chrom lc1 instrument 2014 ENG - uttera.chem.ut.ee/~ivo/Chrom/chrom_lc1_instrument_2014_ENG.pdf ·...

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1 Highperformance liquid chromatography Instrumenta8on, it’s use and maintenance Liquid chromatography LC At the beginning of chromatography (20th century beginning, Mihhail TsveA): Columns 50 – 500 cm with 1 – 5 cm Ø Eluent flow rate 0.1 ml/min ParNcle size 150 – 200 μm Rise in flow rate in this system will lower the efficiency (look van Deemter). In order to rise efficiency and flow rate at the same Nme, it was necessary to lower the diameter of the parNcles. 2014 fall 2 HPLC To pump eluent to a column with small parNcles (2 – 10 μm) high pressure is needed hence HPLC. HPLC highperformance OR highpressure liquid chromatography 2014 fall 3 HPLC instruments 2014 fall 4 Degasser Pump Injector/Sampler Column Detector Eluents 2014 fall 5 HPLC instrument UHPLC To pump eluent to a column with very small parNcles (< 2 μm), very high pressure is needed – UHPLC. UHPLC (Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography) UPLC – Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (Waters) RRLC – Rapid ResoluNon Liquid Chromatography (Agilent) 2014 fall 6

Transcript of chrom lc1 instrument 2014 ENG - uttera.chem.ut.ee/~ivo/Chrom/chrom_lc1_instrument_2014_ENG.pdf ·...

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High-­‐performance  liquid  chromatography  

Instrumenta8on,  it’s  use  and  maintenance  

Liquid  chromatography  -­‐  LC  •  At   the   beginning   of   chromatography   (20th   century  beginning,  Mihhail  TsveA):  – Columns  50  –  500  cm  with  1  –  5  cm  Ø  –  Eluent  flow  rate  0.1  ml/min  –  ParNcle  size  150  –  200  μm    

•  Rise  in  flow  rate  in  this  system  will   lower  the  efficiency  (look  van  Deemter).  

•  In   order   to   rise   efficiency   and   flow   rate   at   the   same  Nme,   it   was   necessary   to   lower   the   diameter   of   the  parNcles.  

2014 fall 2

HPLC  •  To  pump  eluent  to  a  column  with  small  parNcles  (2  –  10  μm)  high  pressure  is  needed  hence  HPLC.  

•  HPLC  -­‐  high-­‐performance  OR  high-­‐pressure  liquid  chromatography  

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HPLC  instruments  

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Degasser

Pump

Injector/Sampler

Column

Detector

Eluents

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HPLC  instrument   UHPLC  •  To  pump  eluent  to  a  column  with  very  small  parNcles  (<  2  μm),  very  high  pressure  is  needed  –  UHPLC.  

•  UHPLC  (Ultra  High  Performance  Liquid  Chromatography)  – UPLC  –  Ultra  Performance  Liquid  Chromatography  (Waters)  

– RRLC  –  Rapid  ResoluNon  Liquid  Chromatography  (Agilent)  

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UHPLC  

•  Chromatographic  separaNon  is  the  most  important!  

•  If  separaNon  is  sufficient,  you  may  achieve:  – higher  sensiNvity  – higher  speed  – smaller  solvent  consumpNon  – smaller  sample  size  

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Solvents  •  Organic  phase:  

–  HPLC  grade,  filtrated  through  0.45  μm  –  LC-­‐MS  grade,  filtrated  through  0.2  μm  

 •  Aqueous  phase  (buffer):  deionized  water  with  resistance  >18  MΩ·∙cm,  it  is  also  good  to  lower  the  content  of  organic  compounds.    

•  BoAled  waters  may  contain  Na+  and  K+  which  may  interfere  with  the  analysis.  

•  Solvents  cannot  be  stored  in  plas8c  containers!  2014 fall 8

Eluent  containers  •  Should  be  of  glass  (or  steel)  because  plasNc  containers  leak  plasNcisers  and  permeate  gases.  

•  Containers  must  be  closed  with  a  cap  (dust!),  but  air  must  be  let  in,  eg  through  filter.  

•  Containers  for  aqueous  solvents  should  be  dark  (amber)  glass  to  lower  the  possibility  for  microbial  growth.  

•  Containers  must  be  carefully  cleaned  (recommended  to  dry  at  400°C).  

•  Wash  10  Nmes  with  eluent  before  use.  2014 fall 9

Degasser  •  New  systems  generally  have  “on-­‐line”  degassers.  

•  Principle:  – eluent  flows  through  thin-­‐walled  PTFE-­‐tube  

–  tube  is  in  vacuum  and  gases  diffuse  through  the  wall  of  the  tube  

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Eluent

Pump

Vacuum pump

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If  eluent  is  not  degassed…  

Air bubble causes an empy trace in column

Stationary phase

Most of the sample moves as supposed to through the column

Part of the sample moves faster

•  Faster  moving  part  moves  faster  through  the  column,  causing  a  front  for  peaks.    

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If  eluent  is  not  degassed…  

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Notes  on  degassers  •  Degasser  can  hold  as  much  as  20  ml  of  eluent.  Keep  in  mind  when  changing  the  eluent!  

•  In  some  degassers  vacuum  changes  largely  and  the  efficiency  of  degassing  is  changing  in  Nme.  

•  When  degasser  is  not  used  for  longer  period,  it  should  be  washed  with  deionized  water  (to  remove  salts,  microbial  growth)  and  then  with  methanol.  

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Pump  •  Mostly  reciprocaNng  pumps,  where  the  flow  of  eluent  is  created  by  the  synchronized  movement  of  piston  and  valves.              

•  For  gradient  eluNon,  systems  with  mulNple  pumps  are  used.  

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Flow of eluent

ReciprocaNng  pump  •  Pros:  

•  Can  generate  high  pressure  •  Flow  of  eluent  is  well  controlled  •  Possibility  for  gradient  eluNon  •  Small  internal  volume  (35  –  400  μl)  

•  Cons:  •  Flow  of  eluent  is  pulsing  and  it  must  be  corrected  

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UHPLC  difference  from  HPLC  

•  Higher  requirements  for  pumps  and  tubing  connecNons.  

•  Outer  column  volume  must  be  minimal.  •  Detector:  

– Flow  cell  volume  is  small.  – Fast  detecNon  speed.  

•  Eluents  and  separaNon  principles  are  the  same.  

 2014 fall 16

Forming  gradient  eluNon  •  Two  types  of  mixers:  

– Low-­‐pressure  mixer  –  eluents  are  mixed  before  entering  the  high  pressure  pump  

•  Cheaper  to  buy  and  own  –  spare  parts  only  for  one  pump  •  Dead  volume  of  gradient  is  larger  

– High-­‐pressure  mixer  –  for  each  eluent  component  there  is  a  separated  high  pressure  pump  and  mixing  takes  place  aoer  the  pumps    

•  Electronics  must  handle  the  different  compressibility  of  eluents  

•  Pump  must  take  into  account  the  volume  effect  of  mixing  (up  to  20%!)  

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Sample  injecNon  –  loop  •  The  most  simple  version  is  a  valve  with  a  loop.  

– Many  automaNc  samplers  also  use  the  systems  with  loops  

– Mostly  the  whole  loop  full  is  injected  at  once  –  sample  size  is  fixed  by  the  loop  size,  but  it  is  possible  to  inject  a  partly  filled  loop  (then  the  exact  sizing  is  done  by  syringe)  

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Sample  injecNon  –  loop  

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InjecNon  valve  

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Sample  injecNon  –  automaNc  •  AutomaNc  system  (autosampler)  

– Syringe  can  be  staNonary  or  moving  

Sample  injecNon  –  automaNc  •  Pros  and  extras:  

•  Do  not  need  tools  for  changing  the  sample  volume  •  AutomaNzed  •  Needle  washing  •  Sample  diluNon  •  Mixing  in  needle  or  in  vial  (inject  sample  components  from  different  vials  eg.  carrying  out  chemical  reacNons)  

– Not  all  autosamplers  can  carry  out  the  listed  operaNons  

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Autosampler  vials  

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Autosampler  –  maintenance,  cleaning  

•  Carry  over  

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Autosampler  –  maintenance,  cleaning  

•  ContaminaNon  of  autosampler  

Column  thermostat  •  Allows  to  maintain  the  temperature  of  the  column  constant  and  use  temperatures  lower  and  higher  than  the  room  temperature.  

•  Systems  with  circulaNng  air  or  water  are  available,  most  convenient  are  thermostats  with  PelNer'  element.  

•  Column  informaNon  sheet  must  be  checked  for  the  highest  suitable  temperature.  Generally  over  60°C  is  not  recommended.  

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Temperature  gradient  in  column  

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Columns  •  Column  case  is  usually  from  stainless  steel  with  internal  

diameter  2  –  4.6  mm.  Outer  size  ¼  inches  and  length  10  –  30  cm.  

 

 

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Column  material  

Proper8es   Figure  

Stainless  steel   Most  widely  used  material.  Very  inert  and  can  tolerate  very  high  pressure  (up  to  1300  bar).    

Titan   Used  when  stainless  stell  is  not  inert  enough.  Titan-­‐zirconium  alloys  are  very  strong  and  inert.  

PEEK   Tolerate  pressure  above  90  bar.  Do  not  tolerate  concentrated  nitric  and  sulphuric  acid,  THF,  DMSO.    

Glass   Cheap,  inert.  Don’t  tolerate  THF.  First  ones  tolerated  only  10-­‐20  bar,  nowadays  can  tolerate  higher  than  90  bar.    

Column  ends  

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Guard  column  •  Used  before  analyNcal  column  in  order  to  lengthen  the  lifeNme  of  an  analyNcal  column.  

•  Guard  column  catches:  •  Solid  parNcles  (from  eluent,  sample)  which  may  clog  the  column  •  Sample  components  which  may  chemically  bond  to  the  column  parNcles  and  degrade  it.    

•  Filling  of  the  guard  column  should  be  the  same  as  in  analyNcal  column  but  with  larger  parNcle  diameter.  

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Guard  column  

•  When  connecNng  guard  column,   it  should  be  kept  in  mind  that  the  connecNons  should  be  as  short  as  possible  –  to  avoid  the  rise  in  dead  volume.  

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Guard  column?  •  Guard  column  and  connecNons  cause  a  loss  in  efficiency.  

•  Guard  column  and  holders  cost  money  ...    

•  Is  it  worth  to  use  the  guard  column?    

•  There  are  authors  who  say  that  guard  columns  are  a  selling  argument  of  producers.  

•  Everyone  must  calculate  and  test  themselves  

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Guard  column!  

•  Recommended  when  – Samples  are  “dirty”  – Many  samples  are  analyzed  – Analysis  is  at  high  temperature  – Column  pressure  rises  aoer  short  use  of  column  – Aoer  few  injecNons  retenNon  Nmes  start  to  shio  

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Detector  •  MulNple  detectors  are  used  which  are  based  on  measuring  different  physical  and  chemical  properNes:  – UV-­‐Vis  absorpNon  (fixed  wavelength  ...  diode-­‐array)  – fluorescence  – conducNvity  – electrochemical  detector  – mass  spectrometric  

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Data  acquisiNon  •  New  instruments  are  connected  to  computer.  Roles  of  computer:  

•  Controlling  the  parameters  of  chromatograph  (flow  rate,  sample  size,  etc)  and  monitoring.’  

•  CollecNng  the  detector  signal  •  Saving  methods  (sets  of  working  parameters)    •  Data  processing  

•  Chromatographs  produce  a  lot  of  data  and  computers  must  be  fast  and  with  enough  space  for  data.  

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Tubing  •  For  high  pressure,  two  types  of  tubing  are  used:  

– Stainless  steel:  •  Easy  to  bend  •  Corrodes  (eg.  Cl-­‐)  •  Hard  to  cut  (or  buy  fixed  length  tubing)  

– PEEK  (polyether  ether  ketone):  •  Inert,  swells  when  using  THF,  DMSO  and  methylenchloride  •  Hard  to  bend  (can  use  special  corners)  

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ConnecNons  •  Swagelok-­‐type  connecNons  are  used  in  many  cases.  

•  With  Swagelok-­‐connecNons  cone  fixes  to  the  tubing  at  the  first  use  and  this  cannot  be  changed.  

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Swagelok-­‐conecNon  

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•  NB!  If  tubing  has  been  used  for  one  producer  column,  it  may  not  fit  to  column  by  other    producers!    •  It  is  beAer  to  use  rubber  Nps  than  metal  

ConnecNons  •  Stainless  steel  tubes  are  connected  with  Swagelok-­‐type  connecNons.  

 •  Need  tools  for  making  connecNons    

•  For  PEEK-­‐tubing  connecNons  that            can  be  used  without  tools  -­‐          finger-­‐:ght  nut.    •  Tip!  Finger-­‐(ght  can  be  used  on  stainless          steel  tubing  also!  

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ConnecNons  –  recommendaNons  

•  Different  producers  may  have  different  connecNons.  

•  Do  not  over8ghten  the  connec8ons!  •  Do  not  use  same  Swagelok’s  for  new  connecNons.  •  Always  use  the  right  sized  tools.  •  Check  that  connecNons  are  inert  towards  the  used  samples  and  eluents.    

•  Always  use  connecNons  with  the  smallest  dead  volume.  

2014 fall 40

Convenient  extras  •  Solvent  choosing  valve  (pump  add  in,  need  extra  degasser  canal).  Chromatographically  does  not  add  anything  but  makes  working  more  convenient  when  need  other  solvents:  

•  For  column  washing  •  For  other  chromatographic  method  

•  Column  choosing  valve  (add-­‐in  to  column  thermostat)  allows:  

•  To  change  column  without  any  tools  •  Use  different  eluNng  procedures  (back-­‐flush)  

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Maintenance  (cleanliness)  •  Cleanliness  is  of  main  importance.  Solid  parNcles  (dust)  can  damage  the  pump  seals  and  block  the  column.  

•  Filtrate  eluents  before  use!  •  Filtrate  samples  before  use!  •  Filtrate  with  filters  with  0.4  μm      diameter  pores.  For  UHPLC,  use      filters  with  0.22  μm  pores.  

•  Material  of  filters  depends  on  the  use.          For  aqueous  samples  PVDF  (polyvinylidene  fluoride)  is                suitable.   2014 fall 42

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•  Clogging  of  pre-­‐column  frit  causes  a  rise  in  pressure.  HPLC  columns  have  frits  (similar  to  filters)  in  both  ends  and  protect  the  staNonary  phase.  Pore  size  of  the  frit  is  smaller  that  the  parNcle  size  in  column.  

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Maintenance  (cleanliness)   Maintenance  (cleanliness)  •  If  eluent  is  not  filtrated,  dust  and  other  dirt  parNcles  can  arrive  at  the  column  and  sNck  to  the  staNonary  phase.    

•  This  dirt  rises  the  system  pressure  which  in  turn  shortens  the  column  lifeNme.  

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•  To  insure  the  clean  column,  it  is  good  to  use  in-­‐line  filter  before  (guard)  column.  

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Maintenance  (cleanliness)   Maintenance  (chemical  compaNbility)  •  When  choosing  an  eluent,  keep  in  mind  materials  it  becomes  to  contact  with  in  system  – Pump,  seals  and  tubing  – Column  parNcles  

•  If  eluent  contains  salts,  wash  the  system  with  working  eluent  without  buffer  salts.  Then  system  must  be  washed  with  organic  solvent  (eg.  acetonitrile),  to  avoid  corrosion.  

•  Some  pumps  have  external  washing  possibility.  

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Maintenance  (column)  •  StaNonary  phases  of  columns  are  quite  durable,  it  is  beAer  to  protect  them  from  steep  changes  in  pressure.  – Change  the  flow  rate  in  small  increments  – Change  eluent  composiNon  in  small  increments  

•  Avoid  movement  of  eluent  in  the  “wrong”  direcNon  in  the  colum  – Connect  column  the  same  way  every  Nme  – When  opening  the  column,  open  the  tubing  of  the  end  of  the  column  first.  

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ObservaNon  (external)  •  Listen  to  ...  

– degasser  – pump  – valves  (if  have  any)  

•  Look  for  ...  –  leaks  – bent  connecNons  – visible  mechanical  damages  

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ObservaNon  (pressure)  •  The  first  indicaNon  of  the  system  is  pressure.  Important  to  observe  the  pressure  at  all  Nmes!  –  If  pressure  is  fluctuaNng,  there  is  an  air  bubble  in  the  system  (normal  fluctuaNon  for  binary  pump  at  normal  pressure  is  around  1  bar)  

–  If  pressure  is  too  low,  it  is  good  to  look  for  leaks  –  If  pressure  is  too  high,  then  

•  (Guard)column  could  be  clogged  •  Tubing  could  be  blocked  or  dented  

•  Pressure  is  a  good  indicator  for  column  state.  

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Instrument  maintetace  •  Maintenance  procedures  are  necessary  when  

– Some  observed  parameters  are  not  normal  – System  does  not  pass  tests  (determined  by  the  laboratory  or  instrument  manufacturer)  

– System  notes  the  need  for  maintenance  – Planned  maintenance  (annual,  every  month  etc)  

•  If  maintenance  is  carried  out  by  the  lab  personnel,  instrucNons  must  be  followed  very  carefully!  

•  Check,  if  lab  maintenance  influences  the  warranty!   2014 fall 50

Column  maintenance  •  Check  column  documentaNon  for  column  use  and  maintenance  instrucNons.  

•  In  order  to  clean  column  from  strongly  adsorbed  components,  wash  with  organic  component  of  the  eluent.  – Acetonitrile  – Cyclohexane/acetonitrile/iso-­‐propanol  (25:25:50)  – Dichloromethane/methanol  (95:5)  –  In  some  cases  low  flow  of  DMSO  or  dimethylformamide  

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