Chromosomes
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Transcript of Chromosomes
![Page 1: Chromosomes](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082605/55506c02b4c90524138b4822/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CHROMOSOMES
![Page 2: Chromosomes](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082605/55506c02b4c90524138b4822/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What Are Chromosomes?
• Rod shaped structures made of DNA & Protein
• DNA – stores the genetic information that cells will use
• Proteins- sphere shaped structures that the DNA wraps around
Proteins
DNA
![Page 3: Chromosomes](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082605/55506c02b4c90524138b4822/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Chromosome Shape
Centromere
Chromatids
![Page 4: Chromosomes](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082605/55506c02b4c90524138b4822/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
CENTROMERES/ CHROMATIDS
• Centromere- holds the chromatids together
• Chromatids- identical sides of the chromosomes– Contain same genetic information on both
sides
![Page 5: Chromosomes](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082605/55506c02b4c90524138b4822/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Chromatin•Chromososomes are only present during cell division. In between cell division chromosomes are unraveled and called Chromatim
![Page 6: Chromosomes](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082605/55506c02b4c90524138b4822/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
PROKARYOTIC VS EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES
• Prokaryotic Chromosomes –circular, smaller, NOT in Nucleus
• Eukaryotic – Larger,
rod shaped, in Nucleus
Chromosome
![Page 7: Chromosomes](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082605/55506c02b4c90524138b4822/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Chromosome Numbers
Organism # of chromosome
Fruit Fly 8
Carrot & Lettuce 18
Cat 32
Earthworm 36
Human 46
Gorilla 48
Sand Dollar 52
Adder’s Tongue Fern 1262
![Page 8: Chromosomes](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082605/55506c02b4c90524138b4822/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Which is more complex in terms of functions &
intelligence?Adders Tongue Fern
OR
Human
![Page 9: Chromosomes](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082605/55506c02b4c90524138b4822/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
…OK Bad Example
![Page 10: Chromosomes](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082605/55506c02b4c90524138b4822/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Two Types of Chromosomes
• SEX…ok get your minds out of the gutter – Determine the gender of the individual – Carry few other traits– 2 of the 46 chromosomes
• AUTOSOMES– Carry most of the traits that we inherit– 44 of the 46 chromosomes
![Page 11: Chromosomes](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082605/55506c02b4c90524138b4822/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
SEX Chromosomes
• XX =
• XY =
![Page 12: Chromosomes](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082605/55506c02b4c90524138b4822/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
• A pair of autosomes that have the identical trait for a certain characteristic (eye color).
• You receive one of the homologous pairs from your father and one homologous pair from your mother
• Humans have 44 autosomes (minus the 2 sex chromosomes) so they have 22 pairs of homologous autosomes
• Homologous chromosomes are the same size and shape
![Page 13: Chromosomes](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082605/55506c02b4c90524138b4822/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
KARYOTYPE
• A picture taken from a microscope of all the chromosomes within a cell. The chromosomes are then arranged in homologous pairs and given a set of numbers
![Page 14: Chromosomes](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082605/55506c02b4c90524138b4822/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Diploid vs Haploid Cells
Diploid Haploid
Description Both sets of homologous
chromosomes present
Only one of each homologous chromosome
present
Type of Cell All cells but sex cells (egg or
sperm)
Only sex cells- Egg or Sperm
Abbreviation 2n 1n