CHRISTIANITY

text in

purple for

notes

Voorhees

The student will apply social science

skills to understand the development

of Christianity by

a) describing the origins, beliefs, traditions,

customs, and spread of Christianity in time

and place;

Era II; Unit 7 WHI.7 CHRISTIANITY

I. The Basics:

A. Monotheism

B. Founder= Jesus Christ

C. Jesus is the Son of God

D. Life after death

Jesus of Nazareth The birth of Jesus

c. 4 B.C. (BCE)

Born during the reign of Herod the Great, the last king of a united Judea

Jesus of Nazareth

Jesus is presented at the Temple c. 9 – 13 CE (CE)

Possibly at Jesus’ coming of age ceremony (Bar

Mitzvah)

Jesus of Nazareth The Baptism of Jesus c.

28 - 30 CE (CE)

Precedes Jesus public ministry

John the Baptist is beheaded by Herod Antipas (son of Herod the Great)

John was a vocal critic of Herod

Jesus of Nazareth

The beginning of Jesus’ ministry c. 28 – 30 CE

According to tradition Jesus preceded his ministry with a forty day fast in the desert where he is tempted

Jesus of Nazareth Jesus calls his

Twelve

Disciples

Jesus of Nazareth

The Sermon on the Mount

Considered one of the critical moments for

defining the basic tenets of Christian belief

Jesus of Nazareth Born during the Pax Romana

during the height of Rome’s power

Grew up in a province well known for resisting foreign rule

Although not of aristocratic birth does seem to have been accepted by a wide range of social classes, including some Romans

Jesus of Nazareth The Last Supper c. 30 – 34 B.C.

Jesus and his followers go to Jerusalem for the Passover celebration

Jesus of Nazareth

Jesus put on trial by the Sanhedrin at the Temple and the turned over to the Roman governor Pontius Pilate for execution

Jesus of Nazareth

After being beaten and tortured Jesus is marched to Calvary for public execution

Jesus of Nazareth

Jesus is crucified on “Good Friday”

Crucifixion a common Roman technique for punishing criminals who are not Roman citizens, particularly if they are seen as a threat to public order

Jesus of Nazareth

Jesus is removed from the cross by his family and followers and is buried in the tomb of Nicodemus, a member of the Sanhedrin

The body of Jesus is interred on the evening of “Good Friday”

Roman allowed the bodies of criminals to be removed but usually only after a bribe was paid

Jesus of Nazareth

According to Christian belied Jesus stays in the tomb on Saturday (the Jewish Sabbath) and rises from the dead on Easter Sunday

His empty tomb is discovered by Mary who leads Peter and the other disciples there later

Jesus of Nazareth According to Christian tradition Jesus ascends to heaven after appearing to his followers

E. Paul the Apostle- 1st missionary c. 35 CE (CE)- Conversion of Paul

45 – 64 CE (CE)– Paul’s ministry to Cyprus, Asia Minor, and Greece

Simon Peter

c. 64 CE (CE)– First persecution of Christians by Nero

Both Paul and Peter were probably executed in Rome at this time

The Gospels

c. 60 – 100 CE (CE) The Writing of the Four Gospels

The Christian Church begins formalizing

c. 180 CE – First version of the Apostle’s creed, the formal adoption of baptism, and the formal organization of bishops

Fourth Century: 301-400 CE

Edict of Milan

313 CE – Constantine gives Christianity formal toleration

Fourth Century: 301-400 CE

325 CE – Council of Nicaea (1st Ecumenical Conference)

325-381 CE – Arian Controversy; defining the nature of the Trinity

374-397 CE – Ambrose, Bishop of Milan established as an advisor to the emperor (One of the “Church Fathers”)

Donatism- a schism and conflict with Rome, as they considered themselves the true Church

The student will apply social science

skills to understand the development

of Christianity by

b) explaining the unifying role of the Church

in Europe after the collapse of Rome;

II. Impact of the Church of Rome in

the late Roman Empire A. The Emperor Constantine converted to

Christianity and made it legal.

B. Christianity later became the official state

religion.

C. The Church became a source of moral

authority.

D. The Church became the main unifying

force of Western Europe.

E. Heresies such as Arianism and Donatism

sometimes divided Christians.

Fifth Century: 401-500 CE

476 CE – “Fall of Rome” 498 CE – Under

leadership of Clovis the Germanic tribes begin converting

Sixth Century 501- 600 CE

• c. 527-565 CE – Byzantine Emperor Justinian attempts to reunify Rome as a Christian Empire

Seventh Century: 601-700 CE 622-732 – Expansion of

Islam

both the Christian Byzantine Empire and Germanic Kingdoms of Western Europe feel threatened

Eighth and Ninth Centuries “The Dark Ages”: 701-900 CE 726-843 CE – Iconoclast controversy

Byzantine leaders debate (and fight) over the use of icons in worship

Eighth and Ninth Centuries “The Dark Ages”: 701-900 CE

800 CE – Charlemagne crowned “Holy Roman Emperor” and the “Donation of Constantine” proclaimed

Pope Leo III attempted to shift power and authority away from the Byzantines toward Rome and Charlemagne

Eighth and Ninth Centuries “The Dark Ages”: 701-900 CE

863 CE – Methodius begins conversion of Russia

Russia looks to Eastern “Orthodox” Christian, not Rome for spiritual guidance

Methodius’ brother Cyril is credited with creating the Slavic “Cyrillic” alphabet and translating the Bible into Russian

Tenth Century: 901-1000 CE

962 CE – Otto the Great reforms the Holy Roman Empire; partnership between the emperor and the pope

The student will apply social science

skills to understand the development

of Christianity by

c) sequencing events related to the spread

and influence of Christianity and the

Catholic Church throughout Europe.

III. Influence of the Roman

Catholic Church

Vocabulary:

unifying

secular

monastery

preserve

Greco-Roman

Germanic

anoint

The Roman Catholic Church grew in importance after Roman authority declined

The Church became the unifying force in Western Europe:

A) Secular authority declined, while church authority grew

UNIFYING FORCE!!

B) monasteries preserved Greco-Roman cultural achievements

UNIFYING FORCE!!

C) Missionaries carried Christianity and Latin alphabet to Germanic tribes

UNIFYING FORCE!!

D) The pope anointed Charlemagne Emperor in 800 A.D. (C.E.)

UNIFYING FORCE!!

E) Parish priests served religious and social needs of the people

Eleventh Century: 1001-1100 CE

1054 CE – The Great Schism; formal split between Rome and Constantinople

Eleventh Century: 1001-1100 CE 1095-1099 CE – Pope Urban II organized

the First Crusade

Gothic Cathedrals

Reims Cathedral, France – 1200’s Clogne Cathedral, Germany – 1200’-1800’s

Eleventh Century: 1001-1100 CE

1232 CE – The Inquisition established to fight heretics

Heretics

Fourteenth Century: 1301-1400 CE

1309-1377 CE – “Babylonian Captivity”; papacy moves to Avignon, France

c. 1350’s CE – “Black Death” sweeps Europe

1378-1415 CE – “The Great Schism”; multiple men claim to be pope

1384 CE – Lollard Movement (John Wycliffe); early “protestant” movement

It’s a bad time to be pope

Fifteenth Century: 1401-1500 CE

1415 CE – Jan Hus burned at the stake for spreading Lollardism

1453 CE – Ottomans capture Constantinople, Byzantine Empire collapses

1492 CE – Reconquista ends in Spain

Sixteenth Century: 1501-1600 CE

1506 CE – Rebuilding of St. Peter’s Basilica

1509 CE – Erasmus publishes The Praise of

Folly, calling for reform

1517 CE – Martin Luther posts The Ninety-

Five Theses starting the Protestant

Reformation

1521 CE – Luther is excommunicated

ST. PETER’S BASILICA

•In 1506 CE Pope Julius II commissioned Renaissance

architect Donato Bramante to design the basilica

•Bramante died before completing the church- then

worked on by several architects until Florentine artist

Michelangelo took over the commission in 1546 CE

•Michelangelo simplified and unified the architectural

elements of Bramante’s plan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Diet_of_Worms.jpg

Sixteenth Century: 1501-1600 CE

c. 1520-1530 CE – Reformation spreads through Northern Europe

1534 CE – Henry VIII breaks with Rome 1545-1547 CE – Council of Trent starts

the Counter Reformation 1555 CE – Peace of Augsburg attempts to

end religious fighting in Germany

Luther- excommunicated

Sixteenth Century: 1501-1600 CE

1559 CE – Queen Elizabeth I formally established the Church of England

1589 CE – Moscow becomes center of Orthodox Christianity

1598 CE– Edict of Nantes grants Huguenots toleration

Seventeenth Century: 1601-1700 CE c. 1600 CE - Jesuits

established in Japan, China, and South America

1611 CE – King James Bible

1618-1648 CE – Thirty Years War; last major religious war in Europe

1647 CE – “Society of Friends” (Quakers) founded

Eighteenth Century: 1701-1800 CE

1726 CE – “The Great Awakening”; development of the Methodist Church

1751-1765 CE – Diderot’s Encyclopaedia; criticism of organized religion

1789 CE – U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights establish separation of church and state

Twentieth Century: 1901-2000 CE

1917 CE – Bolshevik Revolution in Russia; beginning of “state atheism”

1929 CE – Mother Teresa begins work with the poor of India

1948 CE – World Council of Churches founded (Ecumenism)

1949 CE – Billy Graham begins his “Crusades”

Twentieth Century: 1901-2000 CE

1958-1963 CE – Pope John XXIII begins reform of Catholic Church and ecumenism

1961 CE – Orthodox Churches join the World Council of Churches

1978 CE – Pope John Paul II Pope Benedict lawsuits Pope Francis 2013

Branches of Christianity

Global Christianity Today North America, South America,

Europe, Central and South Africa,

Australia, Russia

CHRISTIANITY

•The End

REVIEW QUIZ

Now it is time for…

1. Origins of Christianity

a) Had its roots in Judaism

b) Was led by Jesus of Nazareth, who was

proclaimed the Messiah

c) Conflicted with polytheistic beliefs of

Roman Empire

d) All of the above

2. Beliefs, traditions, and

practices of Christianity

a) Polytheism

b) Monotheism

c) Paul as both Son and incarnation of God

d) Reincarnation

3. Beliefs, traditions, and

practices of Christianity

a) Five Pillars

b) Old Testament, exclusively

c) No church councils

d) New Testament and early Christian

writings

4. Beliefs, traditions, and

practices of Christianity

a) Life after death

b) Old Testament, containing accounts of

the life and teachings of Jesus, as well as

writings of early Christians

c) Christian doctrines established by

Islamic priests

d) Sacrificing humans

5. Not how Christianity spread

a) Popularity of the message

b) Early martyrs inspired others

c) Forceful conquest

d) Carried by the Apostles, including Paul,

throughout the Roman Empire

6. Not an Impact of the Church of

Rome in the late Roman Empire

a) From the beginning, emperors were

Christians

b) Christianity later became the official state

religion.

c) The Church became the main unifying

force of Western Europe.

d) Heresies such as Arianism and Donatism

sometimes divided Christians.

7. Impact of the Church of Rome

in the late Roman Empire

a) The Emperor Diocletian converted to

Christianity and made it legal.

b) Judaism later became the official state

religion.

c) The Church became a source of moral

authority.

d) The Church became the main dividing

force of Western Europe.

8. Influence of the Roman

Catholic Church a) Missionaries carried Christianity and Latin

alphabet to Germanic tribes.

b) Secular authority grew, while Church

authority declined.

c) Monasteries preserved Chinese cultural

achievements.

d) The Pope anointed Constantine Emperor

in 800 A.D. (C.E.)

9. Influence of the Roman

Catholic Church a) Emperors pushed Christianity out of the

Roman Empire

b) Parish priests served religious and social

needs of the people.

c) Monks were the first missionaries

d) Monks carried pizza and Latin alphabet to

Germanic tribes.

10. Not an Influence of the

Roman Catholic Church a) Secular authority declined, while Church

authority grew.

b) Monasteries preserved Greco-Roman

cultural achievements.

c) Missionaries carried Christianity and Latin

alphabet to Germanic tribes.

d) Popes had less and less power

REVIEW QUIZ

Now it is time for…

1. Origins of Christianity

a) Had its roots in Judaism

b) Was led by Jesus of Nazareth, who was

proclaimed the Messiah

c) Conflicted with polytheistic beliefs of

Roman Empire

d) All of the above

2. Beliefs, traditions, and

practices of Christianity

a) Polytheism

b) Monotheism

c) Paul as both Son and incarnation of God

d) Reincarnation

3. Beliefs, traditions, and

practices of Christianity

a) Five Pillars

b) Old Testament, exclusively

c) No church councils

d) New Testament and early Christian

writings

4. Beliefs, traditions, and

practices of Christianity

a) Life after death

b) Old Testament, containing accounts of

the life and teachings of Jesus, as well as

writings of early Christians

c) Christian doctrines established by

Islamic priests

d) Sacrificing humans

5. Not how Christianity spread

a) Popularity of the message

b) Early martyrs inspired others

c) Forceful conquest

d) Carried by the Apostles, including Paul,

throughout the Roman Empire

6. Not an Impact of the Church of

Rome in the late Roman Empire

a) From the beginning, emperors were

Christians

b) Christianity later became the official state

religion.

c) The Church became the main unifying

force of Western Europe.

d) Heresies such as Arianism and Donatism

sometimes divided Christians.

7. Impact of the Church of Rome

in the late Roman Empire

a) The Emperor Diocletian converted to

Christianity and made it legal.

b) Judaism later became the official state

religion.

c) The Church became a source of moral

authority.

d) The Church became the main dividing

force of Western Europe.

8. Influence of the Roman

Catholic Church a) Missionaries carried Christianity and Latin

alphabet to Germanic tribes.

b) Secular authority grew, while Church

authority declined.

c) Monasteries preserved Chinese cultural

achievements.

d) The Pope anointed Constantine Emperor

in 800 A.D. (C.E.)

9. Influence of the Roman

Catholic Church a) Emperors pushed Christianity out of the

Roman Empire

b) Parish priests served religious and social

needs of the people.

c) Monks were the first missionaries

d) Monks carried pizza and Latin alphabet to

Germanic tribes.

10. Not an Influence of the

Roman Catholic Church a) Secular authority declined, while Church

authority grew.

b) Monasteries preserved Greco-Roman

cultural achievements.

c) Missionaries carried Christianity and Latin

alphabet to Germanic tribes.

d) Popes had less and less power