Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science...
Transcript of Christina Locke, PhD · BEES . Results of poor pollination: Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science...
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Christina Locke, PhD Researcher
Dept. of Entomology University of Wisconsin, Madison
Pollinators and Their Roles
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Tom Lynn
PPollination of flowering plants
SELF POLLINATION
CROSS POLLINATION
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� Birds � Fruit bats (Tropics)
Animal pollinators
NWF
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� Birds � Fruit bats (Tropics) � Insects � Butterflies and moths � Beetles
Animal pollinators
HOUT
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� Birds � Fruit bats (Tropics) � Insects � Butterflies and moths � Beetles � Flies � Wasps
Animal pollinators
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� Birds � Fruit bats (Tropics) � Insects � Butterflies and moths � Beetles � Flies � Wasps � Honeybees � Wild and native bees
Animal pollinators
One honeybee species in the U.S. � Apis mellifera � Introduced from Europe in 1622
4000+ native bee species in North America
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The most efficient pollinators: � 20,000+ species in the world; 4,000+ in North America; 500+ in
Wisconsin � Pollinate 85% of flowering plants, 35% of global crop production
Xerces
BEES
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Results of poor pollination:
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Lucas A. Garibaldi et al. Science 2013;339:1608-1611
Globally, rate of visitation to crop flowers is higher where there are more pollinator species.
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Wisconsin apple research shows higher fruit set and yield when mmore bee species present
Researcher: Rachel Mallinger
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Apples better pollinated by wild bees than honeybees
Researcher: Rachel Mallinger
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Bee needs: nesting
European honeybee colony � Perennial (overwinters) � 1 queen � 10,000 – 50,000 workers
Bumblebee colony � Annual (does not overwinter) � 1 queen � 50 – 400 workers
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Bee needs: nesting
Solitary bee � Most bee species do not form colonies � Individual females nest in stems, ground, or dead wood
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Patches of warm, dry bare ground
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Tom Lynn
BBee needs: food
� Pollen and nectar sources � Diversity of flowering plants blooming the entire season,
early spring through late fall � Important for flowers to be near nests
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Anthony Du
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Floral resources near nests – diversity and timing
Photo: Xerces Society
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Photo: Shooting Star Native Seeds
Linear habitat: roadsides, field margins, transmission lines
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Butterfly specialists need certain plants
Photos: Xerces Society
Xerces Ann Swengel Xerces
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Why are pollinators on the agenda now?
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Bell Nurseries
Causes of Colony Loss
WEATHER PATTERNS
QUEEN FAILURE
DISEASES PESTICIDES
GENETIC WEAKNESS KNNNNNNNNNNNE
BEEKEEPING PRACTICES
NUTRITION
PARASITES
Vt commons
nationofchange.org
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� Some native pollinator species are declining � Factors: habitat loss, intensive farming, extreme weather, insecticide use
Why are pollinators on the agenda now?
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Monarch Winter Colony Area (Mexico)
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Xerces
Why are pollinators on the agenda now?
� High profile bumblebee kills
Largest: 2013 incident in Oregon Target parking lot � Misuse of dinotefuran
(Safari) killed ~50,000 pollinators
M. Nakamura
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State responses to pollinator issues
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Goal of the Wisconsin pollinator plan: To provide guidance for those interested in improving the
health and habitat of managed and wild pollinators. h and habitat of managed and wild pollin
We are looking for feedback and ideas!
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TThank You!
Feel free to contact me � Email: [email protected] � Web: http://gratton.entomology.wisc.edu
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