Chris Greacen 19 June 2009 From remote villages to government boardrooms: some notes on efforts to...
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Transcript of Chris Greacen 19 June 2009 From remote villages to government boardrooms: some notes on efforts to...
Chris Greacen19 June 2009
From remote villages to government boardrooms: some notes on efforts to
leverage change using renewable energy
Palang Thai
Palang Thai พลั�งไท
• Thailand NGO• Objective:
– To ensure that the transformations that occur in the region's energy sector: augment, rather than undermine, social and environmental justice and sustainability.
• Key approaches:– We teach hands-on energy technology– We draft / comment on policies– We work to empower citizens to look critically at
government and industry projects and plans– We advocate structural reform
พลั�ง (palang): n 1. Power. 2. Empowerment. ไท (thai): adj. 1. Independence. 2. Self-reliance
Outline• hands-on village scale
– solar electricity for medical clinics in Karen-controlled Burma
– village micro-hydropower – Thailand
• energy politics and policy– Very Small Power Producer (VSPP) program– Bo Nok / Hin Krud – stopping silly big power plants
• institutional aikido
•Conflict area
•Little/no rural electrification
•Joint effort:
•TOPS (Taiwan),
•Palang Thai (Thailand),
•SunEnergy Power (USA)
• Green Empowerment (USA)
Border Green Energy Team
Solar electricity for 40 medical clinics for internally displaced inside Burma
Up to 2 million internally displaced people in Burma
Ruggedized solar electric systems built by medics in 3-5 day hands-on trainings
• 9 trainings (2003-2009)• >90 medics trained• 40 clinics
Community micro-hydro (12 villages)
Micro-hydroelectricity
Source: Inversin, A. R. (1986). Micro-Hydropower Sourcebook.
Kre Khi village, Tak Province1 kW for school, clinic, churchCost: <$3,500
(turbine $250)Head: 10 metersFlow: 15 lit/sec
Laos – low head micro-hydro orgy
Mae Wei – ‘pump as turbine’ off-grid induction
Video… Mae Wei
Border Green Energy Team
Refugee camp trainings
So far:Solar PVMicro-hydroHydraulic ram pumpSolar cooking7 hybrid solar/diesel systemsBiogas
Solar/diesel hybrid systems for computer training centers in 7
refugee camps
Border Green Energy Team
Maintenance & repair trainings for > 14,000 Thai solar home systems
Thai government solar home program
203,000 solar home systemsUS$200 millionNo maintenance plan23% failure rate within 20 months
“The Service & Support Department is like the guy in the parade who walks behind the elephant with a broom and a big bucket”
BG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
BG E TBG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
Thai SHS in Tak province
DEEP CY CLEEBB 125
3K THAI STORAGE BATTERY PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED
3KDEEP CY CLE
EBB 1253K THAI STORAGE BATTERY PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED
3KDEEP CY CLE
EBB 1253K THAI STORAGE BATTERY PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED
3KDEEP CY CLE
EBB 1253K THAI STORAGE BATTERY PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED
3KDEEP CY CLE
EBB 1253K THAI STORAGE BATTERY PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED
3K
SH-1210M
เครื่��องควบคมการื่ปรื่ะจุแบตเตอรื่��และแปลงกรื่ะแสไ ฟฟ�าส�า หรื่�บรื่ะบบพล�งงานแสงอาทิ�ตย์!
เป"ด / ป"ดปล�$กไ ฟฟ�ากรื่ะแสสล�บ220 โ วลัต์� 50 เฮิ�รต์ซ์�
แบต์เต์อร�� แผงร�บพลั�งงานแสงอาท�ต์ย์�
ไ ฟฟ�ากระแสสลั�บ220 โ วลัต์� 50 เฮิ�รต์ซ์�
FORTHSOLAR PRODUCT
สาย์ดิ�น
NL
แผงพล�งงานแสงอาทิ�ตย์!
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ต��า
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เต'ม
สภาวะการื่ทิ�า งาน
สภาวะแบตเตอรื่��
ปรื่ะจุแบตเตอรื่��
SH-1210M
เครื่��องควบคมการื่ปรื่ะจุแบตเตอรื่��และแปลงกรื่ะแสไ ฟฟ�าส�า หรื่�บรื่ะบบพล�งงานแสงอาทิ�ตย์!
เป"ด / ป"ดปล�$กไ ฟฟ�ากรื่ะแสสล�บ220 โ วลัต์� 50 เฮิ�รต์ซ์�
แบต์เต์อร�� แผงร�บพลั�งงานแสงอาท�ต์ย์�
ไ ฟฟ�ากระแสสลั�บ220 โ วลัต์� 50 เฮิ�รต์ซ์�
FORTHSOLAR PRODUCT
FORTHFORTHSOLAR PRODUCT
สาย์ดิ�น
NL
แผงพล�งงานแสงอาทิ�ตย์!
ปานกลาง
ต��า
โหลด / เก�นพ�ก�ดโหลด
เต'ม
สภาวะการื่ทิ�า งาน
สภาวะแบตเตอรื่��
ปรื่ะจุแบตเตอรื่��
ปานกลาง
ต��า
โหลด / เก�นพ�ก�ดโหลด
เต'ม
สภาวะการื่ทิ�า งาน
สภาวะแบตเตอรื่��
ปรื่ะจุแบตเตอรื่��
HaCo
HaCo
10A
~ON
HaCo
HaCo
10A
~~ON
Rated 120 peak Watt single crystalline PV
module
Rated 150 W, 50 Hz, 230 V Inverter / 10 A Charge controller
12 V, 125 Ah deep cycle lead-acid
battery
Two 10 W tube fluorescent
lights with electronic ballasts
AC outlet for TV or other appliances
BG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
BG E TBG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
Ministry of Interior
PEA
Installation company
End users
$
$
SHS
Existing linkages
warranty
Tax payers
$
BG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
BG E TBG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
Ministry of Interior
PEA
Installation company
End users
$
$
SHS
Missing linkages
warranty
What happens when systems fail? There is no feedback loop from the end users to
installation company, PEA, government or taxpayers
Tax payers
$
BG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
BG E TBG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
Warranty awareness Self-help: local technicians
+ user training
Ministry of Interior
PEA
Installation company
End users
$
$
SHS
Missing linkages
warranty
Tax payers
$
Feedback on status of systems, failure
modes, successful interventions
BG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
BG E TBG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
SHS WarrantyWarranty periods
– Complete system: 2 years– Solar panel: 5 years– Charge controller/Inverter: 3 years– Battery: 2 years– Light/Ballast: 2 years
The system warranty is expiring within a few months
Very few villagers informed that there is a warranty
DEEP CY CLEEBB 125
3K THAI STORAGE BATTERY PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED
3KDEEP CY CLE
EBB 1253K THAI STORAGE BATTERY PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED
3KDEEP CY CLE
EBB 1253K THAI STORAGE BATTERY PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED
3KDEEP CY CLE
EBB 1253K THAI STORAGE BATTERY PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED
3KDEEP CY CLE
EBB 1253K THAI STORAGE BATTERY PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED
3K
SH-1210M
เครื่��องควบคมการื่ปรื่ะจุแบตเตอรื่��และแปลงกรื่ะแสไ ฟฟ�าส�า หรื่�บรื่ะบบพล�งงานแสงอาทิ�ตย์!
เป"ด / ป"ดปล�$กไ ฟฟ�ากรื่ะแสสล�บ220 โ วลัต์� 50 เฮิ�รต์ซ์�
แบต์เต์อร�� แผงร�บพลั�งงานแสงอาท�ต์ย์�
ไ ฟฟ�ากระแสสลั�บ220 โ วลัต์� 50 เฮิ�รต์ซ์�
FORTHSOLAR PRODUCT
สาย์ดิ�น
NL
แผงพล�งงานแสงอาทิ�ตย์!
ปานกลาง
ต��า
โหลด / เก�นพ�ก�ดโหลด
เต'ม
สภาวะการื่ทิ�า งาน
สภาวะแบตเตอรื่��
ปรื่ะจุ แบตเตอรื่��
SH-1210M
เครื่��องควบคมการื่ปรื่ะจุแบตเตอรื่��และแปลงกรื่ะแสไ ฟฟ�าส�า หรื่�บรื่ะบบพล�งงานแสงอาทิ�ตย์!
เป"ด / ป"ดปล�$กไ ฟฟ�ากรื่ะแสสล�บ220 โ วลัต์� 50 เฮิ�รต์ซ์�
แบต์เต์อร�� แผงร�บพลั�งงานแสงอาท�ต์ย์�
ไ ฟฟ�ากระแสสลั�บ220 โ วลัต์� 50 เฮิ�รต์ซ์�
FORTHSOLAR PRODUCT
FORTHFORTHSOLAR PRODUCT
สาย์ดิ�น
NL
แผงพล�งงานแสงอาทิ�ตย์!
ปานกลาง
ต��า
โหลด / เก�นพ�ก�ดโหลด
เต'ม
สภาวะการื่ทิ�า งาน
สภาวะแบตเตอรื่��
ปรื่ะจุ แบตเตอรื่��
ปานกลาง
ต��า
โหลด / เก�นพ�ก�ดโหลด
เต'ม
สภาวะการื่ทิ�า งาน
สภาวะแบตเตอรื่��
ปรื่ะจุ แบตเตอรื่��
HaCo
HaCo
10A
~ON
HaCo
HaCo
10A
~~ON
BG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
BG E TBG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
SHS WarrantyPostcards with
warranty and maintenance information could be distributed by Tambons
Idea presented at meeting with DLA (Department of Local Administration)
BG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
BG E TBG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
BGET on TV
Goals: TV-broadcast
discussion of SHS sustainability, need for more local capacity
Inform public of warranty
BG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
BG E TBG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
BGET SHS trainings in Tak province
BG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
BG E TBG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
Failed inverter/charge controller (~10% of all systems surveyed).
Observed failure modes - inverter
Solartron and PEA provided 15 replacement inverters for the first 2 trainings
BG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
BG E TBG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
Ballast failure ~9% of systems surveyed
Observed failure modes - ballast
BG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
BG E TBG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
Observed failure modes –battery battery failure in ~6% of systems
surveyed
healthy, without sulfation
sulfated plates
BG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
BG E TBG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
Installation error: Battery failure caused by solar panel installation in shady location
14:00 Saw Kre Ka village, Tha Song Yang District
Problems found during training/surveys
BG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
BG E TBG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
Installation error: Bad panel locations
Problems found during training surveys
BG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
BG E TBG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
User error: bypassed controller battery overcharge
1. Villager bypasses broken controller and charges battery directly from PV
2. Battery over-charged. Electrolyte level drops and plates are exposed to air. Battery fails.
1
2
Observed failure modes – (cascading component failure)
BG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
BG E TBG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
User error: Controller bypass leads to burned diode
1
2
Observed failure modes – (cascading component failure)
1. Villager bypasses broken controller and charges battery directly from PV
2. One mistake of reverse battery polarity blows up bypass diode in PV junction box, melting junction box.
policy & planning level…
Very Small Power Producer (VSPP) regulations
Can’t we hook it up and sell power back?
VSPP meetings…
• Uses waste water from cassava to make methane
• Produces gas for all factory heat (30 MW thermal) + 3 MW of electricity
• 3 x 1 MW gas generators
Korat Waste to Energy – biogas… an early VSPP project
Biogas from Pig Farms
Reduces air and water pollution
Produces fertilizer
Produces electricity
8 x 70 kW generator
Ratchaburi
Biogas from Pig Farms
Bangkok Solar 1 MW PV
• Project size: 1 MW• Uses self-manufactured a-Si
ap
plie
d
pe
rmis
sio
n
selli
ng
biodiesel
hydro
windbiogas
municipal wasteother biomass (saw dust, palm)
rice huskbagasse
solar
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
MW
VSPP summary
June 2008
Thailand
VSPP
Tanzania
?
Cambodia
?
?
?
Next project… community built, community-owned, profitable VSPP
micro-hydro
http://www.soho-properties.com/condobangkok-leraffine31/
Unlimited living?
Electricity productionand consumption(GWh)
1700 families relocated
Loss of livelihood for > 6200 families
Loss of 116
fish species 44( %)
Fishery yield down 80%
65MaeHongSong
Sou
rce: M
EA
, EG
AT, S
earin
, Gra
ph
ic: Gre
en
World
Fou
nd
atio
n
Dams Malls Province
Pak
Mun
Impacts of Pak Mun Dam alone
Bonok-Ban Krud story
Bonok Bankrud
Power Demand: Projections vs. Actual 1992 - 2008
8,000
12,000
16,000
20,000
24,000
28,000
32,000
36,000
40,000
44,000
48,000
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
มิ�.ย์.-93
ธ.ค.-94
ต์.ค.-95
เมิ.ย์.-96
ต์.ค.-96
มิ�.ย์.-97
ก.ย์.-97
Sep-98(MER)
ก.พ.-01
ส.ค.-02
Jan-04(LEG)
Jan-04(MEG)
Apr-06 (MEG)
มิ�.ค.-07
ACTUAL
ธ.ค.-08
MW
Linear versus exponential extrapolation
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
Pea
k d
eman
d (
MW
)
2007 Forecast Historic peak demand trend
24 power plants
Fuel mix in power generation - power development plan 2007GWh
Import
NukeRE
Gas
Coal
LigniteHydro
Thai – Pacific Northwest power planning exchange
Leveraging changeActivity Leverage
Medical clinic PV in Burma •40 clinics serve 100,000+•“It’s hard to do amputations with a flashlight”
Micro-hydro * inexpensive(<$2per W)•Intuitive & local
Refugee camp trainings * If peace comes and repatriation can happen, refugees are returning to a ‘blank slate’
VSPP * Renewables becomes viable grid-connected business.* “Power plant” redefined.
Power sector planning reform •Transparency•Accounability•public participation•End to “too much generation capacity” and “wrong kinds”.
Principles
• Commit
• Be flexible and open to opportunities for equilibrium-shifting change
• Take time for reflection… stay real
• Document and release
• “Many hands make light work”
For more informationChom and Chris Greacen
Palang Thai
Skype: chrisgreacen
www.palangthai.org
Thailand in context
• Constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system (similar to England)
• Size: about 4/5 of California• Population: 66 million (2x that of CA)• GDP (PPP): $553 billion (1/3 of CA’s)• GDP per capita: $8,500 (1/6 of CA’s)• Energy consumption: 57 million BTU
(1/4 of CA’s)• Peak power demand: 23 GW (<half of
CA’s)• 99.8% of villages are electrified
ISSUED DATE : JANUARY 2007
ELECTRICITY GENERATING AUTHORITY OF THAILAND
ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM OF THAILAND
DWG. NO. EPS 2002
SYSTEM PLANNING DIVISION
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PLANNING DEPARTMENT
78
North Koreavillage wind farm 1999 -- 2001
79
80
Powerhouse under construction
81
Interphase with DPRK grid
82
Farm manager starts windturbine
83
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:0
0
11:0
0
12:0
0
13:0
0
14:0
0
15:0
0
16:0
0
17:0
0
18:0
0
19:0
0
20:0
0
21:0
0
22:0
0
23:0
0
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Watts
Time of day
Year
Hourly load curve, by year from 1985 to 2000. Graph based on an appliance usage survey of 35 families in Mae Kam Pong village, April
and June 2001.
Contribution to evening maximum peak demand by appliance, for the years 1985 – 2001.
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Wa
tts
other
water boiler
rice cooker
iron
fridge
TV
lights