Davey Tree - 2019 Proxy StatementTitle: Davey Tree - 2019 Proxy Statement Created Date: 20190450949
Christina Davey Regional Epidemiologist Serving Lawrence, Pike, Ross, and Scioto Counties Tick-borne...
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Transcript of Christina Davey Regional Epidemiologist Serving Lawrence, Pike, Ross, and Scioto Counties Tick-borne...
Christina DaveyRegional Epidemiologist
Serving Lawrence, Pike, Ross, and Scioto Counties
Tick-borne Diseases in Ohio
Overview
• Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
• Lyme Disease
• Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
• Tick Submission
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
Agent/transmission• Rickettsia rickettsii• Maintained and amplified by hard
ticks, primarily American dog tick (D. variabilis) and Rocky Mountain wood tick (D. andersoni).
• Brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) and Cayenne tick (Amblyomma cajennense) also been implicated as vectors.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
Agent/transmission (Continued)• In Ohio, the American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) is the vector.• Humans contract RMSF through the bite of dog tick, or by coming in
contact with tick secretions or body fluids through careless handling of ticks.
• Dogs can transport ticks into the household environment and may also become ill with spotted fever.
• Humans are dead-end hosts
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
Signs/Symptoms• Average incubation 1 week after bite• Fever (acute onset), possibly accompanied by
– Headache– Malaise– Myalgia– Nausea/vomiting– Neurologic signs
• Fatal in 5-10% of untreated cases• Severe fulminant disease possible
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
Signs/Symptoms (Continued)• Characteristic spotted rash• Macular or maculopapular rash in most (about 80% of) patients • 4-7 days post-onset,• Rash often present on palms and soles.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
Occurrence
• 71/88 counties in Ohio
• Almost half of all cases from Clermont, Franklin and Lucas (from 1999-2007)
• 19 deaths since 1964
• April through July
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
Tick-Borne Diseases Reported in Ohio
2008
EpiData Analysis Graph
Reportable DiseaseLyme Disease Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Ehrlichiosis
Num
ber
of R
eport
s
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
341
91
16
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
Tick-Borne Diseases Reported in Ohio in 2008, by Case Classification
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Lyme Disease Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Ehrlichiosis
Reportable Disease
Nu
mb
er
of
Ca
se
s R
ep
ort
ed
Not A Case
Confirmed
Probable
Suspected
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
Diagnosis (CDC Laboratory Criteria for Surveillance Purposes)
Laboratory Confirmed:• Serological evidence of a fourfold change in IgG-specific
antibody titer reactive with R. rickettsii antigen by indirect IFA between paired serum specimens*, or
• Detection of R. rickettsii DNA in clinical specimen via amplification of a specific target by PCR assay, or
• Demonstration of spotted fever group antigen in biopsy or autopsy specimen by IHC, or
• Isolation of R. rickettsii from clinical specimen in cell culture
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
Diagnosis (CDC Laboratory Criteria for Surveillance Purposes)
Laboratory Supportive:• Serologic evidence of elevated IgG or IgM antibody
reactive with R. rickettsii antigen by IFA, ELISA, dot-ELISA, or latex agglutination*
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
Case Definitions for Surveillance• Confirmed: A clinically compatible case (meets
clinical evidence criteria*) that is laboratory confirmed.
• Probable: A clinically compatible case (meets clinical evidence criteria*) that has supportive laboratory results.
• Suspect: A case with laboratory evidence of past or present infection but no clinical information available (e.g. a laboratory report).
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
Treatment (need based on clinical and epidemiological information)
• Tetracycline antibiotics (usually doxycycline)
• Treat for at least 3 days after fever subsides and until evidence of clinical improvement
• Standard duration of treatment: 5-10 days
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
Prevention and Control• Avoid ticks in endemic areas• Tuck pants into socks• Use repellents (carefully following label
instructions)• Wear light-colored clothing• Regularly inspect for and remove ticks (on
humans and pets)• Keep grass and weeds mowed
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
Lyme Disease
Agent/transmission• Borrelia burgdorferi• Reservoir=mice, squirrels, other small
animals• Ixodes scapularis (black-legged tick,
also known as “deer tick”)=vector in eastern and midwestern states
• Ixodes pacificus=vector in western United States
• Other species of ticks not known to transmit Lyme Disease.
• No known human-human transmission (though transplacental transmission may occur)
Lyme Disease
Signs/Symptoms • Incubation period of up to 30 days after tick bite• Muscle aches• Fever• Swollen lymph nodes• Headache• Joint pain• Fatigue• Late manifestations
Lyme Disease
Signs/Symptoms (Continued)• Erythema migrans (“bull’s-eye”
rash)– Best clinical marker– Seen in 60-80% of cases– Develops at site of tick attachment
after a delay of 3-30 days– Usually appears 7-14 days after
exposure– Gradually expands over several
days
Lyme Disease
Occurrence• Since 1990, 932 cases reported from 83/88 Ohio
counties• 48 cases reported to CDC in 2008• Most commonly reported vector-borne disease
in U.S. with 20,000 cases each year• 80% of total U.S. cases from Mid-Atlantic and
New England (mostly New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania)
• Black-legged tick rare in Ohio
Lyme Disease
Lyme Disease
Lyme DiseaseTick-Borne Diseases Reported in Ohio
2008
EpiData Analysis Graph
Reportable DiseaseLyme Disease Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Ehrlichiosis
Num
ber
of R
epor
ts
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
341
91
16
Lyme DiseaseTick-Borne Diseases Reported in Ohio in 2008, by Case Classification
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Lyme Disease Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Ehrlichiosis
Reportable Disease
Nu
mb
er
of
Ca
se
s R
ep
ort
ed
Not A Case
Confirmed
Probable
Suspected
Lyme Disease
Diagnosis (CDC Laboratory Criteria for Surveillance Purposes)
• Positive culture for B. burgdorferi, or• Demonstration of diagnostic IgM or IgG
antibodies to B. burgdorferi in serum or CSF*, or
• Single-tier IgG Western blot / immunoblot seropositivity interpreted using established criteria*
Lyme DiseaseCase Definitions for Surveillance• Confirmed: a) a case of EM with a known exposure,
or b) a case of EM with laboratory evidence of infection (by CDC lab criteria) and without a known exposure or c) a case with at least one late manifestation that has laboratory evidence of infection.
• Probable: any other case of physician-diagnosed Lyme disease that has laboratory evidence of infection (by CDC lab criteria).
• Suspected: a) a case of EM where there is no known exposure and no laboratory evidence of infection, or b) a case with laboratory evidence of infection but no clinical information available (e.g. a laboratory report).
Lyme Disease
Treatment
• Antibiotic therapy during acute phase
• Doxycycline, amoxicillin, or cefuroxime axetil
• IV ceftriaxone or penicillin for neurological or cardiac
• Second 4-week course if symptoms persist or recur
Lyme Disease
Prevention, and Control • Vaccine no longer available• Avoid of ticks in endemic areas• Tuck pants into socks• Wear light-colored clothing• Use repellents (carefully following label instructions)• Regularly inspect for and remove ticks (on humans and
pets)• Keep grass and weeds mowed• Reduce reservoir populations
Lyme Disease
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
Agents/transmission
• Ehrlichia chaffeensis - formerly known as human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME)
• Anaplasma phagocytophilum, (aka Ehrlichia equi or Ehrlichia phagocytophila) - formerly known as human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGA, HGE)
• Ehrlichia ewingii
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
Agents/transmission• E. chaffeensis is transmitted
principally by the Lone Star tick, Amblyomma americanum
• A. phagocytophilum appears to be transmitted by the blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus.
• E. ewingii appears to be transmitted by the Lone Star tick, Amblyomma americanum.
• Reservoirs for vector ticks: deer, elk, wild rodents and dogs.
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
• Humans contract Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis through the bite of vector tick, or by coming in contact with tick secretions or body fluids through careless handling of ticks.
• Humans are dead-end hosts.
Ehrlichiosis/AnaplasmosisSigns/symptoms• Incubation period: 5-14 days after tick bite for
Ehrlichia chaffeensis infection and E. ewingii infection; 5-21 days for Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection
• Fever (acute onset) and one or more of the following:
– Headache– Myalgia– Malaise– Anemia– Leuokpenia– Thrombocytopenia– Hepatic transaminase elevation– Nausea– Vomiting– Rash (uncommon for HME, rare for HGE)
• Case fatality rate of 2-3% for E. chaffeensis, less than 1% for A. phagocytophilum, and not documented for E. ewingii
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
Occurrence• Found primarily in the South and Mid-Atlantic,
North/South Central United States, and isolated areas of New England, E. chaffeensis is transmitted principally by the Lone Star tick, Amblyomma americanum.
• A. phagocytophilum is more likely to be found in the New England, North Central and Pacific States, and appears to be transmitted by the blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus.
• Found primarily in the South Atlantic and South Central United States with isolated areas of New England, E. ewingii appears to be transmitted by the Lone Star tick, Amblyomma americanum.
• Lone Star ticks becoming more common in Ohio, especially Southern Ohio.
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
Ehrlichiosis/AnaplasmosisTick-Borne Diseases Reported in Ohio
2008
EpiData Analysis Graph
Reportable DiseaseLyme Disease Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Ehrlichiosis
Num
ber
of R
epor
ts
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
341
91
16
Ehrlichiosis/AnaplasmosisTick-Borne Diseases Reported in Ohio in 2008, by Case Classification
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Lyme Disease Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Ehrlichiosis
Reportable Disease
Nu
mb
er
of
Ca
se
s R
ep
ort
ed
Not A Case
Confirmed
Probable
Suspected
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
Diagnosis (CDC Laboratory Criteria for Surveillance Purposes) – E. chaffeensis (HME)
Laboratory Confirmed:• Serological evidence of fourfold change in IgG-specific
antibody titer to E. chaffeensis antigen by indirect IFA between paired serum samples*, or
• Detection of E. chaffeensis DNA in clinical specimen via amplification of specific target by PCR assay, or
• Demonstration of ehrlichial antigen in biopsy or autopsy sample by immunohistochemical methods, or
• Isolation of E. chaffeensis from clinical specimen in cell culture
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
Diagnosis (CDC Laboratory Criteria for Surveillance Purposes) – E. chaffeensis (HME)
Laboratory Supportive:• Serological evidence of elevated IgG or IgM
antibody reactive with E. chaffeensis antigen by IFA, ELISA, dot-ELISA, or assays in other formats*, or
• Identification of morulae in the cytoplasm of monocytes or macrophages by microscopic examination
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
Diagnosis (CDC Laboratory Criteria for Surveillance Purposes) – E. ewingii
Laboratory Confirmed:
• E. ewingii DNA detected in clinical specimen via amplification of a specific target by PCR assay
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
Diagnosis (CDC Laboratory Criteria for Surveillance Purposes) – A. phagocytophilum (HGE)
Laboratory Confirmed:• Serological evidence of fourfold change in IgG-specific
antibody titer to A. phagocytophilum antigen by indirect IFA in paired serum samples*, or
• Detection of A. phagocytophilum DNA in clinical specimen via amplification of a specific target by PCR assay, or
• Demonstration of anaplasmal antigen in biopsy/autopsy sample by immunohistochemical methods, or
• Isolation of A. phagocytophilum from clinical specimen in cell culture
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
Diagnosis (CDC Laboratory Criteria for Surveillance Purposes) – A. phagocytophilum (HGE)
Laboratory Supportive:• Serological evidence of elevated IgG or IgM
antibody reactive with A. phagocytophilum antigen by IFA, ELISA, dot-ELISA, or assays in other formats*, or
• Identification of morulae in the cytoplasm of neutrophils or eosinophils by microscopic examination
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
Case Definitions for Surveillance• Confirmed: A clinically compatible case (meets
clinical evidence criteria) that is laboratory confirmed.
• Probable: A clinically compatible case (meets clinical evidence criteria) that has supportive laboratory results.
• Suspect: A case with laboratory evidence of past or present infection but no clinical information available (e.g. a laboratory report).
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
Treatment • Begin immediately upon strong suspicion of
ehrlichiosis through clinical and epidemiological findings
• Doxycycline or other tetracyclines (fever generally subsides within 24-72 hours)
• Minimal course of 5-7 days• Patients with anaplasmosis should be treated
with doxycycline for 10-14 days because of possible Lyme disease coinfection
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
Prevention and Control• Avoid ticks in endemic areas• Tuck pants into socks• Use repellents (carefully following label
instructions)• Wear light-colored clothing• Regularly inspect for and remove ticks (on
humans and pets)• Keep grass and weeds mowed
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
Tick Identification
• Free service through ODH Zoonotic Disease Program
• Proper tick identification essential in determining potential risk of infection with tick-borne disease
Tick Identification
Instructions for Submitting Ticks
• Keep ticks alive. Live ticks are easier to identify
• Moisten paper strip with one or two drops of water, place tick and paper strip in vial and close tightly.
• Complete form and submit with tick.
Tick Identification
Questions
Christina DaveyRegional EpidemiologistServing Lawrence, Pike, Ross and Scioto Counties, Ironton and Portsmouth CitiesPike County General Health District (Home Office)14050 US 23 NWaverly, OH 45690Office Phone: 740-947-7721Cell (24/7 Contact #): 740-222-2292Email: [email protected]