantsindicated that they wished to receiveinformation on the next Congress to beheld in Florence in four years time.

FLORENCE 1990

As events turned out, my apprehensionsabout the Florence meeting were largelyunfounded. With the increasing size ofeach succeeding congress, I feared therecould be an accommodation problem ifan extra several thousand horticulturistsdescended on the beautiful city ofFlorence in the middle of the tourist sea-son. I had a hunch that participants mighthave to overnight in Pisa and be bussed ineach morning. In the circumstances, mywife and I decided to pack our clothes,my slides and ISHS documents into theback of the car and take a tent.There were complaints from some partic-ipants about the accommodation inFlorence - the high prices, the heat andthe poor outlook. ‘From our cool andcomfortable beds we have a magnificentpanoramic view of the dome and thelights of Florence’, I said truthfully. ‘Andit’s only costing a total of $10 a night,’‘Where’s that?’ they would ask incredu-lously. ‘The municipal campsite’ I replied.Later in the week, the campsite gavepleasure to many others, as wives of par-ticipants visited during working time toenjoy the cool breeze and the magnificentviews from Campeggio municipale atPiazzale de Michelangelo.In hindsight, the incongruity of dressingup in a modest tent to attend officialfunctions was bound to be greater inFlorence than at any other congress, suchwas the grandeur of the buildings in thecity and surroundings. The absurdity ofthe contrast hit me the first evening assoon as we arrived at Poggio a Caiano forthe welcome reception after a fascinating20 km drive through the beautifulTuscany countryside. No other congressstarted in such a setting. The magnificentVilla Medici was resplendent in the lateevening sunshine with its huge stairs andloggia and inside the priceless horticultur-al paintings of the Medici collection.


Outside as daylight faded, the music,food, drink, the making of new friend-ships and the reunion with old friends,some not seen since Davis, laid the foun-dation for the highly successful Congressto follow.Attendance at Florence (2,500 partici-pants from 72 countries) was evengreater than at the record breakingHamburg Congress. Organising aCongress in a small, tourist packed city isprobably more difficult than if the venuehad been a large commercial city or amajor University campus. ISHS PresidentProfessor Franco Scaramuzzi and his sup-porting committees took it all in theirstride. The efficient way coaches wereorganised to transport over 2,000 partici-pants the 20 km to Poggio a Caiano wasespecially impressive.Some participants felt that Florence wastoo beautiful and interesting a venue for acongress and, as a result, its treasureswould entice participants away from theserious, scientific sessions. This did nothappen to any extent and the diligentGeorgus Germing (Netherlands) recordedthat he noticed very few congress mem-bers in the city during his trips there inworking time. But at lunchtime it was adifferent matter. Then many people bear-ing the distinctive IHC logo could be seenall over the city!

KYOTO 1994

One thousand, nine hundred participantsattended the 24th IHC in Kyoto, Japan inAugust 1994, including 900 from 60 for-eign countries. This was the first ISHSCongress held in eastern Asia. Regrettablyother commitments prevented me fromattending, the only congress missedbetween 1962 and 1998.Professor R. Sakiyama acted as ISHSPresident in a most unassuming and mod-est manner from 1990 - 1994 and wonmuch praise for his leadership, culminat-ing in a successful congress. Professor M.Iwata, the hard working Chairman of theOrganising Committee published anaccount of the gathering in ChronicaHorticulturae, 35, 4, 6, (December 1994).Participants still speak of a well organisedmeeting with many innovative features ina beautiful city that had just celebratedthe 12th centennial anniversary of itsestablishment as the capital of Japan in794 AD.

BRUSSELS 1998

With Brussels once again the setting forthe IHC, the wheel has moved full circlefrom the first ISHS-organised congress.

But much has changed in 36 years. Thecity with its superb road and rail system isunrecognisable from the 1962 version.Switching from one session to anotherwas painless and safe due to the closeproximity of the meeting rooms in theCongress Centre and freedom from traf-fic. Koen Verhoeff, Chairman of the 25thIHC and his Organising Committee hadselected the venue well.The period of the congresses has been atime of unprecedented technical progress,rapidly changing consumer tastes, grow-ing concern about the environment andmajor political upheaval. The scientificprogramme and the horticultural industryvisited during technical excursions havechanged significantly. The strong empha-sis on ‘Soils, fertilising and water manage-ment’ in 1962 had gone and a whole newvocabulary had been introduced by 1998,such as computers and automation,biotechnology, in-vitro culture, geneexpression and genome analysis. Therehas also been a subtle change in themeaning of some words in the interven-ing period. Sixty six papers were present-ed in six sessions in 1962 under the title‘Environment’ but these papers dealtexclusively with the influence of outsidefactors on horticultural crops and not onthe effects of horticultural practice on thenatural environment.The important sessions on ‘Sustainablecrop production’ in 1998 would havebeen foreign to many researchers in 1962where the main focus was very much onincreased yields and reduced productioncosts. The fundamental change in priori-ties was put succinctly by ISHS PresidentProfessor Silviero Sansavini when he saidin his opening address, ‘The main issuesfacing horticulture today has as much anethical and social as an economic dimen-sion.’Crops and equipment seen on field excur-sions have also changed dramatically.Although glasshouse grape productionwas already a declining industry in 1962,there were still 36,000 greenhouses southof Brussels each producing 400-450 kg ofgrapes annually at the time of the 16thIHC. The arrival of the common marketand the fierce competition from outdoorgrapes produced in southern countriessaw the demise of this once great indus-try.Although grapes have gone, fruit cropsare once again being produced underprotective covers in Belgium. As thewheel moves full circle, visitors to the25th IHC were shown a new thriving sec-tor of Belgium’s fruit industry - theextended season production of strawber-ries, raspberries and other soft fruits

under plastic covers. A number of centres,including the National Research Station atMeerle, are spearheading this resurrectionof a fruit industry under protection.But some things don’t change. The con-gress retains its value as a means of dis-seminating information widely through-out the world. It is also a superb providerof opportunities for scientists to strength-en links with those of similar interests and,more importantly, those in other Sectionsand Commissions where similar problemsand solutions often occur.People who criticise congresses on thegrounds that they are too large andimpersonal miss the point. Congresses arenot meant to be a substitute for symposiaor colloquia where a small group of scien-tists meet to discuss a limited area, com-modity or field of science in depth.Congresses are not primarily aboutpapers, posters or symposia - they areabout contacts, making new friends,especially from other countries andcementing old friendships. Just as no oneis an island, so also is no discipline or seg-ment of horticulture. A valuable cross fer-tilisation of ideas between horticulturalscientists in different fields has been aregular feature of congresses from thebeginning.All ISHS members and the horticulturalworld owe a great debt of gratitude tocongress organisers. The work involved issubstantial but so also is the contributionto world horticulture in terms of informa-tion transfer and strengthened ties offriendship between countries. See you inToronto, 2002.

CONTACT:David Robinson, Baron’s Brae, CeanchorRoad, Baily, Co. Dublin, Ireland.

David Robinson

ISHS • 12

Fruit SectionIII International Symposium onPistachios and Almonds

The third International Symposium on Pistachios and Almonds was held at the

Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Zaragoza, Spain, on May 20-24, 2001.

The Symposium was organized by the Servicio de Investigación

Agroalimentaria of the Diputación General de Aragón (SIA-DGA) under the

auspices of the International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS) and the

support of the International Centre for Advanced Agronomic Mediterranean

Studies (CIHEAM), the Asociación Interprofesional para el Desarrollo Agrario

(AIDA), the Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y

Agroalimentaria (INIA), the Dirección General de Investigación of the Spanish

Ministry of Science and Technology, and the Food and Agriculture

Organization of the United Nations (FAO; Regional Office for Europe - REU

and Regional Office for the Near East - RNE), as well as by growers’ associa-

tions and local institutions.

The Symposium was attended by 135delegates from the five continents:Oceania (Australia), America (Argentina,Chile and the United States), Africa(Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia), Asia(China, Iran and Turkey) and Europe(Belgium, France, Greece, Italy, Portugaland Spain). Concurrently, this Symposiumwas also the XII Colloquium of GREMPA(Group de Recherches et d’ÉtudesMéditerranéen pour le Pistachier etl’Amandier) which was established on thesame premises in February 1974.The opening ceremony was presided overby the Counsellor of Agriculture of theregional government of Aragón, Mr.

Participants of the Pistachios andAlmonds Meeting


Gonzalo Arguilé, and was opened by thewelcome words of the convener, Dr. R.Socias i Company, who referred to the his-tory of almond and pistachio meetingsand to the great figures of almondresearch in the 20th century: Dr. Dale E.Kester from California, who was unable toattend due to his advanced age,Dr.Charles Grasselly from France, whoattended the symposium and presidedover one of the sessions, and Dr. AntonioJ. Felipe from Spain, who gave the firstinvited lecture. ISHS was present throughthe words of Dr. Manuel Carrera, memberof the Board of Directors of the FruitSection.The symposium was a unique opportunityto gather the researchers on these twospecies and offer a place of open dialogueduring the sessions as well as during thebreaks and especially during the postersession on Monday afternoon, whenmore than 60 papers were discussed.Besides the first invited lecture by Dr.Antonio J. Felipe (Spain), “Overlook ofalmond cultivars and rootstocks: a lifetimeexperience”, there were two more invitedlectures: “Almond fruitfulness and role ofself-fertility” by Prof. Angelo Godini(Italy) and „Pistachio nut growing in theMediterranean basin” by Prof. NurettinKaska (Turkey). There were eight oral ses-sions with more than 50 papers distrib-uted among such topics as rootstocks,

economics, almond self-compatibility,breeding, nutrition, physiology, orchardmanagement and pathology. The widerrepresentation of subjects presented dur-ing this symposium in comparison withthe previous ones probably enabled astronger interchange of views and infor-mation. Also the diversity of managementof the two species contributed to thiseffect. Self-compatibility in almonds wasspecially stressed and for the first timefruit composition and quality and the dif-ferent possibilities of industrial utilizationof the kernels was presented.

The business meeting stressed the need tocomplete the inventory of pistachioresearch, bibliography and germplasm, ashad already been done in almond byFrancesco Monastra. Discussion on fur-ther meetings centered on the XIII GREM-PA Colloquium, to be held probably inMirandela (Portugal) in 2003, convenedby M.M. Oliveira and A. Monteiro. TheIV ISHS Symposium will be held in Iran,probably in September 2005.Field visits included the experimentalfields of the SIA-DGA, with the collectionof almond germplasm, reference forGREMPA and the Spanish geneticresources network, rootstock trials andseedling and selection evaluation plots.Besides, an irrigated and a non-irrigatedalmond orchard was visited, as well as the

almond processing plant of the growers’association Frutos Secos Alcañiz. The pis-tachio group visited a pistachio orchard inMaials. Both groups gathered for lunch atthe magnificent castle of Alcañiz.Social events included a visit to themedieval monastery of Rueda during thefield visit, as well as a welcoming recep-tion where old friends could gather toshare the first impressions after the lastmeeting. There was also a reception atthe City Hall as well as a visit to theAljafería castle, where the Coral Campusde Aula Dei offered a concert, including atraditional song with words adapted tothe almond event, as well as the GREMPAanthem. The closing banquet was thefinal moment to make appointments forthe following meeting.The four days of the meeting were afriendly course of excellent scientific pre-sentations and relaxed discussions. Theproceedings of the symposium are inpreparation for publication in ActaHorticulturae after editorial review.

R. Socias i CompanyConvener

Fruit SectionV International Peach SymposiumPeach researchers from around the

world gathered at the University of

California in Davis, California for the

Vth International Peach Symposium

hosted by Dr. Scott Johnson and Dr.

Carlos Crisosto, with the support of

the UC-Davis Pomology Department.

All the major peach producing countrieswere represented. Scientists from theUnited States and Italy predominated,reflecting the importance of peach pro-duction in those 2 countries. Spain,France, Australia ,Chile, China, Romaniaand Mexico were also well represented. Intotal 146 delegates representing 22 coun-tries were in attendance. A highlight of

the meeting was the Riverboat cruise anddinner on the Sacramento River.Major topics for the symposium werebreeding and genetics, biotechnology,rootstocks, orchard management, treephysiology, post-harvest research, andpest management. Almost 50 oral paperswere presented, with an additional 75papers displayed as posters. Numerouspapers described the use of molecularbiology to identify peach varieties, or toallow the use of marker-assisted selectionfor traits such as resistance to nematodesor powdery mildew. Some topics pro-duced lively discussions, such as whetherthe reported resistance in peach and apri-cot to plum pox virus would hold upunder orchard conditions. Some thoughtapparently resistant clones may in fact beescapes, given the elusive nature of thevirus within the plant.

A post-conference tour led by Kevin Day,Ted DeJong and Scott Johnson provided aglimpse into the California peach industry.Stone fruit production in Californiaincludes freestone peaches (16,000 ha),canning peaches (12,000 ha), nectarines(14,000 ha), plums (15,000 ha), apricot(7,700 ha), cherry (7,700 ha) and almond(202,000 ha). Total production of peachand nectarine last year was about 1.1 mil-lion tons. The tour visited the breedingprogram at Zaiger’s Genetics in Modesto,Burchell Nurseries in Oakdale andWawona Frozen Foods’ peach freezingplant in Fresno. The tour also visited theUniversity of California’s Kearney AgCenter in Parlier to see the new state-of-the-art post-harvest research lab of Dr.Crisosto, as well as the extensive researchplots of university and USDA-ARS scien-tists.

ISHS • 14

Participants of the Peach Symposium

The participants voted to accept theoffer of Chile to host the next congressin 2005. The likely convenor will be Dr.Rodrigo Infante ([email protected]) of the University of Chile. He

also will assume the position ofChairman of the Peach Working Group.Previous Peach Symposia were held inItaly, USA (South Carolina), China, andFrance.

William R. Okie

Fruit SectionInternational Symposium on FoliarNutrition of Perennial Fruit Plants

From September 11 to September 15 Meran (South Tyrol, Italy) hosted theInternational Symposium on Foliar Nutrition of Perennial Fruit Plants, a scien-tific event organised by the “Dipartimento di Colture Arboree” of the BolognaUniversity, the South Tyrol Advisory Service for Fruit and Wine Growing andthe Laimburg Centre for Agricultural Research, under the aegis of the ISHSWorking Group on Mineral Nutrition of Deciduous Fruit Crops. TheSymposium was one of the events celebrating the centenary of Bologna’sFaculty of Agricultural Sciences. The Convenor of the Symposium was Prof.Massimo Tagliavini; Dr. Wolfgang Drahorad acted as Co-convenor, Dr. JosefDalla Via was the Vice-President and Mrs. Edith Pertoll the Secretary of theOrganising Committee. The Scientific Committee (with 22 members from 12Countries) was co-ordinated by its Secretary, Dr. Moreno Toselli, supported byDr. Martin Thalheimer and Dr. Donatella Malaguti. Local public sponsors pro-vided the main financial support which was integrated by contributions fromsome Italian fertiliser companies.

The Meran Symposium brought to-gether main specialists of foliar nutrition indifferent sectors (basic and appliedresearch, public and private advisors andfertiliser companies, experts in legislation)to discuss for the first time all issues relat-ed to the mineral nutrition of fruit plantsvia their aerial organs. Around 230 dele-gates from 40 countries were present.Besides researchers, a significant share ofthose in attendance, who greatly con-tributed to the general discussion, wasrepresented by the main fertiliser compa-nies from around the world as well aspublic and private field advisors from dif-ferent continents.The scientific programme included anopening lecture by Prof. Konrad Mengel,


Participants of the International Symposium on Foliar Nutrition of Perennial Fruit Plants

12 keynote lectures, 36 oral presentationsand 73 posters, divided into 8 sessions.Most papers will be included in the pro-ceedings, which will be published as avolume of Acta Horticulturae in the nearfuture.Several papers addressed the physiologi-cal aspects of foliar nutrition and dis-cussed penetration of nutrients and theiruptake into leaf cells. Aqueous pores inthe cuticle and, as new evidence indi-cates, stomata represent main pathwaysfor their penetration into mesophyll leafcells. Temperature has no effect on ratesof penetration of salts, which on the otherhand increase with increasing relativehumidity. Surfactants in general increasethe speed of penetration, with the excep-tion of Ca salts. Unlike salts, penetrationof non-ionic substances like urea is notvery dependent on relative humidity ofthe air. Nitrogen penetrates with higherefficiency if applied as urea or as inorgan-ic ion than when applied in an amino acidform.Scientists agreed that conditions for effec-tive usage of foliar nutrients occur, whentree nutrient demand exceeds the nutri-ents available from soil and from withintree storage, when the magnitude offoliar nutrient delivery, uptake and trans-port satisfies tree nutrient demand, andwhen the delivery of foliar nutrients is

more efficient than soil delivery; theseapply soon after remobilisation ofreserves from winter storage is finishing, atime when soil nutrient uptake isimpaired, heavy crop is expected andtrees suffer from micronutrient deficien-cies. Several papers dealt with conditionsin the apoplast affecting uptake of nutri-ents into leaf cells and factors influencinginactivation of nutrients, like iron andzinc. The mobility of a nutrient element inthe phloem is an important determinantof crop responsiveness to foliar fertiliza-tion, as clearly demonstrated by theexample of boron.Alleviating or preventing mineral deficien-cy by foliar nutrient supply was a majorissue during the Symposium: papers onnitrogen, potassium, magnesium, iron,zinc, boron, manganese were presented,including comparisons of soil and canopyapplications and of rates and products dif-fering for active ingredients. Several stud-ies addressed the question related to thefate of the nutrients taken up by trees andtheir within-tree partitioning usinglabelled isotopes.Estimates indicate that foliar fertilisersrepresent 0.5-1% in volume (max 3% invalue) of the total world fertiliser market,but these values are increasing and incountries like Spain it reaches 15-18 mil-lion Euro per year (62% of that in fruit

trees). There is clearly a need to handlequality aspects of foliar fertilisers and leg-islation separately from soil fertilisers.A special session was devoted to “foliarapplication of products other than miner-al nutrients” (organic compounds, sea-weed extracted amino-acids, humic acids,etc), which are often called biostimulants.This issue focussed the attention of theaudience and created an interestingdebate. As stressed by many speakers,however, in spite of great expectations inthe industry, this special area suffers froma lack of basic research and a survey ofpublished papers on biostimulants indi-cates that too often they only report visi-ble effects due to spraying commercialproducts whose characteristics are oftennot even stated.Issues related to fruit quality and especial-ly to calcium nutrition were addressed in aspecific session, where comparisonsamong products, application techniques,rates and application timings were pre-sented. Strong emphasis was given to theearly diagnosis of the development of cal-cium-related disorders.A final session organised by Dr. LukasBertschinger was devoted to fulfil the gapbetween science and practice and dis-cussed the role of foliar nutrients undersustainable fruit production. A group ofscientists coordinated by Prof. Patrick

Commission Plant Genetic Resources

ISHS • 16

SYMPOSIUM WEBSITE:www.agrsci.unibo.it/isfn

Brown (Davis, California) worked on theconclusions of the Symposium, presentinga manifesto stressing the fact that “Foliarfertilization can no longer be viewed asmerely the fertilizer means of last resort,but it is clearly a valid, multidisciplinaryscience in its own right. In the comingyears, foliar nutrition will become increas-ingly important as a management tool,and may become an essential for sustain-able production in many cropping sys-tems”.During the mid-symposium Tour, the par-ticipants visited the laboratories and facil-ities of the Laimburg Centre forAgricultural Research. The main researchprojects related to sustainable fruit grow-ing were presented and discussed during

a visit to the fields and the afternoonended in the impressive “Cellar (excavat-ed) in the Rock” with the tasting of anexcellent selection of local wines.At the end of the symposium, the busi-ness meeting of the Working Group onMineral Nutrition of Deciduous FruitCrops took place. It was decided to holdthe next symposium of the WG in Talca(Chile), probably in January 2004, as thepreviously decided proposal by SouthAfrica (Stellenbosch) was withdrawn. TheChair of the ISHS Fruit Section, Dr.Antony Webster, who kindly agreed toparticipate at the Symposium and theChair of the WG, Massimo Tagliavini, aswell as the other WG members thankedDr. Jorge Retamales for this proposal as

well as Dr. E. Sanchez, who proposed toorganise a post-symposium tour inArgentina. It was also decided not to heldthe Symposium on Foliar Nutrition ofPerennial Fruit Plants as a regular event(e.g. every 3 years) of the WorkingGroup, but to hold another symposiumon these issues when significant progressso warrants.

Massimo Tagliavini

International Symposium on SustainableUse of Plant Biodiversity to Promote NewOpportunities for HorticulturalProduction DevelopmentThe International Symposium on „Sustainable Use of Plant Biodiversity toPromote New Opportunities for Horticultural Production Development” washeld in Antalya, Turkey on 6-9 November, 2001. The symposium was jointlyheld by the Turkish Society for Horticultural Science (TSHS), The Ministry ofAgriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), the Turkish Scientific and TechnicalResearch Council (TUBITAK) and the Mediterranean Agronomic Institute ofChania. The convener, Professor Yüksel Tüzel, President of the Turkish Societyfor Horticultural Science, chaired the symposium.

The meeting was opened with a wel-coming address by Professor Yüksel Tüzelto all participants on behalf of the TurkishSociety for Horticultural Science. Theaddress on behalf of the Ministry ofAgriculture and Rural Affairs was given byDr. Hamit Ayanoolu, Undersecretary ofMARA. C.D. Brickell, President of theInternational Society for HorticulturalScience (ISHS) gave a speech on behalf ofthe ISHS and the plenary session contin-ued with his invited paper.During the Symposium 26 oral and 17poster communications were presented.There were 40 scientists from 16 coun-tries, namely Austria, Belgium, Egypt,

France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy,Mexico, The Netherlands, Poland,Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdomand Yugoslavia.The symposium started with the sessionon collection, conservation and evalua-tion of plant genetic resources. Many pre-sentations emphasized that new speciesare well described, but that collection ofwild species goes back to very early dates.Wild species are selected for differentpurposes and conserved because of theirornamental value, their general and his-torical importance, their use to mankind,their socio-cultural and environmentalcharacters and their level of dwindling.

Some species (Daphne odora, Anemoneglaucifolia etc.) are already lost due tocultivation and many species are in dan-ger of extinction. There is an urgent needto encourage the propagation of endan-gered ones.It was stated that the factors threateningplant genetic resources are industraliza-tion and urbanization, overgrazing andagricultural activities, tourism, overuseand export, increase in saline areas andsoil degradation, use of chemicals andpollution, forestation and fires.Several species of horticultural crops showa huge genetic diversity. Some presenta-tions were displaying the present poten-tial. Information was given on the collec-tion and characterization of some cropssuch as cherimoya (Annona cherimolia),papaya (Vasconcella spp.), garlic, rhodo-dendron, ancient garden roses, apples,pomegranates, pitaya (Stenocereusgriseus), carrots, chervils. Many speciesare used for environmental or ornamentalpurposes and/or for nutritional purposeslike purslane, New Zealand spinach or cit-rus. There is also a need to promote thecultivation of traditional crops, for exam-ple palm-tree kale and okra. Extending


Participants of the meeting ‘Sustainable Use of Plant Biodiversity to Promote New Opportunities for HorticulturalProduction Development’

the sustainable use of new crops withhigh potential, requires efficient propaga-tion methods. Papers on seed germina-tion, pretreatments, chipping to increasebulb formation provided informationthereabout.To characterize horticultural crops inter-

nationally accepted and applicable criteriaare important. Examples were given forpeach and apple and Italian (national),American and EU description lists werecompared. Molecular markers are recenttools to assess diversity. Some methods,however, may not be effective as in thecase of loquat. Endosperm isozymes weremore discriminating than that of the fruitsor leaves. RAPD markers were foundeffective to identify varietal polymor-phism in figs. It was also stressed that thevariations need to be analyzed to see ifthere is any allelic variation. Brassica wasgiven as an example.Data collection is of great importance,because all institutions working on genet-ic resources concentrate mainly on staplefood. MEDUSA network initiated by theInternational Center for AdvancedMediterranean Studies, AgronomicInstitute of Chania may serve to the

Mediterranean. It emphasizes use andcomposition aspects together with identi-fication.The concluding remarks of the Sym-posium and its recommendations were asfollows:- Since ornamentals play a much smaller

role in human affairs than food or fod-der plants, little efforts have been madeso far to collect and conserve theirgenetic resources;

- The recent treaty signed in Rome needsto be extended to include more horti-cultural crops;

- The preparation of a seed compendiumthrough ISHS is recommended;

- The gene bank potential should be usedeffectively;

- It is desirable to prepare a manual ofguidelines for maintaining field collec-tions that will gather the informationknown by different individuals and/orinstitutions. These may include infor-mation on distances, training, numberof trees, etc.;

- There should be cooperation with vari-ous state, private or non-governmentalorganizations in collecting data and in

subsequent further distribution ofinformation on on-farm conservation;

- Training facilities at various levels, fromfarmers to researcher workers, shouldbe increased;

- An overall strategy for the identifica-tion, conservation and sustainable useof horticultural crops should be devel-oped.

During the symposium the ISHS Com-mission on Plant genetic Resources met,chaired by Prof. Carlo Fideghelli,Chairman of the Commission. The technical trip on November 9th start-ed with a visit to the Citrus andGreenhouse Reserach Institute. After thevisits to the Aspendos theatre and theancient city of Perge the KurunluWaterfall and National Park were visited.Although the weather was rainy inAntalya, the symposium passed in a warmatmosphere and the participants enjoyedtheir stay in Turkey.

Yüksel TüzelConvener

Section Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

ISHS • 18

Conference on Medicinal and AromaticPlants in Hungary

About 400 scientists from 90 countries all over the world convened at this

World Conference on Medicinal ands Aromatic Plants held in Budapest,

Hungary, from July 8- 11, 2001. The conference was organized by the

Hungarian Society for Horticultural Science, by the International Society for

Horticultural Science (ISHS), the National Institute for Agricultural Quality

Control, The Szt. Istvan University, Hungary and sponsored by the Hungarian

Agricultural Ministry and Marketing Centre.

Because of the excellent climate in theCarpathian Basin, more than 400 plantswith biologically active compounds aregrowing in this area. No wonder, thatthere has been active scientific researchwith MAP in Hungary since 1915, whenthe Research Institute of Medicinal Plantswas founded. Hungary has a long tradi-tion in cultivating medicinal and aromaticplants. Today 35-40 thousand hectaresare used for cultivation of medicinalplants.

The venue of the conference was themarvellous palace of the HungarianAcademy of Sciences, on the Pest side ofthe Danube River. Seventy seven oral and222 poster presentations in the followingfour sections were presented during thethree days of the conference:a) Biological background of medicinal and

aromatic plant production;b) Chemical aspects of exploitation and

production of medicinal and aromaticplants;

c) Production of medicinal and aromaticplants and

d) Pharmacognosy and phytotherapy

The conference was opened on Mondaymorning with a welcome to the partici-pants by the patron of the conference,the president of the Hungarian Republic,and the Minister of Agriculture.As to the scientific presentations, particu-lar interest was given to Lyle Craker’sreport on The Production and Demand, aView to the Future of MAP. During thenext 25 years the pressure to produce andcollect more and more medicinal and aro-matic plant material can be expected tocontinue, spurred by changing demo-graphic and holistic health and culturalinterests, according to the scientist of theMassachusetts University, Amherst,U.S.A. Within the close future, medicinaland aromatic plant scientists, businessesand government agencies must try to

Presidium of the Conference: from left to right: Z. Kovács, J. Bernáth, K. Neszmélyi, O. Köck


develop tracking systems for eco-certifica-tion of medicinal and aromatic plants toensure conservation and protection ofplant habitats, entering collaborativearrangements with non-traditional part-ners to improve and promote plant-bodyinteractions related to medicinal and aro-matic plants, and remaining dedicated tobasic research in order to further theapplication of medicinal and aromaticplants through product development andpromotion.A report by É. Németh, J. Bernáth and A.Stefanov, SZIE University, Department ofMedicinal and Aromatic Plants, Budapest,concerned New Results of PoppyBreeding for Low Alkaloid Content inHungary. Production of poppy (Papaversomniferum L.) both the capsules for mor-phinanes and seeds for culinary purposeshas a great economic significance inHungary. At present, 11 cultivars are reg-istered, all from Hungarian breeders.Recently new cultivars with low alkaloidcontent are required for food-processing,having appropriate yield and nutritivevalue without the danger of alkaloidabuse. Breeding has been started in 1997and for the alkaloid content three of thesix basic parental combinations gave goodresults. The crossing of Libra x Przemkoshowed a stable low morphine level; thecombinations Libra x Óriás kék andPrzemko x Óriás kék lines also show theselow shares; in some of them the maximumvalues do not even reach 0,01 %.Contents of codein, tebain and narcotinein these materials are below the detectionlevel.

E. Tyihák, Zs. Király, Zs. Véghely, I. Zs.Németh, Gy. Kátay, L. Albert and B.Szende - Plant Protection Institute,Hungarian Academy of Sciences,Budapest, reported about “Vitis viniferaL. to be a prospect medicinal plant”. Bluegrapes are the most important dietarysources of the main stilbenic phytoalexins,whose beneficial effects can be dividedapproximately in to two main groups:protective/chemopreventive andkilling/inhibiting effects. Trans-resveratrolacts as a pleiotropic biological effector to

regulate the three major stages of chemi-cal carcinogenesis as initiation, promotionand progression that underlie malignanttransformation. More recently it has beenobserved that trans-resveratrol selectivelyinhibits leukaemia cells.

A report by K. Koshimizu, A. Marukamiand H. Ohigashi - Department ofBiotechnological Science, Faculty ofBiology-oriented Science and Technology,Kinki University, Japan, was focused onSearch for Cancer: ChemopreventiveAgents from Subtropical Vegetables andFruits: Screening and Identification ofActive Compounds. According to thereport more than 400 extracts from veg-etables and fruits from Japan, Thailand,Indonesia and Malaysia were screened fortheir inhibitory activity towards the tumorpromotor-induced Epstein-Barr virus acti-vation for evaluation of cancer preventiveactivity. Edible plants from SoutheastAsian countries showed a markedly high-er potential to prevent carcinogenesis thatthose from Japan. Indications wereobtained that some plant families, includ-ing Cruciferae, Euphorbiaceae, Labiatae,Piperaceae, Rutaceae, Umbelliferae andZingiberaceae, were promising sources ofthe active constituents. The researchershave isolated and identified more than 40active constituents, according to thereport.

E.O. Olapade’s report (Centre forResearch and Development ofPhytomedicines, Ibadan, Nigeria) boreupon Phytomedicines for the Treatmentof Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia withoutSurgery in Nigeria. Most available syn-thetic drugs have not proved effective incuring the ailment Benign ProstaticHyperplasia. Fifty-two cases of clinicallyconfirmed prostate enlargement weretreated in the Narl specialist clinic withphytomedicines developed from Cocosnucifera. Thirty-two of the cases withraised PSA- (Prostate Specific Antigen)levels were successfully reinstated with-out surgery within 6-12 weeks of treat-ment. The findings conclude that the

phytomedicines were effective in reduc-ing the elevated PSA-levels within the firstfour weeks of the treatment and werevery efficient and safe for the treatmentof Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.

On the evening of the second day therewas a get-together cruise on the riverDanube, including a nice buffet and withthe beautifully illuminated capitol in thebackground.

A professional tour visited the varietycontrol station of the National Institutefor Agricultural Quality Control inIregszemcse. The participants couldobserve all 70 registered medicinal plantvarieties on the spot, among which thepoppy varieties.A day excursion was made to theResearch Institute of Medicinal Plants inBudakalász and its unique BotanicGarden. The programme ended in thepicturesque landscape of the Danubebend with lunch in a renascent atmos-phere.

Oszkár Köck, National Institute for Agricultural Quality Control,

Budapest, Hungary

ISHS • 20

Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta - the Prairie provinces of Canada are

renowned for their endless fields of waving grain and the rolling hills of cattle coun-

try. However, the prairie provinces also have a long history of Horticultural produc-

tion and today the Horticulture sector represents a bright light during the challeng-

ing times facing the agricultural sector. Each of the Prairie provinces has thriving

sectors representing virtually every aspect of Horticulture.

There are enclaves of Horticulture crop production from

the grasslands of the south through to the vast Boreal for-

est in the North, but the focal points of the industry are

either adjacent to the major population centers or along

the major river systems which provide access to irrigation.

XXVI Int. Horticultural Congress 2002Horticulture in Canada -Spotlight on the Prairies

INSIGHTINSIGHT

Figure 1: Map of the region

(1) Northern Vigor is a registered trademarkof the Saskatchewan Seed Potato GrowersAssociation

The Prairie environment represents achallenge to both hobby and commercialgrowers. The growing seasons are shortand precipitation is scarce and unpre-dictable (Table 1). Prairie winters arerightly renowned for their length andextreme cold (Plate 1). Dessication duringwinter is also a real threat to perennialcrops in the drier areas of Alberta andSaskatchewan. Despite these challenges,Prairie growers produce exceptionalyields of a diversity of Horticultural crops.The long winters and short dry summershelp reduce pest pressure, allowing Prairiegrowers to operate without extensivereliance on pesticides. The long sunnydays of the Prairie summer result inexceptional color, flavor and nutritionalquality in fruit and vegetable crops.Planting material such as seed potatoes,garlic, and strawberry plantlets producedin the long warm days and short coolnights of the Prairie summer exhibit“Northern Vigor”(1). This physiological

phenomenon leads to superior perform-ance of these planting materials, particu-larly under adverse growing conditions.The Prairies are also developing a reputa-tion for producing exceptionally highquality medicinal plants - a sector that hasseen explosive growth over the lastdecade.HORTICULTURE SECTORS

Potatoes dominate the horticulture sectorin all three of the Prairie provinces - withthe relative importance of the other sec-tors varying from province to province(Table 2).

VEGETABLES

The vegetable sector on the Prairiesfocuses on production of fast-maturing,cold-adapted crops (onions, cole crops,carrots) (Table 3) but by adopting special-ized production techniques including dripirrigation, mulches and row covers, grow-ers are also striving to address thedemand for warmer season crops such assweet corn, pumpkins, peppers and mel-ons.Continuing consolidation of wholesalemarkets and aggressive competition othersuppliers represent a major challenge to


Plate 1. Winter conditions on the Prairies challenge the hardiness of both plants andgrowers

Frost Free Mean Summer Mean Winter AnnualSeason (Days) Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) Precipitation (cm)

Manitoba 65-135 15 -9 44-55

Saskatchewan 95-123 14 -9 18-40

Alberta 85-115 16 -9 41-53

Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba

Ha $ (000,000) Ha $ (000,000) Ha $ (000,000)

Potatoes 19,800 115.0 4,500 18.4 31,450 139.7

Fruit 800 2.6 410 1.8 564 2.5

Vegetables 6,500 62.3 275 1.2 1,812 16.6

Greenhouse 109 95.2 20 15.8 21 24.1

Nursery/Turf 3,600 46.1 660 3.8 2,500 15.6

Total 30,809 320.6 5,865 41.0 36,347 198.5

Table 1. Climatic characteristics of the Prairie provinces of Canada

Table 2. Area planted (Ha) and Can$ value of the Horticultural sectors for theCanadian Prairies (2000)

the vegetable sector across Canada.Manitoba’s “Peak of the Market” repre-sents a success story in these challengingtimes. Through co-ordinated production,storage and marketing, “Peak of theMarket” has achieved record domesticand export sales. Manitoba grown veg-etables have developed a reputation forsuperior value, quality and taste in somevery discerning markets - the vegetableproducing states of California, Florida,Texas and Washington.Vegetable production for direct sales viamarket gardens, U-pick and FarmersMarkets is thriving across the Prairiesbased on increasing demand for locallygrown, farm fresh produce.Southern Alberta also has a well estab-lished vegetable processing sector.

POTATOESAn abundance of land ideally suited topotato production coupled with favorablegrowing conditions and access to irriga-tion has fueled a 80 % expansion of theprocessing potato sector in Manitoba andAlberta within the last decade. Duringthis time, J.R. Simplot, McCains andLamb-Weston have established newplants or expanded their existing process-ing capacity on the Prairies. The provincesof Manitoba and Alberta now account formore than more than 20 % of the pota-toes processed in Canada. Expandingmarkets in the US and Asia for Prairie-grown processed potato products aredriving further expansion in this sector.Demonstration of the concept ofNorthern VigorTM in seed potatoesgrown on the Canadian Prairies has creat-ed demand for this product worldwide.Seed production in the province ofSaskatchewan has tripled over the lastdecade.

FRUITU-pick strawberries have long been a partof a typical prairie summer - but recently,strawberries have been joined by a num-ber of other U-pick fruit crops includingraspberry and Saskatoon Amelanchieralnifolia (Table 5). Saskatoons grow wildacross the Prairies, but yields and fruitquality from wild stands are erratic. Aftermore than a decade of research ondomestication, spearheaded by theNative Fruit Development Program at theUniversity of Saskatchewan, theSaskatoon has now overtaken the straw-berry as the most important fruit crop forthe Prairies (Plate 3). In addition to U-pickand fresh market uses, Saskatoons arebeing enjoyed in a range of value-addedproducts including individually quick

Rank Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta

1 Carrots Sweet corn Sweet Corn

2 Sweet Corn Cabbage Peas

3 Cauliflower Cucumbers Carrots

4 Cabbage Rutabagas Cabbage

5 Onion Pumpkins Onions

Table 3. Ranking of vegetable crops grown on the Prairies based on area grown

ISHS • 22

Processing Table Seed

Alberta 13,178 1,753 4,870

Saskatchewan 0 1,000 3,425

Manitoba 24,300 2,750 4,250

Table 4. Planted area (Ha) for processing, table and seed potatoes on theCanadian Prairies (2000)

frozen berries, pie mixes, preserves, wineand chocolates. In 2001, the nine Prairie-based processors of Saskatoon productshad established markets across Canadaand were struggling to meet internationaldemand for their unique product. Thesuccess of the Saskatoon has spurredinterest in domestication or more inten-sive production of other locally adaptedfruit crops including seabuckthorn, highbush cranberry, wild black cherry (aka.chokecherry) and black currant. Therecent discovery of nutraceutical proper-ties in many of these native fruit specieshas heightened interest in their develop-ment as cultivated crops.Apples have always been popular withhobby gardeners across the Prairies butsize and quality of the fruit have beenlimited by the rigors of the Prairie grow-ing environment. The recent release of anew larger winter hardy apple varietydeveloped by the Domestic Fruit BreedingProgram at the University of Saskatch-ewan has triggered considerable interestfrom both hobby growers and commer-cial orchardists. Demand for U-pickapples appears strong. Prairie-adaptedsour cherries are slated for future release.Over 2000 Saskatoon seedlings obtainedfrom locations throughout North Americaare also being evaluated. Variety trials onsaskatoons, choke cherries, black currentsand strawberries are ongoing.Low incidences of insects and diseaseshas inspired many fruit growers to adoptorganic production practices - this hasbeen particularly successful in crops notnative to the prairie such as seabuck-thorn, apples and sour cherries.

GREENHOUSE

The greenhouse sector in all three Prairiesprovinces has grown over the last twodecades, with the growers in Albertaleading the way through adoption of thelatest production and marketing tech-nologies (Figure 2).Vegetables, bedding plants, cut flowers,potted ornamentals and tree seedlings arethe cornerstones of the Alberta green-house sector. Skyrocketing demand forbedding plants is driving the expansion ofthe greenhouse sector in Saskatchewan.Growers are dealing with escalating fuelprices and shortages of trained laborthrough more efficient production andgreater mechanization/computerization.Alternative crops including medicinalplants, fresh herbs and tree seedlings aregaining popularity, particularly as a meansfor expanding the production season forthe greenhouses.

Rank Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta

1 Strawberries Saskatoon Saskatoon

2 Saskatoon Strawberry Strawberry

3 Raspberry Other * Raspberry

4 Other * Raspberry Black Currant

5 Apples Wild Black Cherry

Table 5. Ranking of fruit crops on the Canadian Prairies based on area grown(2000)

* Other includes .... seabuckthorn, wild black cherry, currants

Plate 3. A range of value-added products using Prairie-grown native fruit

Plate 2. Potato harvest on the Canadian Prairies


NURSERY TRADES ANDTURF

Urban expansion coupled with efforts togreen the environment have resulted in athriving amenity Horticulture trade in allPrairie provinces (Figure 3). The nurserysector has traditionally been based onsales of caliper trees and container grownshrubs but pot-in-pot production of treesis expanding rapidly. Growers are explor-ing opportunities for exports of adaptedliner plants and turf to markets in thenorthern United States. Sales of turf tolocal landscapers are steady.

OTHER SECTORS

Increasing scarcity of mushroom gather-ing sites in Europe and Japan has createda demand for the chanterelle and pinemushrooms which can be wildcraftedfrom the Boreal forests of Canada.Although this harvest is highly seasonaland dependant on specific environmentalconditions it presents a valuable source ofincome for northern communities.

Figure 2. Trends in greenhouseproduction on the CanadianPrairies - 1980-2000

Prod

uctio

n A

rea

(Ha)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

4500

4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

Prod

uctio

n A

rea

(Ha)

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 3. Prairie wide productionarea for nursery crops and turf -1980-2000

INDUSTRY SUPPORT

The provincial governments of Manitoba,Saskatchewan and Alberta employ arange of Horticultural Crop Specialists toidentify market opportunities, researchpriorities and address the extension needsof the industry. These Specialists advisegrowers on agronomy, pest managementand environmental issues and participatein educational initiatives for the public.

EDUCATION

All three of the prairie provinces provideeducational support to the Horticulturesector. The University of Saskatchewanoffers a 4 year B.Sc. degree in Agriculturewith a major in Horticulture. Horticulture-oriented programs of courses are alsoavailable at the Universities of Manitobaand Alberta. These institutions also offerpost-graduate programs in Horticulture.Assiniboine Community Colleges inBrandon Manitoba offers courses inmedicinal and aromatic crops and organicproduction. Olds Community College inOlds Alberta offers a 2 year diploma inhorticulture, a 4 year applied degree inHorticulture, a Turfgrass ManagementCertificate Program, 1 or 2 year programsin Floristry and also offers the OntarioDiploma in Horticulture via distance edu-cation.The Prairie Horticulture Certificate (PHC)Program is a self directed, home-studyprogram jointly offered by University ofSaskatchewan, Olds College, AssiniboineCollege and the University of Manitoba.The PHC program presently offers a totalof 24 courses with 4 primary areas of con-centration; Greenhouse Production,Nursery Crop Management, Land-scaping/ Arboriculture and Fruit/Vege-table Production. Marketing, businessmanagement and human resource cours-es are included. Now in its 7th year ofoperation the PHC has over 700studentspresently enrolled.

RESEARCH

The Universities of Manitoba, Saskatch-ewan and Alberta conduct applied andbasic research in support of theHorticulture sector. The University ofManitoba research focus includes potatostorage, processing quality and pathology,canopy architecture of boulevard trees,nutraceutical properties of fruit and inno-vations in freezing technology. Researchprograms at the University ofSaskatchewan include; agronomy of veg-etable crops, development of native fruitcrops, breeding of domestic fruit crops,stress physiology of horticultural crops

and the agronomy and quality of locallygrown medicinal plants. University ofAlberta is focusing on the post-harvestphysiology of various horticultural com-modities. Agriculture and Agri-FoodCanada (AAFC) Lethbridge Alberta is thecenter for potato improvement for west-ern Canada. Its mandate is to enhancepotatoes utilizing tradition breedingmethods augmented by biotechnologywith the specific objective of addressingthe market needs and production con-straints facing growers in WesternCanada. AAFC Morden is renowned forbreeding Prairie-adapted trees, shrubs,roses, strawberry and raspberry.Horticulture Research at AAFC BrandonManitoba emphasizes agronomy of pota-toes. Federal/Provincial co-operative pro-grams in Manitoba (MCDC) andSaskatchewan (CSIDC) also conductresearch and demonstration trials on newcrops and production methodologies.Alberta Agriculture (CDC North andSouth) are addressing applied productionand handling issues for potatoes, vegeta-bles, medicinal plants and greenhousecrops.

PUBLIC SERVICEPublic demand for Horticulture informa-tion is strong, with over 70% of all citydwellers on the Canadian Prairies stillmaintaining some form of garden. Eachyear, the GardenLine Service managed bythe Department of Plant Sciences at theUniversity of Saskatchewan fields severalthousand requests for information fromthe gardening public.

Doug Waterer, Richard St. Pierre, Karen Tanino, BobBors, Betty Vladicka and Lynn Gilmore

AlbertaSaskatchewanManitoba

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

AlbertaSaskatchewanManitoba

FURTHERINFORMATION?Contact Doug Waterer, Richard St. Pierre,Karen Tanino or Bob BorsDepartment of Plant Sciences, College ofAgricultureUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, SK S7N 5A8email: [email protected]

Betty VladickaAlberta Agricultureemail: [email protected]

Lynn GilmoreManitoba Agricultureemail: [email protected]

Portuguese Horticultural Association

ISHS • 24

Portuguese Horticultural Association(APH) - 25th anniversary

The Portuguese Horticultural Association started in 1976, sooner after the so

called “Carnation revolution” in 1975, when democracy was definitely estab-

lished in Portugal. Commemorations of the 25th anniversary in 2001 ended

with a Gala Session and Dinner in November, in Lisbon, at the same time as

the Seminar “Fruit and vegetable quality from the consumer point of view”.

At the Gala Session, the history and therole of the Portuguese HorticulturalAssociation (Associação Portuguesa deHorticultura - APH) over the past 25 yearswere remembered by honourable guests,namely Dr. Victor Barros, State Secretaryof Rural Development of the Ministry ofAgriculture; Prof. Neves Martins, the VicePrincipal of the College of Agriculture andForestry of the Technical University ofLisbon; Prof. Carlos Portas, APH Number1 Member; Dr. Victor Galán, President ofthe Spanish Horticultural Society; Prof.António Monteiro , ISHS Board Member.Homage was paid to all APH membersthat have contributed with enthusiasm tothe APH activity over the past 25 years,and made an actual Society with approxi-mately 800 members ranging from publicand private horticultural institutions andenterprises, to research, polytechnic anduniversity staff and students.The presentation of the book “PortugueseHorticultural Association - 25 years” wasperformed at this Session. The bookincludes several statements, the structureof the 7 APH boards from 1976 to 2001and mentions the technical-scientificevents organized by APH, 44 national and8 international events. The APH contribu-tion for the horticulture development inPortugal also included the publication of17 volumes of proceedings from nationalevents and 12 from international ones.Also, the edition of the APH InformativeBulletin every 3 months since 1981 hasbeen a good link between all societymembers and other people and institu-tions from the horticulture sector.The co-operation between APH and theSpanish Horticultural Society (SECH) start-ed in 1983, and the 1st IberianHorticultural Congress took place in 1990.Since then, another three congresses werejointly organized. At present, both

Societies are prepared to submit a propos-al to the ISHS Council meeting in Toronto,next August, for the organisation of theInternational Horticultural Congress in2010, in Lisbon.At the Gala Dinner we had the pleasure ofthe presence of the Portuguese Ministerof Agriculture, Rural Development andFisheries, Dr. Capoulas dos Santos. Hekindly hand the commemorative bookand medal to the APH members for atleast 20 years, and to the 8 APHPresidents. The ceremony also includedthe pleasant words from Prof. CarlosPortas and from the Minister ofAgriculture, that finished by reading a

The Portuguese Minister of Agriculture together with the present and the past presidents ofAPH. From left to right: Carlos Portas, Manuel Figueiredo, Carlos Frazão, António Monteiro,Capoulas Santos (Minister of Agriculture), José Dias Carreiro, António Marreiros and IsabelMourão.

written communication from the Presidentof the Portuguese Republic, that give usthe honour to integrate the HonourCommission of the APH 25th anniversary.These commemorative events not onlycontributed to the recovery of the APHhistory, but was a privileged moment anda recognition of the work developed bythe Portuguese Horticultural Association.

Isabel de Maria MourãoPresident of the Portuguese Horticultural Association

Australian and New Zealand Horticulture


Research and Development inAustralia and New Zealand

This final article in the series. The last two issues of Chronica Horticulturae

have carried articles outlining how horticultural R & D is administered and

supported in the two countries and providing examples of recent successful

innovations arising from the research.

The organisation of horticultural R&D inAustralia is best described as a partnershipbetween industry, government andresearch agencies - one that has provenvery fruitful over the past decade or so.Since 1988 Federal Government supporthas been provided through matching anyfunds collected by industry for R&D, (upto 0.5% of the gross value of horticultur-al). This arrangement is managed by anindustry-owned company, HorticultureAustralia Limited (HAL), which also man-ages industry promotion programs. HALand its predecessor, the Horticultural R&DCorporation (HRDC), has taken care toestablish R&D programs that reflect bothindustry and market place needs. This hasresulted in both a steady increase byindustry in R & D investment and somesignificant research achievements. It is important to recognise some otherinvestors in horticultural R&D in Australia.Research Agencies, notably the StateDepartments of Agriculture in each Stateand the CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientificand Industry Research Organisation) pro-vide the bulk of technical expertise in hor-ticulture and are co-investors with indus-try and the Federal government.Funding for new and emerging horticul-tural crops is provided through theFederally funded Rural Industries R&DCorporation (RIRDC), until these crops

are well enough established to developtheir own funding arrangements throughHAL. Australia’s important viticultureindustry makes its own arrangementsthrough the GWRDC (Grape and WineR&D Corporation).Another important supporter of horticul-tural R&D is the Australian Centre forInternational Agricultural Research(ACIAR), which operates as part ofAustralia’s overseas aid program and isfocussed on assisting development of hor-ticultural expertise by developing coun-tries, particularly those in Asia.Given the wide diversity of horticulture inAustralia and the equally wide range of

R&D undertaken, some of the achieve-ments will be described as a journeyalong the supply chain. This starts atthe market place, includes the develop-ment of products to meet market needs,then covers the production of the cropsand delivery to the end-user as well asthe overall development of industry capa-bility.

MARKET REQUIREMENTSAn understanding of market requirementsand opportunities is a good starting pointfor any industry and the Australia mush-room industry epitomises this approach.Regular consumer market research overthe last ten years has provided the indus-try with an understanding of changingmarket needs and the ability to adapt tothem. Promotion programs, backed by amajor focus on product quality at retail,have increased demand, more than keep-ing up with significantly improved pro-ductivity as a result of production R&Dprograms.

Australian flag

Macadamia. Macadamia is the only Australian native plant to have been internationallycommercialised as a food crop and is grown in south-east Queensland and Northern NewSouth Wales. Australia is now the world’s leading producer of macadamias, with produc-tion recently overtaking that in Hawaii where the nuts were first grown commercially.

ISHS • 26

In contrast to fresh mushrooms, which aremainly consumed domestically, themacadamia nut industry is focussed onexports. Production of this nativeAustralian rainforest delicacy is increasingrapidly. Market research in countrieswhere macadamias are almost unknownhas been crucial to developing those mar-kets. A separate program is studying thedietary effects of macadamia consump-tion, with early results indicating potentialbenefits from the mono-unsaturated oilsand other natural ingredients present inthe nut.

PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

The macadamia industry also provides agood example of developing new prod-ucts to meet market needs. Research withsensory evaluation panels forms part ofthe macadamia breeding program toensure that the expected increases in pro-ductivity are not at the expense of flavour.As Australia’s only native food grown on alarge scale, wild macadamia germplasmhas been preserved in the wild and inrepositories for future generations.

Macadamias were first commercialised inHawaii, whose industry has recently beenoutgrown by Australia’s. Many ofAustralia’s other unique flora have alsobeen commercialised overseas, formingan important part of the wild flower tradeworld-wide. In Australia, the wild flowerindustry R&D is supported by RIRDC aswell as some private R&D programs whichhave developed successful new lines ofKangaroo Paw, Rice Flower, Grevillea, andmany others.One fascinating Australian Native Plantsoon to be released is new to horticultureyet ancient indeed. The Wollemi Pine hascreated worldwide interest since its dis-covery in 1994 in a hidden canyon in anational park outside Sydney. Large num-bers of plants are currently being propa-gated for commercial release. Most othercrops in Australia originated overseas buthave benefited from plant improvementprograms, often initiated to develop local-ly adapted varieties.Pink Lady apple is one example, bred forWestern Australia but now successfullygrown and marketed worldwide. As wellas mainstream horticultural crops likeapples, Australia’s R&D program hasenabled the development of some impor-tant minor crop industries. An example isginger, where a significant industry isbased on high-yielding tetraploid varietiesdeveloped in Queensland. Further south,in Tasmania, a new industry has devel-oped to grow pyrethrum, based on the

development of synchronous floweringvarieties. This has enabled plantation scalemechanised production to meet increas-ing market needs for the natural insecti-cide pyrethrins extracted from the flow-ers.HRDC also funded the development of aninnovative liquid carbon dioxide extrac-tion process, to enable pyrethrum refiningto be carried out in Australia. This indi-cates how product development in horti-culture extends far beyond the breedingof new varieties and HAL co-investswhere possible with commercial horticul-tural processors to develop value-addingopportunities for horticultural products.

PRODUCTION

The pyrethrum industry, like many others,was faced with major challenges in devel-oping efficient and sustainable productionpractices. The R&D program has beencrucial in helping innovative growersdevelop propagation techniques, weedcontrol, disease control, nutrition and irri-gation practices.Australia is described as the driest conti-nent in the world and intensive irrigatedhorticulture is increasingly being recog-nised as producing more value per mega-litre of water than competing broad acreagricultural industries. Water use is amajor issue for Australia which is facingserious salinity problems. Research by the

horticultural industries complements thatundertaken by major government-fundedagencies specialising in water and landuse issues. There are many exampleswhere horticulture has improved its use ofwater. The partial root zone drying tech-nique developed by CSIRO has shownthat water may be supplied to alternatingregions of the root zone, resulting in morethan 50% savings in water use whilemaintaining yields and quality. Originallydeveloped for the viticulture industry, thisis now being tested on other crops.Another aspect of sustainable productionis integrated pest management (IPM) andthis area has seen a significant investmentby most horticultural crops. An example isthe citrus industry, where IPM is widelypracticed, supported by commercial pestscouts and insectaries for the productionof beneficial insects. A major publicationon IPM in citrus was launched two yearsago, together with a user-friendly fieldguide. Similarly, research funded byHRDC and the pecan industry has com-pletely eliminated the use of pesticides insome production areas.An important element of IPM is hygieneto prevent initial infestation and thisextends to Australia as a whole, withregard to exotic pest and disease incur-sions. Many of Australia’s horticulturalindustries enjoy advantages through free-dom from important pests andpathogens. Unfortunately, in recent years,

Outcomes from Australian research now enable pyrethrum to be grown from seed as abroad acre crop which flowers synchronously and is harvested mechanically. The crop,grown mainly in Tasmania, is produced more efficiently in Australia than anywhere in theworld.


several major pests have slipped past thestringent quarantine barriers, includingwestern flower thrips, silver leaf whitefly,papaya fruitfly and black sigatoka diseaseof bananas. This results in expensive erad-ication campaigns (in the case of papayafly and black sigatoka) or the need toextend IPM practices to manage the newpests.Diagnostics is a crucial element to enablehorticultural and other trade to continuewithout posing a threat to industry.Improvements in screening techniqueshave been critical in enabling new citrusvarieties, for example, to be imported.More recently, DNA diagnostics devel-oped in Australia have assisted the man-agement of black sigatoka outbreak.

PRODUCT TO END USERQuarantine issues play a major part inmanaging the efficient supply of productfrom the grower to the consumer. Despiteits relative freedom from pests, Australiadoes have issues of concern to its tradingpartners and indeed of significance forinternal trade. Chief among these is fruit-fly - Queensland fruitfly in the easternstates and Mediterranean fruitfly in thewest. A large inland production zone iskept free of fruitfly through quarantine,monitoring and outbreak control proto-cols. In addition, Tasmania enjoys free-dom from fruitfly. Produce from otherareas requires treatment and a number ofimportant export markets have beendeveloped based on disinfestation proto-cols using temperature rather than chem-ical treatments.The avocado industry through its Avocareprogram has established monitoring sys-tems and feedback mechanisms toaddress problems of poor out turn in thedomestic market. This challenging issuerequires ongoing commitment fromgrowers, packers, transporters, whole-salers and retailers - tied together withstrong technical input. As with all ele-ments of the HAL program, the lessonslearned in the Avocare program are beingapplied to other industries with similarissues.

INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTFood safety and quality issues are part ofthe overall topic of industry development.The objective of HAL and its industrymembers is to foster the spirit of innova-tion in the horticultural industries to sus-tain a competitive advantage. An impor-tant element of this is the IndustryDevelopment Officer (IDO) model. Someforty IDOs are employed through HALprojects focussed on technology transfer.

Each IDO is a unique position, tailored tomeet the needs of a particular industry sit-uation. Some operate primarily as facilita-tors for grower groups - fostering theinformation exchange process. Othersfocus on particular targets, such as meet-ing export quality standards or aiming atparticular productivity targets. The flexi-bility within the IDO model has enabledthem to play a crucial role in encouragingthe development of improved practices inhorticulture.Many other industry development initia-tives have been fostered, ranging fromwebsites and conferences to study toursand training programs. Several industrieshave developed detailed communicationplans in order to manage the elements oftheir development programs. This helpsensure that a range of communicationchannels is in place to meet the wideranging needs of the varying sectors ofindustry. One sector receiving particularattention is women horticulturists. HALhas established a “Women in Horti-culture” program, to encourage network-ing and greater representation in decisionmaking processes in the future.

CONCLUSIONJust a few examples have been providedto show the depth of Horticulture R&Dprograms, the strategic approach that theAustralian Horticultural industries take indeveloping and managing R&D and thestrategic approach the Australian horticul-tural industries take in developing andmanaging R&D, and their results over thepast 10 years. The principle of fosteringclose involvement by industry in its R&Dprogram has resulted in outcomes of greatvalue to industry and in turn increasingsupport by industry for its R&D program.Good science, used to tackle practicalproblems, is producing great opportuni-ties for the Australian Horticulture indus-try.

Gerard McEvillySenior Program Manager, Horticulture Australia Ltd.

FURTHERINFORMATION:Horticulture Australia:www.horticulture.com.au Rural Industries R & D Corporation:www.ridc.gov.au Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation:www.awbc.com.au Australian Centre for InternationalAgricultural Research: www.aciar.gov.au

NEW ZEALANDThe success of the New Zealand horticul-tural industry and its distinctive exportfocus have derived in large measure froma long history of investment in horticul-tural research. Two Government depart-ments were responsible for much of thisresearch for most of the 20th century: theDepartment of Agriculture (established1892) and the Department of Scientificand Industrial Research (est. 1926).Government funding was supplementedby private sector investment: e.g. theNelson apple growers contributed to theestablishment of the first research orchardat Appleby in 1929, while in 1963 theNew Zealand Apple and Pear MarketingBoard provided a building at the MtAlbert Research Centre for research intofruit and vegetable processing.Government research funding was direct-ly allocated by central government untilthe science reforms of 1989-1992changed the system dramatically.

The science reforms created sector-focused Crown Research Institutes (CRIs)and a system for contestable researchfunding: the Public Good Science Fund(PGSF), administered by the Foundationfor Research, Science and Technology(FfRST). In the 1999/00 financial year thePGSF was worth approximately NZ$300million. The Ministry of Research, Scienceand Technology (MORST) was estab-lished to develop and administer sciencepolicy. Science funding was originallyadministered in portfolios and the size ofthe ‘horticulture, arable, other food andbeverage industries’ portfolio was aroundNZ$50 million in the mid-1990s. TwoCRIs, HortResearch and Crop and FoodResearch, carry out the majority ofresearch in horticulture, along with a sig-nificant contribution from Massey andLincoln Universities. All researchers in thecountry are entitled to ‘bid’ for a share ofhorticultural research funding: there areseven other CRIs, six other Universitiesand a number of research organisationsand private individuals competing forfunds on the basis of excellence.

New Zealand flag

ISHS • 28

In the latest change to the funding sys-tem, the amount of funding specificallyallocated to horticulture has been signifi-cantly reduced. The remainder of thefunds formerly allocated to horticulture isnow in portfolios such as ‘AdvancedBiological Enterprises’ where it is expectedto support the development of complete-ly new industries and attract much widercompetition.Many of the Government’s funding initia-tives are directed towards encouragingindustry investment in science. The‘Foresight’ process led by MoRST in thelater 1990s specifically sought to involveindustry representatives and to help themenunciate a vision for the future appear-ance of their sector and the kind of sci-ence which was required to bring thatvision into reality. The science reformshave indeed coincided with an increase inthe level of industry-funded research.Some of this funding is matched byGovernment investment, e.g. through theTechnology New Zealand scheme, whichdistributed NZ$13.7 million in the1999/00 year. Other significant researchfunds are directly administered by sectorresearch committees, e.g. NZ Pipfruit(pome fruit), Zespri (kiwifruit), the NZVegetable and Potato GrowersFederation, usually funded from growerlevies. A certain amount of horticulturalresearch is carried out through contractsadministered by other governmentdepartments, such as the sustainablefarming fund administered by MAF(which funded NZ$3.3 million of horticul-tural research in 2001).

SUCCESSFUL OUTCOMESFROM R & D

This blend of Government and privateresearch expenditure has led to manynotable successes in New Zealand horti-culture, some of which are reported here.The expansion of the kiwifruit industrythrough the 1980s depended on detailedknowledge of the factors affecting yieldand final quality in distant markets. Nowthe new golden-fleshed kiwifruit, ZespriGold, is adding to export earnings: in2001 it earned NZ$100 million in netsales, and is being planted in manyNorthern hemisphere countries to provideyear-round supply. This variety resultedfrom crosses made by researchers in NewZealand in 1987, with the first fruit reach-ing the market in 1997 and the globallaunch in 2000. This indicates the longtime cycle involved in evaluating potentialnew varieties and launching them to gainsuccessful consumer acceptance.

HortResearch developed an IntegratedFruit Production (IFP) manual for pipfruitgrowers designed to deliver high-qualityfruit from sustainable production. Almostall pipfruit growers now follow IFP guide-lines; by 1999 it was calculated that thishad resulted in a 50% reduction in totalinsecticide use in orchards, and a 75%reduction in organophosphate use. Crop& Food Research developed IntegratedPest Management strategies for a further11 horticultural crops. Through animproved knowledge of pest lifecycles,regular crop monitoring, the introduction

New golden-fleshed kiwifruit, Zespri Gold

of biocontrol agents, improved manage-ment, and new spraying technologies,there have been considerable reductionsin chemical use and reduced risk ofresidues in food. The success of the NZ apple industry hasrelied on a succession of highly desirablenew cultivars. Many of those were bredby HortResearch, including Pacific Roseand a new variety, Scifresh, with excellentstorage and shelf-life. HortResearchdelivered seven new seedless triploid cul-tivars for the hop industry which nowaccount for all hops grown in NZ. Twenty


years ago, all the hops were used domes-tically; now approximately 90% of thetotal crop is exported.HortResearch has also been instrumentalin the expansion of the blueberry indus-try, having developed early- and late-sea-son varieties which markedly extend theexport season and allow growers toreceive high returns, especially in affluentmarkets like Japan. Detailed knowledgeof the health benefits of blueberries iscontributing to a surge in their popularity.Crop & Food Research has developedcommercially-successful varieties of pota-

toes, for example ‘Golden Delight’ and‘Red Rascal’ which are now being grownby Australia’s leading grower-distributornetwork for premium markets in therestaurant and supermarket trade and‘Kiwitea’ which has been used in the NZFrench fry processing industry since theearly 1990s.New Zealand has long been a successfulexporter of processed peas and vining peaseed. In the 1970s, DSIR’s Crop ResearchDivision developed several vining pea cul-tivars that were widely used in NZ andelsewhere. Since the late1980s, Crop &

Food Research’s publicly-funded peabreeding work has been complementedby a commercial relationship withWrightson Seeds and Heinz Wattie’sAustralasia. In the last five years, this hasproduced a group of high quality cultivarswith wide disease tolerance and high yieldpotential that make up a significant andrapidly increasing proportion of the NZvining pea crop. There is also considerableinterest in Europe and Australia in materi-al from this programme.The first Southern Hemisphere truffleshave been produced in New Zealand as aresult of years of research by Crop & FoodResearch scientists. The science team isdriving the development of a new indus-try based around edible fungi, with recentsuccesses in cultivating some rarer ediblefungi such as bianchetto, saffron milk capand shoro mushrooms. In 1993, a fiveyear old 0.5 hectare truffière nearGisborne on the east coast of the NorthIsland produced two small Périgord blacktruffles; by 2000 the yield had risen to 65kg of truffles, with about a third of theseof Grade 1 quality. New Zealand pro-duced Grade 1 truffles are currently sell-ing for US$1400/kg and the potentialreturns in suitable localities are in excessof US$100,000 per hectare. Five otherNew Zealand truffières also began pro-ducing Périgord black truffles during thewinters of 2000 and 2001.“New” crops research has resulted in sev-eral other new export crops being estab-lished in New Zealand. Lavender hashelped to establish an essential oil indus-try, wasabi is being exported fresh andyams (Oxalis tuberosa) have been “re-designed” into a new export vegetablecrop, “ChiocaÆÆ” (r). In the ornamental sectorCrop & Food Research have released anew type of limonium, and Santonia, anintergeneric hybrid. Both of these areproving popular in the Japanese market.New forms of manuka are also increasingthe popularity of the species for ornamen-tal purposes.Crop & Food Research has been active indeveloping recommended best practicepackages for crop production. This work ishelping to ensure New Zealand exporterscan place premium products from sustain-able farming systems on internationalmarkets. These packages can includecomputerised decision support tools tomanage irrigation and fertilisers, givinggrowers added control over profitabilityand quality. The application of best man-agement practices by growers to guidecrop and land management is a key mar-keting attribute and an integral part ofproduct accreditation. A new system formeasuring soil structure, based on med-

The new variety, Scifresh

ISHS • 30

ical scanning technology, has greatlyimproved the ability of scientists to meas-ure structure accurately. The informationgained can be used to measure the effectof different management strategies onsustainable use of our soils for crop pro-duction.By combining information technologyand crop management knowledge, Crop& Food Research has produced‘AspireNZ’, the world’s first decision sup-port system for a perennial crop. The soft-ware has already assisted New Zealandasparagus growers to improve profitabili-ty and is being evaluated for use inEurope and the USA. A major NorthIsland asparagus packhouse is achievingpremium prices in the Japanese marketfor its product which is treated with a pro-prietary automated hot-water dippingprocess. This process was developed inconjunction with Crop & Food Researchto achieve disinfestation without the useof chemicals.A world-first DNA test has been devel-oped by HortResearch which is estimatedto have saved the NZ apple industry atleast NZ$1 million in its first season. Hugecosts are normally incurred if any mealy-bugs are found during testing of appleconsignments by the US Dept ofAgriculture. The whole consignment offruit has to be stored in quarantine for upto 60 days while tests are performed todetermine if the mealybug is from the onespecies of mealybug considered a quaran-tine pest in the USA, or from the otherthree species found in NZ. Now, usingspecific DNA probes for the problemspecies, testing takes only 48 h.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe Council members of NZSHS (StuartDavis, Bob Martin, John Palmer, JillStanley), Howard Bezar (Crop & FoodResearch) and Liz Brook (HortResearch)gave invaluable information and assistancefor this article.Factual information came from StatisticsNZ:(http://www.stats.govt.nz/domino/exter-nal/web/ProfileNZ.nsf/htmldocs/) sections15.1-15.4.

FURTHERINFORMATION:

Crop & Food Research: www.crop.cri.nzFRST: www.frst.govt.nzHortResearch: www.hortresearch.co.nzLincoln University: www.lincoln.ac.nzMassey University: www.massey.ac.nzMoRST: www.morst.govt.nzNZSHS: www.nzshs.org.nz

It is clear that past investment in horticul-tural science has paid off in supportingour vibrant and innovative industries.Partnerships between industry andresearchers look set to underpin the con-tinuing expansion of New Zealand’s hor-ticultural output.

Julian HeyesSecretary/Treasurer, NZSHS

Blueberry industry developed early- and late-season varieties which markedly extendthe export season

Shoro: A Japanese mushroom delicacy, now successfully cultured in New Zealand

Horticulture in ChileChile:Counterseason to MediterraneanHorticulture


Chile extends over 4,200 km from well above the Tropic of Capricorn to almost

the Antarctic Circle in the western side of South America (Latitude 17º30’S to

56º30’S). Not surprisingly, climatic conditions vary widely, although not

always as expected. In fact, all the northern tropical area is a desert, Atacama,

the world driest one. Basically, this is due to a cold mass of ocean water com-

ing from the South Pole, the Humbolt Current, that bathes it’s shores and

impedes precipitations in a vast area covering almost 1.000 km from the coun-

try’s northern limit to the south. After this, rainfall starts increasing an a semi-

arid area leads to a predominantly mediterranean climate in the middle of the

country, which is followed by colder and humid areas of the southern part and

cold and again drier areas in Patagonia. Comparatively, in the northern hemi-

sphere Chile would stretch from the southern limit of California, passing

through Oregon Washington and Canada, to the middle of Alaska, with

roughly corresponding climates, but opposite in latitude.

As a result of its geographical locationand climates, Chile has no commercialproduction of tropical crops, a reducedalthough growing area devoted to sub-tropical species, but a highly significantproduction of temperate species. Themain focus in temperate species has beengreatly emphasized during the lastdecades because harvest occurs counterseason with the production of the samespecies in the Northern Hemisphere; sup-plying the offseason demand of horticul-tural products has made the country asignificant player in many internationalmarkets: Chile has become the world’slargest exporter of temperate fruits and,in general, is ranked in the top five to tenexporters of dehydrated vegetables,frozen berries, raisins, tomato paste, veg-etable and flower seeds, wines, etc., withmeaningful economic returns (Table 1). The relationship between chilean produc-tion and consumption of horticulturalgoods is lopsided. Production is manytimes larger than the needs of the 15.5million population because of the deepcommitment to exports. During the last30 years, as a result of the focus in foreignmarkets for many horticultural products,especially temperate fruits, the countryhas amplified a highly diversified horticul-

ture and evolved a rather complete andmodern infrastructure (packing plants,refrigerated storage, roads, transportationand communications systems, etc.) tofacilitate horticultural exports. Con-currently, the action and training of indi-viduals, from hand labor to different pro-fessionals, has led to generation of therequired know-how to compete in thecomplex international markets.The main market for Chilean horticulturalgoods is United States that takes almost40% of the exported volume, followedclosely by European countries, but LatinAmerica, the Middle and Far East are alsorelevant markets. Most produce isshipped by boat, with about 300 fullyrefrigerated vessels, carrying an averageof 3,870 tons each, being shipped everyseason. The most expensive and perish-able species are sent by air and refrigerat-ed truck freight is used for shipments toneighboring countries.Although vegetables such as garlic, mel-ons and onions have been exported fornearly a century, the systematic develop-ment of fruit production that startedaround 1970 has made this sector themost relevant in Chilean horticulture, fol-lowed by wine production that has had arevival during the last decade, leavingvegetables in third place of relevance.Flower and ornamental species are stillconsiderably behind, reflecting a weakinternal market typical of a developingcountry and incipient efforts in exporta-tion.

Horticultural product $ US(000,000)

Fruits, fresh and processed 1,610Wines and spirits 540Vegetables, fresh, processedand seeds 205Flowers and bulbs, seeds offlowers 25

Total 2,380

Table 1. Chile: estimated FOBvalue (in US$) of horticulturalexports for 2001 (based onJanuary-November 2001 data)

FRUITSChile has over 208,000 ha of fruit treesand the most relevant ones are temperatespecies such as grapes, pome fruits andstone fruits, although in recent years sub-tropicals such as citrus fruits and, special-ly, avocado have grown considerably(Table 2). In average, after a period ofrapid growth during the last threedecades, area planted is presently increas-ing at a rate of 2 to 4% annually, mainlywith newer species or varieties for export.Although internal consumption of fruits issignificant, being estimated at 73,2kg/capita/year, most of the fruit in themarket is remanent from exports and hasrelatively small economic relevance.

Table grapes are dominant both in areaplanted, 50,826 ha, and crop value, withFOB returns of nearly US$ 600 millionsfor the 600 million kilos exported (as inmost fruits, the internal market is estimat-ed to be a small fraction of these figures).Early table grapes, harvested in novemberto december, are produced in small rivervalleys in the northern areas of the coun-try (Copiapó, Elqui, Huasco and Limarí)and the midseason and late production,harvested between january to march, iscarried out in the central areas of thecountry, where the agroecological condi-tions are considered optimal for produc-tion of the species and export yields sur-pass 25 ton/ha. The main varieties are

Thompson Seedless, Red Globe, FlameSeedless, Ribier, Sugraone and RubySeedless. A distinguishing feature ofchilean production is the almost exclusiveuse of the overhead (“parronal español”or “tendone”) trellis system that favorshigh quality. Pome fruits, mainly apples (33,494 ha)and pears (11,706 ha), have been alsodecisive in establishing the country as arelevant fruit exporter, although presentlyboth have stagnated and actually show aslight decrease in area in the last years.Apples are the second most importantfruit export and it’s FOB value during thelast three years has fluctuated betweenUS$ 202 and 278 million dollars, with avolume close to 500 million kilos everyyear. Most of the production is based oncolored fruit, with Richard Red Deliciousbeing the dominant variety but rapidlyloosing ground to newer ones such asRoyal Gala, Fuji and others. Pear exportvalue has decreased markedly, from overUS$ 100 million in 1996 to less than US$64 million in 2000, with Packham’sTriumph being the dominant variety fol-lowed by Beurre Bosc and Coscya.Stone fruits for export, specially plums,nectarines, peaches, cherries and apricots,were heavily planted about two decadesago, when modern fully refrigerated ves-sels started to be chartered in increasingnumbers for fruit exports and transit timeto reach United States and other marketswas reduced. As a group, stone fruitsoccupy nearly 40,000 ha, are presentlyquite stable in cultivated area, and meanclose to US$ 200 million in FOB value ofexports every year. The shorter storagepotential of these species compared tothe previous ones poses a limitation and areal challenge to breeders and posthar-vest physiologists to increase quality andexports.Other important fruit crops produced inthe country are avocado, kiwifruit, lemon,nuts, orange, etc. (see Table 2). The sub-tropical species were mainly oriented tothe internal market, but an attractive for-eign demand for them has resulted inchanges in the production systems andreorientation to export. A good exampleis avocado, where old varieties have beenreplaced, mainly by Hass, cultural prac-tices have been refined, and plantationshave increased from 8,190 ha in 1990 to21,220 ha in 2000; as a result, in 1999,the FOB value of exports reached US$100 millions. Another example of thebasic orientation of production to foreignmarkets are the some berry crops thatwere of small significance (i.e. raspber-ries) or others that were recently intro-duced specifically for exports (i.e. blue-

Fruit Ha Vegetable Ha

Grape 50,826 Tomato 20,390Apple 33,494 Sweet corn 12,626Avocado 21,220 Green & Fresh beans 8,020Plum 13,885 Lettuce 5,991Pear 11,706 Onion 5,892Peach 10,960 Peas 4,905Kiwifruit 7,960 Winter Squash 4,863Walnut 7,769 Asparagus 4,183Lemon 7,702 Watermelon 3,972Orange 7,586 Pepper 3,831Others 35,825 Others 48,119

Total 208,933 Total 122,747

Table 2. Chile: area cultivated with fruit and vegetable species

Fruit Cultivation in Chile


berries), that have become important cashcrops for many growers. The fresh fruit production is complement-ed with a sizable processing industry.Canned (cherries, peaches and pears),dehydrated (apricots, prunes and raisins),frozen (blackberries, peaches and straw-berries) and pressed (apples, grapes andraspberries) products are examples of thewide scope of an industry that also prima-rily targets the international markets.

WINES

Grapes were introduced to Chile bySpanish conquistadores. The first planta-tions date back to before 1550, with writ-ten records of grapes widely available in1551. As the Spanish conquered differentterritories in the country, grapes wereplanted to supply the wine required forthe catholic rite, leading to a sustainedgrowth in area and varieties up to 1810,

or the Colonial Period, which was fol-lowed up to 1818 by the IndependencePeriod of Chilean history. Grapes andwine production are, therefore, closelylinked to the birth of the country and area relevant part of the culture and historyof Chile.After independence, a great transforma-tion of Chilean viticulture ocurred in1851, when high quality grape varietiesfor wine, such as Cabernet Sauvignon,Cot, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Sauvignon Blanc,etc. were introduced from France. Thesevarieties adapted optimally to the agroe-cological conditions of the central area ofthe country and became the base ofChilean viticulture; even more, these arethe only clones that have remained freeof Phylloxera, plague that decimatedEuropean viticulture more than a centuryago, allowing Chile to be the only signif-icant wine producing country that growsthese varieties without grafting.Distinguished and wealthy growers start-ed planting wine varieties, hired Frenchenologists and created wineries, whichare the most traditional and carry theirnames up to present times (Concha yToro, Cousiño, Errázuriz, Ochagavía,Undurraga, etc.). Their wines startedobtaining prizes in different Europeanfairs, and this greatly stimulated exports.By the end of the 19th century, viticul-ture had become the most prosperousagricultural activity, with wine grapesoccupying more than 100,000 ha. Therapid expansion led to a foreseeable crisiswith overproduction and low prices. Inspite of certain laws and regulations, thecrisis deepened and resulted in a progres-sive decrease in area planted, so that inthe 1970’s there were less than 50,000ha with wines grapes, and equipmentand technologies had become outdated.In the 1980’s, the adoption of a newmodel for development in the country,the so-called free market economy, stim-ulated exports with attractive exchangerates. The interest in wine exports wasrekindled and generated another trans-formation of Chilean viticulture: modern-ization. New vineyards closely matchingfine varieties to specific sites were plant-ed, companies remodeled or built newwineries, renovated machinery and useof stainless steel equipment for wine pro-cessing and storage became the newstandard. Some of the most reputedwineries from France, Spain and UnitedStates were also attracted by the condi-tions and have set up branches or jointventures in Chile. As a result, area, vol-ume and exported value of productionhave increased rapidly, reaching around

Berry Crops ready for Export

Vineyard in Chile

ISHS • 34

90,000 ha, 570 million liters of wine andUS$ 500 millions in returns, respectively,in 2000. The expected increase in vol-ume, due mainly to recent plantationscoming to bear their full potential, has tobe directed to the international marketsbecause internal consumption is only 300million liters, presently 19 liters per capi-ta, and not anticipated to grow signifi-cantly.

VEGETABLES

Chile grows around 123,000 ha of morethan 45 different vegetables every year,with a well-balanced area of cold andwarm season species, reflecting it’s tem-perate condition (table 2). It is estimatedthat the total area is increasing somewhatfaster than the population, even thoughconsumption of vegetables is already highfor a developing nation like Chile (105kg/capita/year). Contrary to the situationof fruits and wines, only one fourth of thevalue generated by vegetables comesfrom exports (U$ 200 million); the restcomes from sales in internal market whichis quite relevant for vegetables.Tomato is the most important vegetablecrop in Chile, occupying an area of near-

ly 20,000 ha, with about 12,000 hadirected to the industry and 8,000 ha forthe fresh market. Tomato paste is theprincipal industrial product and is almostentirely exported, bringing in betweenUS$ 50 to 100 millions per year. Freshtomato production is done in a myriad ofways, under plastic greenhouses (about2,000 ha) and in open fields (6,000 ha),with the internal market taking almost theentire production and exports being spo-radic. Another solanaceous crop that hashigh value is pepper (3,831 ha); dry pep-pers return between US$ 20 to 30 millionin exports every year.In terms of area cultivated, sweet corn,green and fresh beans and peas are quiterelevant. However, these crops are des-tined to the freezing industry and theircash value for the growers is rather low.More important in terms of value areonions, asparagus, garlic and melons thatare usually exported as fresh products oras seeds, and are also important as freshvegetables in the internal market. Due tothe possible continual production afford-ed by different zones for many species,the use of greenhouses for some, or pro-longed storage of others, internaldemand for vegetables is fully satisfiedlocally.

In most vegetable crops the varieties arethe same as those used in Europe, Israel,Japan or United States because the mainvegetable seed companies are not onlypresent for sales but also produce manyof their seeds in Chile. Since 1980 therehas been a sustained growth of vegetableseed production, first due to comparativeand now also to competitive advantages,that has resulted in the installation in thecountry of the leading international veg-etable seed companies. This is a very rel-evant activity for many growers and gen-erates over US$ 50 million dollars inexports every year.At present, vegetable production isundergoing major changes. The tradition-al small growers face increasing competi-tion from large growers moving awayfrom depressed crops, such as cereals andlegumes. Large growers with more capitalhave adapted easily new technologies,are eager to develop new ideas and, insome cases, have integrated fully to con-solidating supermarket chains. Evenmore, consumers and retailers are makingnew demands, pressing for higher quality,new products, specific packaging, etc.Certainly, the present dynamics will resultin vastly different vegetable production inthe very near future.

Chilean Vegetables


CONTACTP. Universidad Católica de ChileCasilla 306, Santiago 22, Chile.email: [email protected]

FLOWERS, BULBS ANDORNAMENTALS

Clearly, this is the less developed sector ofchilean horticulture but, perhaps the onewith greatest potential. Chile grows lessthan 2,000 ha of cut flowers, bulbs andornamentals, reflecting the developingnature of the country and a very incipientexport business. The predominant cutflowers grown are carnations, chrysan-themums, gladioli, roses and many oth-ers. The commercial growth of bulbs suchas irises, lilies, tulips, etc. is relatively newand has become significant only in thelast few years. Ornamental plants com-prise a wide array of species that appearto be having greater demand as new spe-cialized gardening shops and home-storeshave appeared.The expected increase in income and thegrowing awareness of the value of gar-dening, landscaping, and recreationalareas point to a significant growth ofinternal demand in the coming years. Onthe other hand, exports of cut flowers(US$ 3 millions/year), flower seeds (US$15 millions/year) and nursery stock andbulbs (US$ 7 millions/year) have clearly

increased lately and recent joint venturesor independent installation of somenorthern hemisphere companies shouldalso lead to growth in exports. Therefore,it is expected that this area of horticulturewill soon become larger.

CONCLUSIONS

The demand for horticultural goods ofchilean consumers is almost fully satisfiedby internal production; the exceptions aresome tropical fruits as banana, mango,pineapple and other minor, occasionallyimported products. This demand, due topopulation and income growth, willincrease slowly. Therefore, a smooth evo-lution rather than drastic changes can beexpected in horticultural production ori-ented to the internal market.On the other hand, the current produc-tion of many horticultural goods for for-eign markets, especially temperate fruits,has resulted in a rather complete andmodern infrastructure (packing plants,refrigerated facilities, roads, transporta-tion and communication systems, etc.)and a specialized know-how that facili-

tate horticultural exports. This base, cou-pled to the outstanding agroecologicalconditions and the sheer size of presentproduce exports, sustain the predictionthat horticulture will continue to be a verysignificant sector of Chilean agricultureand a relevant supplier of internationalmarkets. Even more, the early adoption ofmany of the recent trends in horticulturalproduction, such as new varieties andgrowing systems, Integrated CropManagement, Organic Production, GoodAgricultural Practice, etc. and the contin-uous perseverance of all those involved,could well mean a more diversified andsignificant role for Chilean horticulture inthe near future.

Christian Krarup

The Association annually holds the gener-al assembly, and regularly promotes suchsymposia as “Blueberry cultivars and theirgrowing,” “Blueberry orchard manage-ment,” “Nutritional function of blueberryfruit,” and “International relations ofblueberry industry” etc. Further, theactivities of the Association extend topublication of “Blueberry News” andtextbooks, consulting work on blueberryproduction and also recommendation ofexcellent products etc.The year 2001 falls on the 50th year sincethe first introduction of highbush blue-berry was made by Nat. Hokkaido Agr.

Japan Blueberry AssociationThe Japan Blueberry Associacion was established in August 1994 to expand

blueberry production and consumption in Japan. The number of members of

the Association amounts to 500 including individuals and organizations.

Members are composed of scientists, extension agents, growers, amateurs,

and marketing and processing companies relating to blueberry industry. The

current President and Secretary General are Mr. K. Horii and Mr. T. Tamada,

respectively.

Exp. Sta. in 1951, from MassachusettsAgric. Experiment Station, USA. So, vari-ous events were held to commemoratethe golden anniversary of blueberry intro-duction.Blueberry growing area in Japan reached300 ha in 2001, consisting of 200 ha ofhighbush blueberry in the cool areas and100 ha of rabbiteye blueberry in thewarm areas. Main cultivars of highbushblueberry are Blueray, Earlyblue, Bluecropand Darrow etc., and those of rabbiteyeblueberry are Woodard, Brightblue,Tifblue and Climax etc. Total productionof blueberry amounts to 1,000 tons. The

CONTACT:Japan Blueberry AssociationItoh Pier Hamarikyu 1104, 1-6-1 Kaigan,Minatoku, Tokyo 105-0022, Japanemail: [email protected]

Japanese new cultivars named“Ohtsuboshi” and “Amatsuboshi” wereraised and registered by GunmaHorticultural Experiment Station in 1998and 1999, respectively.As for the products imported to Japan,the situation is as follows in 2001: freshproducts, 1,000 tons from USA, Canada,NZ, Australia and Chile; frozen products(lowbush blueberry), 12,000 tons fromCanada and USA; frozen products(European wild species), 2,000 tons fromPoland and Scandinavian countries.

M. Iwata, Japan.

ISHS • 36

New books and websites

The books listed here are non-ISHS-

publications. For more details on

ISHS publications on these as well as

many other topics we refer to the

ISHS websites www.ishs.org and

www.actahort.org or to the list of

available Acta Horticulturae in this

issue of Chronica Horticulturae.

OUR PLUMS - LESPRUNIERS DE CHEZ NOUS

ISBN: 0-660-61568-1. This is a compre-hensive illustrated book of plum varietiesand describes over 80 plum varieties. It ispresented as a valuable reference forplum breeders, scientists interested inplum culture, growers and home garden-ers. The information on hardiness andripening dates is invaluable for those wholive in colder climates and for those withshorter growing seasons. The presence ofnumerous images throughout the booktogether with a written description of allthe cultivars will help in the identificationof unknown plum trees. There are sym-bols that can help the reader to quicklydetermine the origin of plums (American,European, Japanese or hybrids) and helpin finding cultivars that are hardy, self-fruitful, freestone or those that can bedried to make prunes.

The book is the result of observations anddata collected between 1900 and 2000 atthree Agricultural and Agri-Food Canadaresearch stations: the Central experimen-tal farm in Ottawa (latitude: 45.3832,longitude: -75.7182), the La Pocatièrestation (latitude: 47.3624, longitude:-69.9951) and the Frelighsburg sub-sta-tion (latitude 45.0465, longitude:-72.7837), which is associated with theHorticulture Research and DevelopmentCenter in St-Jean-sur-Richelieu.Additional information is available atwww.pgris.com

POSTER 24” X 36” - OURPLUMS - LES PRUNIERS DECHEZ NOUZ

Poster with high quality images of 46plum cultivars including 56 photographsof the leaves, flowers & cut fruits alongwith selected symbols to quickly find cul-tivars type, hybrid type, winter hardy,self-fruitful, stone free. Additional infor-mation is available at www.pgris.com

The appendix contains the items as fol-lows:- An English-Spanish dictionary of the

defined terms- An index of scientific plant names and

their most common synonyms - Correct abbreviations of the English and

Spanish terms- Conversion factors of internationally

used units

This dictionary of horticultural science wasbrought up with the intention to compilea wide, diverse and at the same timespecified terminology. Terms referring toherbacious and woody plants are men-tioned in the context of breeding/ pro-duction, botany and plant physiology,horticultural machinery and plant propa-gation, genetic and vegetal multiplication,plant protection as well as in the alimen-tation and ornamental context. Moreover,economic terms are taken into considera-tion.It is obvious that the dictionary has filled agap in agricultural and horticultural litera-ture and as well as concerns Spanish lan-guage. By means of the dictionary thehomogenisation and strictness in defini-tion of scientific terms was set forward.The Dictionary of Horticultural Sciences israther a glossary of terms than an ency-clopaedic dictionary. For all interestedpeople or professionals the dictionary is aconstant reference book for professionalsand for students of horticulture and agri-culture in particular it is a vivid tool fromthe very start of the university career.

BALANCE DECONCENTRACIONES ENCULTIVOS SIN SUELO.APLICACIONES.

By Antonio Jesús González Marín, pub-lished by Instituto de Estudios Almerienses(IEA), ISBN 84 8108 244 9, 150 pages, 69figures, published in Spanish.The aim of this book is to provide adescription of the way nutrient solutionsfunction in the case of crops grown with-out soil in chemically inert substrates, andto thereby offer analysis and judgementfor the guidance of crop management,ensuring optimal use of water and nutri-ents. More details: www.dipalme.orgOur Plums - Les Pruniers de

chez nous

Poster 24” x 36” - Our plums

DICCIONARIO DE CIENCIASHORTICULAS

A Publication Edited by Sociedad Españolde Ciencias HorticulasEditors: Luis Ramallo Romero, RicardoFernandez Escobar, 603 pages, 17cm x 24cm, 1999. EUR 48,08 ISBN 84 7114 818 8The dictionary contains 8,270 terms,which are of importance for professionals,students, scientists and technicians. EverySpanish term is translated directly intoEnglish or if necessary a short paraphraseof the term is given. The translation iscompleted by the definition of the termand a listing of possible synonyms.


POSTHARVESTTECHNOLOGY OFHORTICULTURAL CROPS

This new edition has been completelyupdated and expanded - five new chap-ters cover consumer issues in quality andsafety, preharvest factors affecting fruitand vegetable quality, waste manage-ment and cull utilization, safety factors,and processing methods. A new appendixpresents a summary of optimal conditionsand the potential storage life of 200 fruitsand vegetables. Edited by Adel Kader andwritten by 22 authors, including UCresearchers, specialists, and faculty alongwith leading industry experts, the thirdedition weighs in at 535 pages.Postharvest Technology is an invaluableresources for research professionals, qual-ity control personnel, and postharvestbiology students - anyone involved inthe technology for handling and storingfresh fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals.The information in the manual is applica-ble worldwide. It is illustrated with 154color photos, 184 black-and-white pho-tos, and 111 graphs and illustrations.Available from ANR CommunicationServices Oakland, CA (USA). Fax:(1)5106435470 and online at http://anr-catalog.ucdavis.edu/.

species, molecular biology and biotech-nology have progressed at a slow pace,due to several obstacles which have hadto be overcome. However, substantialprogress has now been made and usefulinformation has been accumulated in theliterature; numerous genes have beencharacterized from grapevine and signifi-cant progress has been made in themolecular and non-molecular biotechno-logical applications. In an effort to collectand present the state of the art ongrapevine molecular biology and biotech-nology, 41 scientists from 12 countriesworked jointly on the preparation of thisbook. It is intended as a reference bookfor viticulturists, graduate and undergrad-uate students, biotechnological compa-nies, and any scientist who is interested inmolecular biology and biotechnology ofplants with emphasis on grapevine.Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers,ISBN 0-7923-6949-1, EUR 175.More Information on the websiteof the Greek Vitis Database www.biolo-gy.uoc.gr/gvd

TEMPERATE FRUIT CROPS INWARM CLIMATES

Published December 2000, 472 pages,Hardbound, ISBN 0-412-63290-X, avail-able from Kluwer Academic Publishers.Edited by Amnon Erez, Institute ofHorticulture, The Volcani Center, BetDagan, Israel. This book on temperatefruit crops in warm climates is the first onededicated to this subject. It presents awealth of data regarding growing thesecrops in warm climates. It covers twoaspects: the genetic approach, that led toa search of adapted cultivars and root-stock for these climates; and the physio-logical-horticultural approach that led todeveloping means to improve perform-ance of these species under such condi-tions. The book is intended for the readerwho is interested in temperate fruits andtheir adaptation to various growing condi-tions, especially under tropical and sub-tropical climates.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY ANDBIOTECHNOLOGY OF THEGRAPEVINE

Grapevine is one of the major cultivatedplant crops. As with most woody plant

Courses and Meetings

Make sure to check out the ISHS

Calendar of Events for an extensive

listing of ISHS meetings. For up-

dated information log on to

www.ishs.org/calendar

Postharvest Technology of HorticultureCrops Short Course, June 17-28, 2002,University of California, Davis. One weekof intensive lectures and demonstrationsfollowed by a week-long field trip. Info:Ms. Sharon Munowich, UniversityExtension, University of California, Davis,CA 95616. Fax: (1)5307578634, email:[email protected]

13th International Congress of theFederation of European Societies of PlantPhysiology (FESPP), September 1-6,

2002, Heraklion, Greece. Contact: Profes-sor Kalliopi A. Roubelakis-Angelakis. Fax:(30)081394459, e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; web-site: www.biology.uoc.gr/meetings/fespp

Seminar The Vanishing Molecules fromThe Institute of Horticulture, June 18,2002, chaired by Chris Payne. Seminarspeakers will ensure that the horticulturalindustry is fully aware of the impact oflosing molecules. They will also addressthe additional problem that manufactur-ers are failing to maintain registration ofproducts, all too often of the specialistnature required in horticulture, because ofhigh costs and low sales.Contact: Margaret Waddy, IoH Pressand Publicity Officer,14 -15 BelgradeSquare, London SWIX 8PS, Tel./Fax (44) 0207245 6943,email [email protected]

X International Symposium on AquaticWeeds, September 2-6, 2002, Cemagref,Unité de Recherche Qualité des Eaux,50, Avenue de Verdun, 33612 CestasCedex, France,email: [email protected]

III Congreso Iberoamericano de Tecno-logia Postcosecha y Agroexportaciones,Santiago, Chile, 3-6 December 2002,contact: Dr. Luis Luchsinger, University ofChile, CEPOC, Casilla 1004, Santiago,Chile, email: [email protected], Fax(56)26785704

Conference Ozone III: Agriculture andFood Processing applications of Ozone asan Antimicrobial Agent, 28-30 October,2002, conference presented by G & LAgriTec, with primary sponsorship andsupport from California State University-Fresno College of Food Science &

ISHS • 38

Nutrition, and the California AgriculturalTechnology Institute (CATI), RadissonHotel, Fresno, California. Anticipated top-ics will cover research, case studies andexperimental results of ozone generation,use and biocidal efficacy in food and agri-cultural applications. Call for papers: Bothsubmissions are required: 1 May, 2002deadline for prospective speakers tosubmit, via e-mail, Presentation Title,Topic Category and identity of thePrimary Speaker; 1 Aug, 2002 deadline tosubmit, via e-mail, 300 to 400 wordabstract of proposed presentation.Identify Primary Speaker in all correspon-dence and include phone, fax, e-mailaddress and complete mailing address.Contact: Conference Coordinator G&L,AgriTec by phone, mail or e-mail at(1)5595610112; 43857 Dr. S. Fork, ThreeRivers, CA 93271; or [email protected]. Research informa-tion at www.cati.csufresno.edu/ozone

First International Symposium on LiquidSystems for in vitro Mass Propagationof Plants’. Agricultural University ofNorway, Ås near Oslo, Norway, 29 May -2 June 2002, www.cost843.org. COST isa non-commercial cooperation in the fieldof scientific and technical research,funded by the European Commission.More information is available atwww.cost.cordis.lu/src/home.cfm

European Weed Research Society, 12thEWRS Symposium, 24-27 June 2002,Arnhem/Wageningen. Info: SecretariatEWRS Symposium W2002, B.J. Post, P.O.Box 28, 6865 ZG Doorwerth, TheNetherlands. Fax: (31)263706896, email:[email protected]

International Conference Small Fruit inthe Wild and Culture, 20-22 August2002, Kaunas, Lithuania. Info: KaunasBotanical Garden of Vytautas MagnusUniversity, Z.E. Zilibero 6, 3018 Kaunas,Lithuania. Fax: (370)7390133, email:[email protected], [email protected]

Peat in Horticulture - Quality andEnviromnental Challenges, A Joint

Symposium of the IPS Commission II andV, Pärnu, Estonia 3 - 6 September 2002.Contact: Business Development Center ofPärnu County, Mr. Raiko Gustavson,Akadeemia 2, 80010 Pärnu, ESTONIA,email: [email protected], Website:www.mv.parnu.ee/-bdc), Fax: (372)4431298

International Symposium “Peat Physicsand Chemistry to Resolve EcologyProblems”, Minsk, Republic of Belarus,November 3-7, 2002.Contact: Mr. NikolaiBambalov, Fax: (375 17) 264 24 13,email: [email protected]

Conference on Ecolables and theGreening of the Food Market, Boston,Massachusetts, USA, November 7-9,2002, contact: Willie Lockeretz, FriedmanSchool of Nutrition Science and Policy,Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155(USA), [email protected]. Papersmay describe specific labeling programs,present new research results, or analyzepublic policy issues presented by ecola-bels. Abstracts of working papers of 250words can be submitted until may 17,2002.

The Lake Eden Photo Camp-In, May 31 -June 3, 2002, Content: Professional fieldtechniques in close-up nature photogra-phy. Proceed to the itinerary:http://www.sojournsinnature.com/eden.html

The Green Mountain Nature PhotographyWorkshop at Stratton Mountain, June 30- July 5, 2002. Content: Complete coursein professional field techniques of naturephotography. Proceed to the itinerary:http://www.sojournsinnature.com/greenmountain.html

The Tom Jordan Memorial Boreal CoastTour, July 19 - 23, 2002. Content: Naturalhistory and photography of the Borealcoast of Maine. http://www.sojournsin-nature.com/borealcoast.html.For further information, please visithttp://SojournsInNature.com

XIITH BERNBURGERWINTERSEMINAR FÜRARZNEI- UNDGEWÜRZPFLANZEN.

The traditional scientific symposium tookplace on February 6-7, 2002 in Bernburg-Strenzfeld, Germany and brought togeth-er scientists, market experts and profes-sional breeders and producers of medici-nal and aromatic plants (MAP). The lec-tures during the two day conference cov-ered the following issues: Legal frame-work of the worldwide trade of medicinaland spice plants, the market for vegetalingredients/ plant extracts for cosmeticsand pharmaceuticals, use of essential oilsand plant extracts for animal food, culti-vation of in the Netherlands, identityanalysis of medicinal and spice plants,pesticides, heavy metals and mykotoxinesin medicinal and aromatic plants and theireffects for transformation, objectives ofEUROPAM, cultivation and breeding ofChinese medicinal plants in Germany.Selection and evaluation methods wereshown through the examples of cumin,anethum and fennel, borage and eveningprimrose growing. Contact: Verein fürArznei- und Gewürzpflanzen SALUPLAN-TA e.V. Prof.-Oberdorf-Siedlung 16 D-06406 Bernburg, Germany, www.salu-planta.de, [email protected] Fax(49)3471640332

ORGANIC LETTUCE ANDSALAD WORKSHOP.

The one day workshop which took placeon September 6, 2001, in Wallingford, UKbrought together a group of researchers,growers and others interested in organiclettuce and salad production. Main prob-lems in production were mentioned asfollows: diseases, pests, soil fertilitymanagement, seed choice, transplantquality, markets and management. Fullreport available under www.organic-research.com/research/papers/lettuce.htm


The ISHS is an organisation of indi-

viduals, organisations - National and

International - and governmental

bodies interested in the field of

Horticultural Research and Horticul-

ture in general. The ISHS is registered

in Belgium.

CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE ©

Magazine of the International Society forHorticultural Science.

ISBN: 90 6605 865 X (Volume 42 -Number 1; March 2002)ISSN: 0578-039XPublished quarterly by the InternationalSociety for Horticultural Science

Editorial OfficeISHS SecretariatPO Box 5003001 Leuven 1 - BelgiumTel: (32) 16 22 94 27Fax: (32) 16 22 94 50E-mail: [email protected]

ISHS WEB-SITEhttp://www.ishs.org orhttp://www.actahort.org

EDITORIAL STAFFA. Monteiro, General Editor,[email protected] J. Van Assche, Final Editor, [email protected] P. Becker, Editor Manuscripts,[email protected] G. Weststeijn, Editor Symposia Reports,[email protected] P. Vanderborght, Editor Production,[email protected]

REALISATIONISHS Secretariat, Leuven, Belgium. Lay-Out and Printing: Drukkerij Geers, Gent.

ADVERTISINGContact the ISHS Secretariat for details on1/1 page, 1/2 page, 1/4 page and 1/8page full color advertisments and/or mail-ing list options.

COPYRIGHT© 2002 by the International Society forHorticultural Science. All rights reserved.No part of this magazine may be repro-duced and/or published in any form, pho-tocopy, microfilm or any other meanswithout written permission from the pub-lisher.

PAYMENT INSTRUCTIONS When sending your payment (bookorders, membership dues, ...) please takeinto account following rules allowing us toprocess your order or membership renew-al as soon as possible. Always quote yourname and invoice/membership number,for book orders please make no paymentsprior to receiving an invoice. Preferablyuse the order form for Acta Horticulturaeor a membership application form avail-able from www.ishs.org

CREDIT CARDSAll major Credit Cards accepted. In caseyou would like us to charge your creditcard, just send us following informationtogether with your order, membershipapplication/renewal or copy of the invoiceyou received (make sure to provide all theinformation requested):the type of your card (AMEX, Diners,Eurocard, Mastercard, Visa,... ), cardhold-ers name and address, expiration date,and your signature.

CHECKSChecks should be made payable to ISHS.Send checks to ISHS Secretariat, PO Box500, 3001 Leuven 1, Belgium.

MONEY TRANSFER TO OURBANK ACCOUNTThe bank account number of ISHS withGenerale Bank/Fortis Bank in Belgium is230-0019444-64. (Address of our bank -for inter-bank information exchange only-Fortis Bank, Branch “Heverlee Arenberg”,Naamsesteenweg 173/175, 3001 Leuven,Belgium. The International SWIFT code of

Generale Bank is GEBABEBB 008-A).Please make sure that the cost for inter-national money transfer is taken fromyour account so that ISHS receives the netamount of the invoice.

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We are sorry to inform you that ISHS isnot able to accept other means of pay-ment such as e.g. International PostalMoney Orders,...

MEMBERSHIPFor an overview of ISHS membership cat-egories and membership advantages,including a membership application form,please refer to the ISHS membershippages at www.ishs.org/members.

ACTA HORTICULTURAEActa Horticulturae is the series of pro-ceedings of ISHS Scientific Meetings,Symposia or Congresses. (ISSN: 0567-7572)ISHS Members get a substantial discountwhen ordering Acta Horticulturae (Seesection on Acta Horticulturae in thisChronica Horticulturae). An order form aswell as an updated list of available titles isavailable on the ISHS websitewww.ishs.org/acta. A complete andaccurate record of the entire ActaHorticulturae collection, including allabstracts and full text articles is availableonline at www.actahort.org. ISHSIndividual membership includes credits todownload 10 full text Acta Horticulturaearticles.

Correspondence with regard to the con-tents, orders for reprints, and otherinquiries should be addressed to the ISHSSecretariat.

FROM THE SECRETARIATFROM THE SECRETARIAT

In House

ISHS • 40

We are pleased to welcome the fol-

lowing new members

NEW ORGANISATIONMEMBERS:

Australian Fruit Producers, 98 RishworthsLane, 2479 Brooklet, Australia. Phone:(61)266878009, Fax: (61)266878077,email: [email protected]ón Experimental Las Palmerillas,Autovia del Mediterráneo Km 419, 04710El Ejido, Spain. Phone: (34)950580548,Fax: (34)950580450, email: [email protected]

NEW INDIVIDUALMEMBERS:

Algeria: A. Baaliouamer, Yacine Badjah;Angola: José Sebastiaõ Mateus Aragaõ;Argentina: Estanislao Corral, Dr. JoaquínGonzález, Mr. Jose Jalil, Rafalea A.Martinez, Daniel Re, Héctor Tassara,Alfredo Usubillaga, Martin Zanetti;Australia: Mr. Antony Allen, Mr. StephenBills, Ass. Prof. Jimmy Botella, Mr. AndrewBurnett, Andrew Cheung, Mr. Neil Delroy,Mr. Andrew J. Egan, Mr. Dougal Finlay,Alex Grant, Tim Groom, Mr. GarryHenderson, Mr. Mark Herrington,Mofakhar Hossain, Dr. Tajul Islam, Mr.Rod Jordan, Mr. Garry Jowett, Dr. PeterKeating, Rowland Laurence, Robert Long,Ms. Kerry Macfarlane, Ass. Prof. AmanUllah Malik, Ms. Amelia Martyn, Mr.David Menne, Mr. Dominic Nardi, DonOrmandy, Mr. Jeff Peck, Ms. Sarah Peel,Susan Richards, Gordon Rogers, DougalRussell, Henry Schneider, Daniel Selzer,Ian Southwell, Dr. Helen Wallace, MarkusWeber, Mr. John Wilkie; Austria:Remigius Chizzola, Georg Dobos, Ms.Mala Padmini Hettiarachchi, LeopoldJirovetz, Albert Kriegner; Belgium: Dr. Ir.Luc Balemans, Andre Foriers, Dr. IngridPaulus, Dr. Johan Van Huylenbroeck;Bhutan: Dhanapati Dhungyel, TshitilaJongthap; Brazil: B.W. Bertoni, MarcosBotton, Pedro Melillo De Magalhaes,Maria Beatriz Perecin, Dr. Maria CristinaRocha Cordeiro, Ms. Maria Eugênia SilvaCruz, Roberto Vieira; Canada: Dr. DavidBallantyne, André Bélanger, Mr. LeeCoates, Ms. Arden Delidais, Dr. CharlesForney, Anick Fournier, Mr. Kevin Jones,Mr. Eric Leung, Thomas Meleg, Chris

New ISHS Members

Neumeyer, Mr. Frank Pasztor, Dr. StuartSchroeder, Donna Speranzini, Mr. PeterWaterman, Cedar Welsh, David Wolyn,Ms. Amélie de la Du; Chile: Alex Berg,Martisol Berti, Luis Fernandez, Ms.Denisse Halpern, Verena Herbach,Felicitas Hevia, Hermann Lieberherr, LigiaMorend, Pablo Opazo, Hernan Perez,Ximena Polanco, Nelly Schindler, DanielSchmidt, Claudia Tramon, Dr. HermineVogel, Juan Zoffoli; China: Xu Feng, Dr.Yike Gao, Jiying Guo, Xiaoding Guo,Quan Jiang, Jia-wang Li, Xin-Xian Li,Prof. Kewang Liu, Qingchang Liu, DaifuMa, Dehua Ma, Feng Peng, Dayi Wang,LiRong Wang, Zhiqiang Wang, QitangZhang, Tiancai Zou; Colombia: AmparoMedina Torres; Costa Rica: Daniel de laCruz, Silvia Salazar; Croatia: Zlatko Liber,Dr. Zdenko Loncaric, Mrs. Dr. NadaParadikovic, Dr. Tihana Mrs. Teklic; Cuba:Alfredo Morales; Cyprus: DemetriosDroushiotis, John Michael Freeth, Mr.Stavros Stavrides; Czech Republic:Marton Jaros, Prof. Dr. Ales Lebeda,Martin Vagner, Hana Vejsadova;Denmark: Poul Anton Hansen, PoulMadsen, Dorte Nissen; Egypt: SayedAhmed, E.M. Badawy, Prof. Dr.Mohamed Adel El Ghandour, Fawzi AboEl-Abbas, Abdel Khalek Hussein, AhmedIbrahim, Salah M. Mahmoud, HusseinTaha, Nabil Mohamed Toaima, E.M.A.Youssef; Ethiopia: Tenaw Workayehu; FijiIslands: Mr. Dilip Khatri; Finland: AnuHeikkinen, Marja Terttu Kamarainen,Marjo Kristina Keskitalo, ViktorKuvshinov, Veli-Pekka Pelkonen, AntiiPirnes, Leena Ryynanen; France: PatriceAndre, Oscar Ayala, Eric Bellet, D.Blancard, Richard Brand, Mr. FabienCabanès, Dominique Davenne, DanielEsmenjaud, Latifa Hamama, LudovicLardet, Herve Lecoq, Jean PierreLeymonie, Thierry Pascal, PhilippePineau, Dr. Pablo Simo Santalla, DesiréStrullu, Mr. Pierre de Rambures;Germany: Ms. Evanthia Exarchou, JuttaGabler, Irina Goehler, Maurizio AljandroGonzalez Diaz, Dr. Steffen Greiner, HansJurgen Hannig, Dr. Martin Hegele, AlbertHeindl, Mr. Thomas Joslin, WolframJunghanns, Ms. Ayano Kimura, HansKrüger, Hubert Kuhlmann, KjellLangendorf, Reinhard Liersch, MatthiasLorenz, Richard Marquard, Daruni Ms.Naphrom, Mr. Michael Neumüller, OliverNeye, Wulf Ohlendorf, Sven Pfeffer,Christian Pfisterer, Andreas Plescher,

Matthias Plewa, Detlef Schweigert,Simone Siebenborn, ClemensSpringmann, Dr. Ulrike G.K. Wegst;Ghana: Mr. Kingsley Asirifi Darkwa, Mr.Fred Boamah; Greece: Maria Couladis,Mr. Theodoros Fachouridis, StellaGalanopoulou, Spiridon Kintzios,Panayiotis Nektarios, Olga Tzakou;Guatemala: Elfriede Pöll; Honduras:Humberto Maldonado; Hong Kong:Anthony Tin-Yau Tse, Mr. Martin Tsoi;Hungary: Peter Babulka, Lazlo Csiszar,Tamás Dávid, Anna Ertsey, GabriellaTanító; India: S. H. Ansari, De Bratati, LilaBabu, Dr M. S. Dhaliwal, Dr. Ajmer SinghDhatt, Sivasubramanian Edison, PijushKanti Mukherjee, Sanghamitra Nayak, G.Sreekandan Nair; Indonesia: RudiKusumiyati, Asep Setiawan, MuhammadJusuf Yakub; Iran: Hossain Aroiee, AliAsadi-Pour, Majid Azizi, Reza Omidbaigi,Mohammad Ramezani; Ireland: JamesChoiseul, Ingrid Hook, Dr. Alan Hunter,Mr. Fergal Keane, Eddie Mc Caul; Israel:Shimon Antman, Liliane Barr-Nea, J. Ben-Asher, Aliza Benzioni, Nativ Dudai, Prof.Dan Elsikowitch, Dalia Evenor, EliFischman, Peretz Gan, Mr. Amnon Koren,Moshe Kostyukovsky, Efraim Lewinsohn,Mrs. Rivka Offenbach, Michal Oren-Shamir, Ruth Ornoy, Irena Paluy, Mr.Venkatachalam Ramaswamy, Uzi Ravid,Haim Schloss, Yosepha Shahak, M.Silberbush; Italy: Luciana Angelini, Dr.Luciana Baldoni, Cristina Bignami, Dr.Stefano Biricolti, Claudio Bonghi, EnricaBosisio, Alessandra Carrubba, Dr.Giuseppe Colla, Luigi Conte, FilippoD’Antuono, Filippo D’antuono, Prof. Dr.Barbara De Lucia, Giuseppe De Mastro,Mr. Luca De Vincenzi, Marco Devecchi,Nadia Ficcadenti, Giovanna Giacalone,Caterina Iannini, Renato Iguera, AnnaritaLeva, Laura Maleci, Alessio Martinelli,Rossano Massai, Vitale Nuzzo, CristianaPeano, Prof. Giorgio Peri, Barbara Perinu,Luisa Pistelli, Dr. Michelangelo Policarpo,Andrea Primavera, Giovanni Regiroli,Dora Remotti, Carlo Sessa, Dr. AlessandroTribulato, Marianna Usai, Carla Vender,Giannina Vizzotto; Jamaica: Mr. RonaldLyn, Dr. Andrew Wheatley; Japan: Prof.Dr. Shinichi Adaniya, Shinji Akasaka,Yukari Akashi, Prof. Dr. TakayoshiAkinaga, Masashi Amano, Mr. MasaharuAsaoka, Kaoru Ebana, Mr. ToshihikoEguchi, Nobuharu Fujii, NobuakiFujishige, Shuichi Fukuoka, ToshihikoFuruki, Takashi Hagio, Masashi Hashida,


Hiroko Hayama, Dr. Shoko Hikosaka,Chieko Hirobe, Isamu Igarashi, Dr. Md.Shahidul Islam, Sueo Kajita, TomohiroKamogawa, Tomotoshi Kashio, Dr.Saneyuki Kawabata, Takahiro Kawata,Toshiaki Kayano, Kunio Kinjo, EmiKitadani, Dr. Toshihiro Kobayashi,Yasunori Koga-Ban, Yoshihiro Konno,Miyuki Kubo, Yasutaka Kubo, YoungKoung Lee, Akinori Matsushita, Mr. AzamMd. Shofiul, Naoko Midorikawa, JunichiMihara, Kiyoyuki Miura, Shoji Miyazaki,Hidemasa Mizusawa, Masami Morishita,Tsukasa Nagamine, Yoshihiro Nagayasu,Eijiro Nakata, Makoto Nakatani, HirokiNakayama, Taiichi Ogawa, Takeo Ogura,Takayoshi Ohara, Masao Ohkawa,Kiyoshi Okamoto, Mitsuru Okuda, RyujiOsuka, Yuko Otake, Juan ArtemioPariasca, Moriaki Sakamoto, YoshiteruSakata, Hajime Sakiyama, YawaraSakuma, Mr. Fumio Sato, Tatsuo Sato,Kikuko Shirai, Kazuto Shirata, YoshihisaSuenaga, Keita Sugiyama, MitsuhiroSugiyama, Motohiro Taneishi, ShinzoTsuda, Tadayuki Wako, Fuminori Yamada,Masaaki Yamagishi, Toshio Yamakawa,Seiji Yamasaki, Tsuyoshi Yamashiro,Shigenori Yokoi; Kenya: Dr. Silas DanielObukosia; Korea: Dong Gyu Bai, HyeunWook Chang, Youn Tae Chi, Ms. NamHee Choi, Mr. Young Jun Choi, Dr. YoonHi Choy, Won-il Chung, Shik Heo, ChanHuh, Prof. Moo-Ryong Huh, Sun Mi Huh,Baik Hwang, Dr. Suk-In Hwang, Sung JimHwang, Byeong-Choon Jeong, Prof. Dr.Byoung Ryong Jeong, Ki hwan Jung, SamSik Kang, Dr. Sung Ku Kang, Hyun PyoKim, Kil Yong Kim, Tae Hwan Kim, Mr.Young Ho Kim, Dr. Do Hyeon Lee, Dr. JinJae Lee, Ms. Mi Young Lee, Dr. Moon-HoLee, Ms. Mi Young Lim, Mr. Sang CheolLim, Mr. Jeong Ho Park, So Young Park,Nak Sul Seong, Mr. Hwang Seung Jae,Kun Ho Son, Prof. Dr. Chun Young Song,Ms. Jong-eun Song, Ms. Seo Su-Jin, IlWoong Yoo, Ms. Mung Hwa Yoo, Mr.Cheol Ku Youn, Mr. Jong Sun Yun; Latvia:Dace Klavina, Dace Tirzite, LevaZukauska; Lebanon: Lamis Chalak;Malawi: Felistus Chipungu; Malaysia:Ms. Indu Bala Jaganath, Chan Keng Lai,Ms. Gaik Hong Khoo, Ms. Li Yin Lim,Swee-Lian Tan; Malta: Dr. Claire Bartolo;Mexico: Mr. J Luis Castañeda Jimenez,Mario Rafael Fernandez-Montes,Francisco Gomez, Mr. Adrian Gonzalez,Manuel Gonzalez, Martines Lourdes,Pablo Peña, Eleazar Reyes, RobertoValenzuela, Mr. Luis J. Villarreal T.;Morocco: Mohamed Benzit; Netherlands:Putri Erna Abidin, Jan Ammerlaan, Mr.Maarten Beijer, Ir. Jolanda Krassenburg,Mr. Jacob Molenaar, Jos Verhaegh,Gerard Westendorp; New Zealand: Mr.Gerard Besamusca, Ingrio Ennis, Tony

Ivicevich, Mike Malone; Nigeria: Mr.Sunday Clement Olubunmi Makinde,Ebenezer Olapade; North Korea (DPR ofKorea): Jong Chol, Myong Sok Kim;Norway: Steinar Dragland; Pakistan:Sajjad Malik; Peru: Jesús Alcázar, JorgeBenavides, Fausto Buitron, Oscar Castro,Veronica Cañedo, Giselle Cipriani, HilaryCreed-Kanashiro, Wilmer Cuéllar,Francisco Delgado de la Flor, UrsulaFernández, Marc Ghislain, Dina LidaGutiérrez Reynoso, Carlos Gómez, Mr.Eduardo Hermoza, Robert Hijmans, OscarHurtado, Aziz Lagnaoui, Kurt Manrique,Juan Pablo Molina, Norma Mujica,Giovanna Muller, Oscar Ortiz, Ana Panta,Gordon Prain, José-Luis Rabines, DanielReynoso, William Roca, Luis Salazar,Alcira Vera Robles, Víctor Yáñez, HubertZandstra; Philippines: Algerico “Gerry”Mariscal, Maria Venus Salutan, JoselitoSilva, Daniel Leslie Tan, Marleen VanLuijk; Poland: Agnieszka Bazylko, EwaCapecka, Jamina Dabrowska, AleksandraJozefczyk, Lutoslawa Skrzypczak, Dr.Adam Slowinski, Iwona Sowik, BarbaraThiem, Danuta Wawrzynczak, GrazynaZgórka, Janusz Zimny; Portugal: LuisAlves, J. Brito, Jorge Camilo, AntonioCunha, L. Dioniso, Ms. AlexandraGonçalves, C. Guerrero, M.E. Lima-Costa,M.R. Menino, Graca Miguel, AntonioParanhos, Anabela Romano, OdeteRoque, J. Efe Serrano, Generosa Teixeira;Puerto Rico: Linda Wessel-Beaver;Romania: Nicolae Cepoiu, DanielaMuntean; Russia: Anna Chamchina,Aleksey Portyankin, Kirill Tkachenko;Singapore: Dr. Sreekala C, Mr. Budlavidyakar Nandakumar; Slovak Republic:Mr. Ladislav Babej, Tibor Baranec, DanielBucko, Pavol Mártonfi, Miroslav Repcak,Repcakova; Slovenia: Nikita Fajt; SouthAfrica: Marzena Banasiak, Mr. Fred Car,Kobus J.N. Eloff, A.K. Jager, Lynn C.Katsoulis, Mr. David Neethling, PaulShanahan, Johannes Van Staden; Spain:Araceli Barcelo-Muñoz, M.C. Bolarin,Prof. Dr. Francisco Camacho Ferre,Merche Cebollada, Victor Cros, Dr.Eduardo Jesús Fernandez Rodríguez,María Teresa Lao Arenas, Ms. IrèneLenthéric, Ms. Jimenez-Cuesta Manuel,Sebastiana Mederos-Molina, Eva Moré,Ms. Amanda Munaiz, Prof. AdolfoFrancisco Muñoz Rodriguez, F. Perez-Alfocea, Anselmo Ramos, MargaritaRavelo Armas, Maarten den Hertog;Sudan: Prof. Nawfal Rasheed; Sweden:Asa Arvidsson, Mr. Per-Olof Olausson,Finn Sandberg; Switzerland: MonikaMessmer, Xavier Simmonet; Syria: Dr.Stefano Padulosi; Taiwan: Mr. RichardAllport, Dr. Shan-ney Huang, Dr. Tsai-muShen, Yo-June Wen; Tanzania: Mr.Avinash Mokate; Thailand: Ms. Tuula

Brendler, Arayar Jatisatienr, Mr. JunichiKeida, Khajornsak Tragoolpua, MansuangWuthi-Udomlert; Tunisia: ChedlyBelkhodja; Turkey: Mr. Nurettin Ergun,Bilgin Oguz, Ali Sari, Izim Tinas, I. Tozlu,Erol Yalcinkaya, Mr. mehmet celal ozgi-ray, Dr. Fisun Çelikel; Uganda: RobertMwanga; United Kingdom: Dr. KaiAamlid, Mr. Glen Allingham, Nigel Bailey,Mr. James Bean, Dr. Chris Bishop, Mr.Peter Chadwick, Ms. Karen Charman, Mr.Matt Davey, Michael Davey, Dr. PhilipDavies, Mr. Colum Donnelly, Mr. YogeshKumar Dwivendi, Mr. Martin Emmett, Mr.Alan Gillam, Mr. Thane Goodrich, LynneGray, Mr. Jon Green, Mr. DavidGreenwood, Mr. John Hammond,Jennifer Hazley, Mr. Johannes Lourens,Ms. Aikaterini Makatouni, Mr. Ian Martin,Dr. Terry McBurney, Mr. A.J. Mitchell, Mr.John Mitchell, Mr. Muhammad Munir,Philip Orton, Ahmed Osman, Dr. AndreaPieroni, R. Ragab, Julia Sampson, Dr.Viswambharan Sarasan, Jennifer Trehane,Ms. Susan Yamout, Quirien van Oirschot;United States of America: Ms. BethanyAlley, Terry Bacon, Kerrie B. Badertscher,Dr. Kathleen Baker, Mr. RandolphBaldwin, Mr. David Beaudry, Donald MBessey, Ms. Anna Blenda, Eunice Bonsi,Matthew S. Borman, Mark Brown,Stanley M Brown, Karen Buerdsell, Mr.Michael Buffington, Edward E. Carey, Mr.Brian Caster, Bolivar Cevallos, Mr. JoshuaChiappelli, Luis Cisneros, Amber MarieClark, Christopher Clark, Mr. CharlesClemmons, Mr. Keivn Coffey, DennisCollins, Ms. Susannah Cooper, Mr.Richard Dahlin, Fenny Dane, Alan DeYoung, Mr. Christopher DeJong, Frank G.Dennis Jr., Mr. John Duarte, RogerDuncan, Kimberlee Eason, Mr. GeorgiEftimov, Dr. Anne Fennell, BruceFerguson, Mr. Jay Fiorini, Prof. Dr. JamesFisher, Mr. Philip Fortier, Mr. RichardFrederick, Curt Gaines, Walter J.Gamboni, Mr. Siva Kumar Gandhapudi,Ass. Prof. M. Elena Garcia, Mr. MarkGaskell, Ms. Brook Gauntz, Ms. AuraGonzalez de Schopke, Mr. Bruce Gradek,Charles Graham, Ms. Airlia Gustafson, JoyHall, Abner Hammond, Dr. Arnold Hara,Dr. Richard Harkess, Janine Hasey, RachelHaustein, Daphna Havkin-Frenkel, LoysE. Hawkins, Dr. Anita Hayden, Limei He,David Hildebrand, Mr. Graham Hodgetts,Gerald Holmes, Dr. Brian Hooker, EdithIsidoro, Michael Jackson, Rob Jansen,Donn Johnson, Mr. Kyle Johnson, RodneyJohnson, Mr. Steve Jordan, Mr. DavidKarp, Dan Keith, Durand Kelly, Dale E.Kester, Dr. William Kirk, Norman Kline, Dr.Johannes Klink, Galina Kourteva, HeidiKratsch, James W. Krause, Isao Kubo,Don La Bonte, Anne-Claire Lecouls, Prof.Dr. Terrance Leighton, Mr. Guillermo

ISHS • 42

JAN DOORENBOS

Professor Dr. Ir. Jan Doorenbos passedaway on 18 November 2001 at the ageof 80. He had been a member and strongsupporter of ISHS since 1959, the yearthe Society was officially registered.Dr. Doorenbos was first appointed to thestaff of the Department of Horticulture atthe Agricultural College in Wageningen,The Netherlands, in 1951 and was laterappointed as a lecturer in horticulturethere in 1959. In 1963 he achieved thedistinction of a full Professorship andremained in this position until his retire-

Leon, Lim S. Lewers, Mr. William Lewis, YiLi, Mr. Mark Liesenberg, Dale Linvill, Mr.Christian Lochetto, Mr. Jose A. Lopez, Mr.Ray Macduff, Mr. John Maki, Dr.Bhushan Mandava, Ms. Ion Manea, Ass.Prof. Francis Mangan, MuhammadMaqbool, Ray Martyn, Ms. NeldaMatheny, Dr. George Matoian, MichaelMcGuffin, Martha R. McKelvin, Ann E.McSay, Pat Mccaa, John Melvin, MyronMikita, Mr. Donald Moore, Laura Moore,Sunni Moore, Rita Moraes, Dr. Jose PabloMorales-Payan, Phillip Mulder, RajaMuraly, Heidi Noordijk, Chris Novotney,David Obenland, Mr. Paul Ogren, TimOhmes, Ms. Mercy Olmstead, Charles R.Orman, Mr. Warner Orozco-Obando,Tom Owino, Kenneth Pecota, Zvezdana

Pesic-Van Esbroeck, Chris Peters, HeidiPetersen, Mr. Nathaniel Petley, RichardPinckert, Kirk W. Pomper, Ms. Lee AnnPramuk, Ms. Marie Purtell, Prof. Albert C.Purvis, Dr. Shiv Reddy, Mr. MarioRepetto, Matti Ripatti, Matthew K.Rogoyski, Dr. Silvia I. Rondon, Dr. DavidRosenberger, Heather Rothert, HeidiSanders, Dr. Carolyn Scagel, HaraldScherm, Robert Scott, Ken Shackel,William Shane, Peter Shearer, WayneSherman, Dave Small, Duncan Smith,Martha Smith, Scott Smith, KennethSorensen, Bryon Sosinski, EstherStaehelin, Boryana Stamova, Mr. ScottStelting, Richard Strasser, Keith Striegler,Jeffrey Sublett, Chet Sutula, ShaneSwanson, Stewart Swanson, Katheryn

Taylor, Ms. Karen Thompson, RodrigoValverde, Mr. Jairam Vanamala, Mr.Michael Vaughan, Hao WU, Mr. Tao-Ming Wang, J. Lena Warren, PaulWeismann, Matthew Whitting, Prof. Dr.Gail C. Wisler, Mr. Frank G. Zalom, LukeZautke, Ms. surabhi dikshit; Uruguay:Francisco Vilaró; Vanuatu: SteveWhiteley; Venezuela: Dr. Carmen Basso,Ass. Prof. Carlos-E. Fernandez-Bravo,Nelida González Colmenares, AmericaQuintero; Virgin Islands: Manuel C.Palada; Yugoslavia: Ljiljana Dunjic,Aleksander Erdeljan, Mr. AleksandarJovanovic, Jelena Knezevic-Vukcevic,Milan Milosevics, Neda Mimica-Dukic

ment in 1986 when he was awarded thestatus of Professor Emeritus.

He succeeded the famous ProfessorWellensiek, a founding father of ISHS, asProfessor of Horticulture a very real chal-lenge, and filled this post with great dis-tinction.

His scientific research areas included bio-logical systems and the florescence anddormancy of ornamental plants in TheNetherlands and abroad and he was apioneer researcher in these fields, publish-ing many scientifically valuable papers onthese subjects.

After his official retirement he turned hisvery active mind to taxonomy in particu-lar the family Begoniaceae and the genusCyclamen. He will be remembered with great affec-tion by his many colleagues and studentsboth in The Netherlands and abroad whobenefited greatly from his teaching. Hewas also a dedicated member of ISHS andhis many friends among our members willmiss greatly this quiet, gentle, very eru-dite man who contributed so much to theworld of horticulture and horticultural sci-ence.

In Memoriam

CALENDAR OF EVENTSCALENDAR OF EVENTS

Calendar of Events

YEAR 2002

■ June 6-7, 2002, Valencia (Spain): Characterization of Genetic Resourcesof Temperate Zone Fruits for Tropics and Subtropics. Info: Dr. Maria L.Badenes, IVIA, Apartado Oficial, Ctra. Moncada a Náquera, Km 5,5,46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain. Phone: (34)961391000, Fax:(34)961390240, email: [email protected]

■ June 8-10, 2002, Istanbul (Turkey): VIII International Symposium on theProcessing Tomato & V Worldwide Congress on the ProcessingTomato. Info: Ir. B. Bièche, AMITOM, Boîte Postal 235, 27 Avenue del’Arrousaire, 84010 Avignon, France. Phone: (33)490861695, Fax:(33)490270658, email: [email protected] , web:http://www.tomate.org/firstcircular.htm or http://www.worldtomato-congress.org/

■ June 11-14, 2002, Zaragoza (Spain): I International Symposium onRootstocks for Deciduous Fruit Tree Species. Info: Drs. Maria Morenoand Alvaro Blanco, Conveners, Department of Pomology, Aula DeiExperiment Station, PO Box 202, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain. email:[email protected] , web: http://www.iamz.ciheam.org/rootstocks-Zaragoza2002.htm

Make sure to mention your ISHS membership number or join copy of

your ISHS membership card when registering. A reduced ISHS mem-

bers registration fee applies.


■ June 11-14, 2002, Leuven (Belgium): Postharvest Unlimited. Info: Dr. B.Nicolaï, Postharvest Unlimited, Laboratory of Postharvest Technology,de Croylaan 42, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium. Phone: (32)16322668, Fax:(32)16322955, email: [email protected] web:http://www.agr.kuleuven.ac.be/postharvest_unltd.htm

■ August 11-17, 2002, Toronto (Canada): XXVI ISHS INTERNATIONALHORTICULTURAL CONGRESS: Art & Science for Life. Info: Dr. N.E.Looney, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, AAFC, Summerland, BCV0H 1Z0, Canada. email: [email protected] web: www.ihc2002.org

■ August 11-17, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. SymposiumS1: Biotechnology of Horticultural Crop Improvement: Achievements,Opportunities and Limitations. Info: Conveners Dr. FreddiHammerschlag, USA and Dr. Praveen Saxena, Canada. web:http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/multi_day-symposia_S01.htm

■ August 11-17, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. SymposiumS2: Toward Ecologically Sound Fertilization Strategies for FieldVegetable Production. Info: Convener Dr. Nicolas Tremblay, Canada.web: http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/multi_day-symposia_S02.htm

■ August 11-17, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. SymposiumS3: Potatoes - Healthy Food for Humanity: International Developmentsin Breeding, Production, Protection and Utilization. Info: Convener Dr.Rickey Yada, Canada. web:http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/multi_day-symposia_S03.htm

■ August 11-17, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. SymposiumS4: Environmental Stress and Horticultural Crops. Info: Conveners Drs.Larry Gusta and Karen Tanino, Canada and Dr. Michael Wisniewski,USA. web: http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/multi_day-symposia_S04.htm

■ August 11-17, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. Symposium S5:Viticulture and Oenology: Living With Limitations. Info: Conveners Dr.Andrew Reynolds, Canada and Peter Clingeleffer, Australia. web:http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/multi_day-symposia_S05.htm

■ August 11-17, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. SymposiumS6: The Future for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Info: Conveners Dr.Lyle Craker and Dr. James Simon, USA. web:http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/multi_day-symposia_S06.htm

■ August 11-17, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. SymposiumS7: Expanding Roles for Horticulture in Improving Human Well-Beingand Life Quality. Info: Conveners Dr. Diane Relf, USA and Dr. BeyoungHwa Kwack, Korea. web: http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/multi_day-symposia_S07.htm

■ August 11-17, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. SymposiumS8: Managing Soil-Borne Pathogens: A Sound Rhizosphere to ImproveProductivity in Intensive Horticultural Systems. Info: Conveners Dr.Lodovica Gullino, Italy, Dr. Alfons Vanachter, Belgium and Dr AndreLevesque, Canada. web: http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/multi_day-symposia_S08.htm

■ August 11-17, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. SymposiumS9: Issues and Advances in Postharvest Horticulture. Info: ConvenersProf. Errol Hewett, New Zealand and Dr. Robert Prange, Canada. web:http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/multi_day-symposia_S09.htm

■ August 11-17, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. SymposiumS10: Issues in Sustainability: Stewardship of Resouces, AlternativeProduction Systems, Climate Change, Other Global Issues AffectingEconomic Sustainability. Info: Conveners Dr. James D. Anderson, USAand Dr. Lukas Bertschinger, Switzerland. web:http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/multi_day-symposia_S10.htm

■ August 11-17, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. SymposiumS11: Asian Plants with Unique Horticulture Potential: GeneticResources, Cultural Practices and Utilization. Info: Conveners Dr. Jung-Myung Lee, Korea and Dr. Donglin Zhang, USA. web:http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/multi_day-symposia_S11.htm

■ August 11-17, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. SymposiumS12: Breeding, Genetics, and Cultivar Development of Tree Fruits andNuts. Info: Conveners Dr. Jules Janick, USA and Dr. Silviero Sansavini,Italy. web: http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/multi_day-symposia_S12.htm

■ August 11-17, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. SymposiumS13: Key Processes in the Growth and Cropping of Deciduous Fruitand Nut Trees. Info: Conveners Dr. Tony Webster, UK and Dr. StuartTustin, New Zealand. web:http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/multi_day-symposia_S13.htm

■ August 11-17, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. SymposiumS14: Berry Crop Breeding, Production and Utilization for a NewCentury. Info: Conveners Dr. Peter Hicklenton, Canada and Dr. JohnMaas, USA. web: http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/multi_day-sym-posia_S14.htm

■ August 11-17, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. SymposiumS15: Horticultural Science in Emerging Economies: Issues andConstraints. Info: Conveners Dr. George Wilson, USA and Dr. TjallingDijkstra, Netherlands. web:http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/multi_day-symposia_S15.htm

■ August 11-17, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. SymposiumS16: Protected Cultivation 2002: In Search of Structures, Systems, andPlant Materials for Sustainable Greenhouse Production. Info:Conveners Prof. Ayman Abou-Hadid, Egypt, Dr. Gene Giacomelli andMary Peet, USA and Dr. A. Gosselin, Canada. web:http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/multi_day-symposia_S16.htm

■ August 11-17, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. SymposiumS17: Advances in Vegetable Breeding and Crop Physiology. Info:Conveners Dr. James McCreight and Dr. Ed Ryder, USA. web:http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/multi_day-symposia_S17.htm

■ August 11-17, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. SymposiumS18: Nursery Crops - Development, Evaluation, Production and Use.Info: Conveners Dr. Tom Fernandez, USA and Dr. Campbell Davidson,Canada. web: http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/multi_day-symposia_S18.htm

■ August 11-17, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. SymposiumS19: Elegant Science in Floriculture. Info: Conveners Dr. Theo Blom,Canada and Dr. Richard Criley, USA. web:http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/multi_day-symposia_S19.htm

■ August 11-17, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. SymposiumS20: Citrus and Other Subtropical and Tropical Fruit Crops: Issues,Advances and Opportunities. Info: Conveners Dr. Gene Albrigo, USA,Dr. Victor Galán-Saúco, Spain and Dr. Vince Sousa Machado, Canada.web: http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/multi_day-symposia_S20.htm

■ August 11-17, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. SymposiumS21: Plant Genetic Resources: The Fabric of Horticulture’s Future. Info:Conveners Dr. Philip Forsline, USA and Dr. Carlo Fideghelli, Italy. web:http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/multi_day-symposia_S21.htm

■ August 11-17, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. SymposiumS22: 4th International Symposium on Taxonomy of Cultivated Plants.Info: Conveners Dr. Piers Trehane, UK, Dr. Steven Clemants, USA andDr. Campbell Davidson, Canada web:http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/multi_day-symposia_S22.htm

■ August 11-17, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. SymposiumS23: Issues and Advances in Seed, Transplant Production, and StandEstablishment Research. Info: Conveners Dr. Charles Vavrina and Dr.Jerzy Nowak, USA and Dr. Silvana Nicola, Italy. web:http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/multi_day-symposia_S23.htm

■ August 13, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. The Knowledgeand Scholarship Forum. Info: Conveners Dr. Geoffrey R. Dixon, UK andDr. Curt Rom, USA. web: http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/knowl-edge_scholarship.htm

■ August 12, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. ColloquiumC1: Applying the Art and Science of Horticulture to Improving theQuality of Human Life. Info: Conveners Dr. Paula Diane Relf and Dr.Virginia Lohr, USA. web:http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/congress_wide_colloquia_speakers_C01.htm

■ August 13, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. ColloquiumC2: The Knowledge Business: Changing Processes in KnowledgeAcquisition, Management and Transfer. Info: Conveners Dr. GeoffDixon, UK and Dr. Curt Rom, USA. web:http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/congress_wide_colloquia_speakers_C02.htm

ISHS • 44

■ August 13, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. ColloquiumC3: Food Safety: Ensuring the Safety of Fresh Produce. Info: ConvenerDr. Elisabeth Mitcham, USA. web:http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/congress_wide_colloquia_speakers_C03.htm

■ August 15, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. ColloquiumC4: Plant Genomics: A Revolution in Plant Biology and Horticulture.Info: Convener Dr. David Wolyn, Canada. web:http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/congress_wide_colloquia_speakers_C04.htm

■ August 15, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. ColloquiumC5: Horticulture and Human Health: Functional Foods, Plant-basedMedicines, Tools for Environmental Remediation. Info: Convener Dr.Praveen Saxena, Canada. web: http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/con-gress_wide_colloquia_speakers_C05.htm

■ August 15, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. ColloquiumC6: Mission to Mars: Challenges and Opportunities for Plant Science.Info: Convener Dr. Gary Stutte, USA. web:http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/congress_wide_colloquia_speakers_C06.htm

■ August 16, 2002, Toronto (Canada): 26 IHC 2002. ColloquiumC7: Small is Beautiful: The Art and Science of the Miniature. Info:Conveners Dr. Paul Read, USA and Dr. Jane Seabrook, Canada. web:http://www.ihc2002.org/ihc2002/congress_wide_colloquia_speakers_C07.htm

■ September 2-6, 2002, Wädenswil (Switzerland): InternationalConference on Urban Horticulture. Info: Dr. Jean-Bernard Bächtiger orDr. Florian Brack, University of Applied Science Wädenswil, DepartmentHorticulture, Gruental, PO Box 335, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland,Phone: (44)17899925, Fax: (44)17899950, e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] web: http://www.urbanhorticulture.ch

■ September 15-20, 2002, Wuhan - Hubei (China): V InternationalSymposium on Kiwifruit. Info: Dr. Hongwen Huang, Wuhan Institute ofBotany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Moshan, Wuchang, Wuhan430074, China. Phone: (86)2787510546, Fax: (86)2787510251, e-mail:[email protected]

■ September 22-27 2002, Recife-PE (Brazil): VII International MangoSymposium. Info: Dr. Alberto Carlos Queiroz Pinto, EMBRAPA,Cerrados, CP 08223, 73.301-970 Planaltina, DF, Brazil. Phone:(55)613889924, Fax: (55)8134455522 or 613889859, email: [email protected] or [email protected] web:http://www.mangobr.cjb.net

■ 2002, Davis, California (USA): International Symposium on VegetableQuality. Info: Dr. Marita I. Cantwell, Mann Laboratory, Department ofVegetable Crops, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8746, USA.Phone: (1)9167527305, Fax: (1)9167524554, e-mail:[email protected]

Year 2003■ February 3-7, 2003, Chiang Mai, (Thailand): WOCMAP III - World

Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Info: Dr PanmukVacharapiyasophon, Congress Secretariat WOCMAP III, Department ofBiology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,Thailand. Phone: (66)53944933, Fax: (66)53944934 or (66)53892259,e-mail: [email protected] web: www.wocmap3.org

■ February 10-13, 2003, Palmerston North (New Zealand): South PacificSoilless Culture Conference (SPSCC). Info: Dr. M. Nichols, INR, MasseyUniversity, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Phone:(64)63505799 ext. 2614, Fax: (64)63505679, e-mail:[email protected]

■ April 20-25, 2003, Beijing (China): IV International Symposium onEdible Alliaceae. Info: Convener Prof. Zhu Dewei, Chinese Society forHorticultural Science, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Beijing 100081,China. Phone: (86)1068919531, Fax: (86)1062174123, email: [email protected]

■ May 20-23, 2003, Chiang Mai (Thailand): II International Symposiumon Litch, Longan and related Sapindaceae. Info: Dr. SuranantSubhadrabandhu, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. Phone: (66)25790308or 25614891, Fax: (66)25791951, e-mail: [email protected]

■ June 2-7, 2003, Athens, (Greece): I International Conference onTurfgrass Management and Science for Sport Fields. Info: Dr. PanayiotisNektarios, Agricultural University of Athens, Department of Floricultureand Landscape Architecture, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece.Phone: (30)15294554, Fax: (30)15294553, email: [email protected] -Download the first announcement here (pdf format).

■ July 6-9, 2003, Wageningen (The Netherlands): III InternationalConference: An Integrated View on Fruit and Vegetable Quality -Quality in Chains. Info: Convener L.M.M. Tijskens, PO Box 17, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands, Phone: (31)317475303, Fax:(31)317475347, email: [email protected] web:www.ato.wageningen-ur.nl/quic/

■ July 9-12, 2003, Pisa (Italy): Symposium on Managing GreenhouseCrops in Saline Environment. Info: Prof. Tognoni or Prof. A. Pardossi,Dipartimento di Biologia delle Piante Agrarie, Viale delle Piagge n° 23,56100 Pisa, Italy. Phone: (39)050570420, Fax: (39)050570421 or(39)050945524, email: [email protected]

■ August 10-14, 2003 Wageningen (The Netherlands): QualiFlor2003,8th International Symposium on Postharvest Physiology ofOrnamentals. Info: Dr. U. van Meeteren, QualiFlor2003, HorticulturalProduction Chains, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 22, 6709 PGWageningen, The Netherlands. Phone: (31)317482403, Fax:(31)317484709, e-mail: [email protected] web:www.dpw.wageningen-ur.nl/hpc/qualiflor2003.htm

■ August 25-25, 2003 Potsdam (Germany): International Workshop onModels for Plant Growth and Control of Product Quality inHorticultural Production. (ISHS Working Group HE5: Modeling PlantGrowth, Environmental Control and Greenhouse Environment) Info: Dr.Matthias Fink, Institute of Vegetable & Ornamental Crops Großbeerenand Erfurt, Theodor Echtermeyer Weg 1, 14979 Großbeeren, Germany.Phone: (49)3370178355, Fax: (49)3370155391, email: [email protected] ordownload the first announcement here

■ August 26-30, 2003, Iguazu Falls, Paraná (Brazil): V InternationalSymposium on New Floricultural Crops. Info: Dr. António FernandoCaetano Tombolato, Ist. Agronomico, Governo do Estado de Sao Paulo,Caixa Postal 28, 13001-970 Campinas SP, Brazil, Phone:(55)192315422, Fax: (55)192314943, e-mail: [email protected] web:http://homepage.barao.iac.br/crgvjb/newflowers.htm

■ September 1-5, 2003, Davis, California (USA): IV InternationalSymposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops. Info: Dr. RichardSnyder, UC Davis, 1709 Palm Place, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Phone:(1)5307524628, Fax: (1)5307521552, e-mail: [email protected]

■ October 2003 Nauni (India): VII International Symposium on TemperateZone Fruits in the Tropics and Subtropics. Info: Dr. K.K. Jindall, ParmarUniversity of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) 173230 India.Phone: (91)179252315, Fax: (91)179252242, e-mail:[email protected] or [email protected]

■ October 20-23, 2003, Chaves, (Portugal): III International ChestnutSymposium. Info: Dr. Carlos Abreu, Universidade de Tras-Os-Montes eAlto Douro, Apartado 202, 5000-911 Vila Real . Phone(351)259350508 Fax: (351)259350480, email: [email protected]

■ 2003, Jerusalem (Israel): VI International Symposium on Chemical andnon-Chemical Soil and Substrate Disinfection. Info: Prof. J. Katan,University of Minnesota, C/O Dept. Of Plant Pathology, Borlaug Hall,St. Paul, MN 55108-0010, USA. Phone: (972)89481217, Fax:(972)89466794, e-mail: [email protected]

■ 2003 Antalya (Turkey): International Symposium on the InternationalCut Flower Chain. Info: Dr. Burhan Ozkan, University of Akdeniz,Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics, 07059Antalya, Turkey. e-mail: [email protected]


■ 2003 or 2004, Bornova, Izmir (Turkey): International Symposium onProtected Cultivation in Mild Winter Climates. Info: Prof. Dr. YükselTüzel, Ege University, Agriculture Faculty, Department of Horticulture,35100 Bornova Izmir, Turkey. Phone: (90)2323880110ext1398, Fax:(90)2323881865, e-mail: [email protected]

Year 2004■ March 2004, Stellenbosch (South Africa): IX International Symposium

on Pear Growing. Info: Dr. Karen Theron, Department of Horticulture,University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, SouthAfrica. Phone: (27)218084762, Fax: (27)218084336, e-mail:[email protected]

■ April 19-22, 2004, Niigata (Japan): IX International Symposium onFlowerbulbs. Info: Prof. Dr. Hiroshi Okubo, Lab. of HorticulturalScience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581,Japan. Phone: (81)926422827, Fax: (81)926422827, email:[email protected]

■ May-June 2004, Bonn (Germany): X International Symposium onTiming of Field Production in Vegetable Crops. Info: Dr. Felix Lippert,Institut für Obstbau und Gemüsebau, Universität Bonn, Auf dem Hügel6, 53121 Bonn, Germany. Phone: (49)228735139, Fax: (49)228735764,e-mail: [email protected]

■ June 7-10, 2004, Perugia (Italy): International Symposium on Nutritionand Fertilization - Toward ecologically sound fertilisation strategies infield vegetable production. Info: Prof. Francesco Tei, Dept.Agroenvir.&Crop Science, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121Perugia, Italy. Phone: (39)0755856320, Fax: (39)0755856344, e-mail:[email protected]

■ June 14-19, 2004, Budapest (Hungary): VIII International Symposiumon Integrating Canopy, Rootstock and Environmental Physiology inOrchard Systems. Info: Prof. Dr. Károly Hrotkó, St. Stephen University,Buda Campus, Department of Fruit Science, 1518 Budapest, Pf. 53,Hungary. Phone: (36)13726284, Fax: (36)13726337, email:[email protected]

■ June-July 2004, Reus (Spain): VI International Congress on Hazelnut.Info: Dr. Joan Tous or Dr. Mercè Rovira, Apartat 415, 43280 Reus(Tarragona), Spain. Phone: (34)977343252, Fax: (34)977344055, e-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]

■ August, 2004, Lofthus (Norway): VIII International Symposium on Plumand Prune Genetics, Breeding and Technology. Info: Dr. Eivind Vangdal,Norwegian Crops Research Institute, Ullensvang Research Centre, 5781Lofthus, Norway. Phone: (47)53671200, Fax: (47)53671201, email:[email protected]

Acta Acta Title ActaNumber Price (EUR)

574 Seventh International Symposium on Vaccinium Culture 82

573 International Symposium on Techniques to Control Salinationfor Horticultural ProductivityI 92

572 XX International Eucarpia Symposium, Section Ornamentals -Strategies for New Ornamentals II 55

571 Workshop Towards Ecologically Sound Fertilisation in FieldVegetable Production 61

570 Eighth International Symposium on Flowerbulbs 87

ACTA HORTICULTURAEACTA HORTICULTURAE

List of Acta Horticulturae numbers available

List of Available numbers of Acta Horticulturae (for

updated information, tables of content and an order

form, we invite you to visit the ISHS website

www.ishs.org or www.actahort.org):

569 First Latin-American Symposium on the Production ofMedicinal, Aromatic and Condiments Plants 72

568 X International Symposium on Virus Diseases of OrnamentalPlants 62

567 IV International Strawberry Symposium (2 volumes) 142

566 International Symposium on Applications of Modelling as anInnovative Technology in the Agri-Food-Chain - Model-IT 93

565 VI International Symposium on Temperate Fruit Growing in theTropics and Subtropics 46

564 IV International Symposium on Mineral Nutrition of DeciduousFruit Crops 82

563 International Conference on Environmental Problems Associatedwith Nitrogen Fertilisation of Field Grown Vegetable Crops 59

562 III International Symposium on Sensors in Horticulture 77

561 VIII International Pollination Symposium - Pollination: Integratorof Crops and Native Plant Systems 69

Acta in Preparation

Acta Horticulturae titles in Preparation - Soon to be

released:Acta Acta TitleNumber

575 International Symposium on Tropical and Subtropical Fruits (con-vener R. Drew)

ISHS • 46

560 IV International Symposium on In Vitro Culture and HorticulturalBreeding 96

559 V International Symposium on Protected Cultivation in MildWinter Climates: Current Trends for Suistainable Technologies 123

558 I International Symposium on Litchi and Longan 79

557 VI International Symposium on Orchard and Plantation Systems 84

556 V International Congress on Hazelnut 96

555 II International Symposium on Edible Alliaceae 62

554 World Congress on Soilless Culture: Agriculture in the ComingMillenium 68

553 IV International Conference on Postharvest Science 123

552 XX International EUCARPIA Symposium, Section Ornamentals,Strategies for New Ornamentals 53

551 IX International Symposium on Small Fruit Virus Diseases 43

550 XVIII International Symposium on Virus and Virus-like Diseases ofTemperate Fruit Crops - Top Fruit Diseases 86

549 International Symposium on Composting of Organic Matter 47

548 International Symposium on Growing Media and Hydroponics 108

547 III International Symposium on Rose Research and Cultivation 75

546 International Symposium on Molecular Markers for CharacterizingGenotypes and Identifying Cultivars in Horticulture 105

545 V International Protea Research Symposium 62

544 IV International Walnut Symposium 100

543 VII International Symposium on Postharvest Physiology ofOrnamental Plants 72

542 VII International Symposium on the Processing Tomato 73

541 IV International Symposium on New Floricultural Crops 70

540 I International Conference on Banana and Plantain for Africa 96

539 III International Symposium on Brassicas and XII Crucifer GeneticsWorkshop 45

538 Eucarpia symposium on Fruit Breeding and Genetics 123

536 XIV International Symposium on Horticultural Economics 111

535 I International Citrus Biotechnology Symposium 56

534 International Conference and British-Israeli Workshop onGreenhouse Techniques towards the 3rd Millennium 69

533 VIII International Symposium on Timing Field Production inVegetable Crops 97

532 V International Symposium on Chemical and Non-ChemicalSoil and Substrate Disinfectation 54

531 II ISHS Conference on Fruit Production in the Tropics andSubtropics 59

530 International Symposium on Methods and Markers for QualityAssurance in Micropropagation 82

529 III International Pineapple Symposium 67

528 VII International Symposium on Grapevine Genetics andBreeding 124

527 International Symposium on Growth and Development of FruitCrops 49

526 V International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology 84

525 International Conference on Integrated Fruit Production 87

524 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 14: HorticulturalEconomics at Micro and Macro Level, International Trade andMarketing, International Cooperative Programs, Relations betweenResearch, Development, Extension and Education 59

523 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 13: New andSpecialized Crops and Products, Botanic Gardens and Human-Horticulture Relationship 53

522 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 12: Application ofBiotechnology and Molecular Biology and Breeding - General

Breeding, Breeding and Evaluation of Temperate Zone Fruits forthe Tropics and the Subtropics. 55

521 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 11: Application ofBiotechnology and Molecular Biology and Breeding - GeneExpression and Molecular Breeding, Genome Analysis. 60

520 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 10: Application ofBiotechnology and Molecular Biology and Breeding -In Vitro Culture. 61

519 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 9: Computers andAutomation, Electronic Information in Horticulture 58

518 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 8: Quality ofHorticultural Products, Storage and Processing, New Outlooks onPostharvest Biology and Technology, Underutilized Fruits of theTropics 55

517 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 7: Quality ofHorticultural Products, Starting Material, Auxiliary Products,Quality Control 85

516 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 6: CultureTechniques with Special Emphasis on Environmental ImplicationsPhysiological Processes in Plants 47

515 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 5: CultureTechniques with Special Emphasis on Environmental ImplicationsChemical, Physical and Biological Means of Regulating CropGrowth in Ornamentals and Other Crops 61

514 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 4: CultureTechniques with Special Emphasis on Environmental Implications 63

513 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 3: CultureTechniques with Special Emphasis on Environmental Implications,Disease, Pest Control and Integrated Pest Strategies 89

512 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 2: Mineral Nutritionand Grape and Wine Quality 49

511 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 1: CultureTechniques with Special Emphasis on Environmental Implications -Nutrient Management 60

510 VII Eucarpia Meeting on Cucurbit Genetics and Breeding 87

509 VI International Symposium on Mango 135

508 XIX International Symposium on Improvement of OrnamentalPlants 66

507 III International Workshop on Models for Plant Growth andControl of the Shoot and Root Environments in Greenhouses 63

506 International Workshop on Ecological Aspects of VegetableFertilization in Integrated Crop Production 47

505 VII International Symposium on Rubus and Ribes 76

504 VI Symposium on Stand Establishment and ISHS SeedSymposium 53

503 II WOCMAP Congress Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Part 4:Industrial Processing, Standards & Regulations, Control, Supply &Marketing and Economics 50

502 II WOCMAP Congress Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Part 3:Agricultural Production, Post Harvest Techniques, Biotechnology 74

501 II WOCMAP Congress Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Part 2:Pharmacognosy, Pharmacology, Phytomedicine, Toxicology 66

500 II WOCMAP Congress Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Part 1:Biological Resources, Sustainable Use, Conservation andEthnobotany 50

499 V International Symposium on Computer Modelling in FruitResearch and Orchard Management 60

498 IV International Symposium on Kiwifruit 69

497 I International Symposium on Cherimoya / 1er SimposioInternacional Sobre Chirimoya (English + Español) 71

496 International Symposium on Urban Tree Health 82


495 WCHR - World Conference on Horticultural Research 103

494 II International Symposium on Chestnut 88

493 I ISHS Workshop on Water Relations of Grapevines 63

492 I International Symposium on Cucurbits 71

491 International Symposium Greenhouse Management for BetterYield & Quality in Mild Winter Climates 84

490 I International Symposium on Banana in the Subtropics 97

489 VIII International Workshop on Fire Blight 109

488 XI International Symposium on Apricot Culture 126

487 VI International Symposium on Processing Tomato & Workshopon Irrigation and Fertigation of Processing Tomato 97

486 II International Symposium on Ornamental Palms & otherMonocots from the tropics 67

485 International Symposium Effect of Pre- & Postharvest factors inFruit Storage 74

484 Eucarpia Symposium on Fruit Breeding and Genetics 97

483 International Symposium on Vegetable Quality of Fresh andFermented Vegetables 78

482 International Symposium on Cut Flowers in the Tropics 76

481 International Symposium on Growing Media and Hydroponics 124

480 I International Symposium on Figs 63

479 IX International Asparagus Symposium 83

478 VI International Symposium on Plum & Prune Genetics, Breeding,Pomology 67

477 IV International Symposium on Replant Problems 45

476 International Symposium Applications of Modelling as Innov.Tech.in Agri-Food chain. Model-It 71

475 VII International Symposium on Pear Growing 104

474 III International Symposium on Olive Growing 123

473 International Symposium Importance of Varieties and Clones inQuality Wine 46

472 XVII International Symposium Virus&Virus-Like DiseasesTemperate Fruit Crops 128

471 VIII International Symposium Small Fruit Virus Diseases 43

470 II International Symposium Pistachios and Almonds 98

468 III International Cherry Symposium 124

466 II Workshop on Pome Fruit 46

465 IV International Peach Symposium 120

462 I Balkan Symposium On Vegetables and Potatoes (Vol. I&II) 159

461 International Symposium on Biotechnology of Tropical andSubtropical Species Part 2 89

460 International Symposium on Biotechnology of Tropical andSubtropical Species Part 1 30

458 International Symposium on Water Quality & Quantity-Greenhouse 75

457 Symposium on Plant Biotechnology as a tool for the Exploitationof Mountain Lands 75

453 IV International Protea Working Group Symposium 45

452 International Symposium on Myrtaceae 45

446 VI International Symposium on Vaccinium Culture 85

444 III International Symposium on Kiwifruit 145

442 III International Walnut Congress 79

439 III International Strawberry Symposium 150

436 I International Persimmon Symposium 72

434 Strategies for Market Oriented Greenhouse Production 73

431 Tospoviruses and Thrips of Floral & Vegetable Crops 90

430 VII International Symposium on Flowerbulbs 156

429 XIII International Symposium on Horticultural Economics 87

425 II International Pineapple Symposium 98

422 International Conference on Integrated Fruit Production 81

418 III International Symposium on Artificial Lighting in Horticulture 52

414 International Symposium on the Genus Lilium 61

413 II International Symposium on Taxonomy of Cultivated Plants 31

411 VII International Workshop on Fire Blight 75

409 IV International Symposium on Growing Temperate Zone Fruitsin the Tropics and in the Subtropics 37

408 International Seminar on Soilless Culture Technology ProtectedCrops Mild Winter Climates 26

405 VI International Symposium on Postharvest Physiology ofOrnamental Plants 60

374 III International Peach Symposium 49

308 XV International Symposium on Small Fruit Virus Diseases 26

ACTA HORTICULTURAE 565

Proceedings of the Sixth international Symposium on Temperate Fruit

Growing in the Tropics and Subtropics, Querétaro and Michoacán,

Mexico, June 12-16, 2000.

This Acta issue contains 23 contributions representing the research activi-ties in temperate fruit growing in the tropics and subtropics. Main researchtopics mentioned are dormancy breaking, temperate fruits in subtropicareas, microcalorimetry as a tool for the investigation of plant tissuemetabolism and germplasm preservation and use, most of them in differ-ent geographical contexts: Examples given are focused on the countriesMexico, Italy, Kenya, Turkey, Brazil and India.

ISSN: 0567-7572; ISBN: 90 6605 994 X; Price for non-members of ISHS:46,- euro

ACTA HORTICULTURAE 566

Proceedings of the International Symposium on Applications of

Modeling as Innovative Technology in the Agri-Food-Chain,

December 9-13, 2001, Palmerston North, New Zealand

This Acta issue provides an overview over the applications and the impor-tance of modelling in the whole agri-food-chain. Starting with two chap-ters about modeling in agricultural raw production and three sectionsabout microbiology, the following chapters are dedicated to the veryimportant field of consumer attitude and process optimisation. Productquality topics are dealt with in three sections. Thermal processing is con-sidered in five contributions. The Acta issue is completed by 19 abstractsof the poster presentations.

ISSN 0567-7572; ISBN 90 6605 7556; Price for non-members of ISHS:93,- euro

Acta Horticulturae Reviews

ISHS

http://www.ishs.orghttp://www.actahort.org

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