Chris DiFonzo MSU Field Crops Entomologist · - cut, crush food - defense Labium - lower lip -...
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Insects Rule, Mammals Drool: The insects
Chris DiFonzo
MSU
Field Crops
Entomologist
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‘Speciescape’80% of all animal
species are
arthropods.
Most arthropods
are insects.
the remaining
arthropods
Insects are incredibly important to life on earth
• Nutrient cycling of plants, wood, manure, carrion
• Pollination & seed movement
• Biological control via predation & parasitism
• Base of many food chains
• Pests of food, fiber, activity + disease transmission
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Distribution of
species by order:
Butterflies
(Lepidoptera)
12.5%Wasps, Bees, Ants
(Hymenoptera)
25%
Beetles
(Coleoptera)
35%
Flies
(Diptera)
12.5%
True Bugs
(Hemiptera)
10%
Everything
else 5%
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Much of the
good and bad
about insects
comes down to
morphology(the structure
& function
of body parts)
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tvin
dy.typepad.c
om
What makes an insect an insect?
exoskeleton.....thus growth by molting
Segmented body with paired jointed appendages
three body regions
mouthparts:
(base design
is chewing)
2 antennae
6 legs (two per
thoracic segment)
wings ~ usually
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tvin
dy.typepad.c
om
mouthparts
antennae
legs
wings
The Exoskeleton (cuticle) key to the success
of arthropods & their colonization of land
eyes
hindgut
head-thorax-abdomen
foregut
• Provides shape to the body
• Barrier to the environment
• Muscle attachment points
• Coloration
• Sensing
• Reduces water loss
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Epidermis
- living cells that make the cuticle
- secretes wax onto the surface
Cuticle
- thick layer, supports the body
- contains the protein chitin
- it may sclerotize
thin surface layer, waxy
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Cuticlewax
Electron
microscope
picture of
cuticle
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Waxy layer• makes insects shiny
• prevents dehydration
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BugGuide #20329: T. Murray
other cuticle functions• sculpturing to reflect light
• hairs to deter predation
• warning colors & camouflage
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Sclerotization• Protein chains cross-link
• Exocuticle darkens, strengthens
• Process is irreversible
• Makes insects ‘crunch’
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Sclerites
Sclerotized plates on the body wall,
surrounded by elastic membranes that
don't harden (think armor plating)
Sclerites give insects flexibility
& allow the body to expand
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• Some insecticides
target the cuticle
Before After
Cuticle close-up
How does this relate
to pest management?
• Some insecticides move through the cuticle (contact poisons)
• The cuticle can be a barrier to
other insecticides (stomach poisons)
or interfere with control (wax)
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How does
an insect
get out of its
exoskeleton?
Limitations of having an exoskeleton Limits size
Limits movement
Limits food, egg storage
Limits growth
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In most animals, the
offspring & adults
look similar...
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....but insects undergo substantial
changes involving two processes:
Molting
GROWTH
shedding the
cuticle
Metamorphosis:
CHANGE
significant change in body
from young to adult
(gaining reproductive
maturity & wings)
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Hemimetabolous(simple or gradual)
Metamorphosis
The young (nymphs):
• smaller
• can’t reproduce
• lack wings
molt
molt
molt
molt
+
meta
molt
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crickets
grasshoppers
earwigs
roaches
termites
Green
stink bug
Boxelder
bug
mantids
walkingsticks
dragonflies
true bugs
lice
hemimetabolous
groups include:
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Holometabolous(complete)
Metamorphosis
molt
molt
molt
molt
+
meta
The young (larvae):
•can’t reproduce
•lack wings
•do not resemble adult
•pupate
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beetles flies
butterflies & moths
wasps, bees, & ants
Emerald
ash borer
Honey bee
holometabolous
groups include:
Japanese beetle
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* a hormone (ecydysone) signals the insect to molt
* the old cuticle loosens & pulls away
* a new cuticle is made underneath it
* enzymes digest away & recycle most of the
old cuticle (making it very thin)
* the old cuticle splits along the dorsal line
How does an insect molt?
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The new cuticle is soft, but
eventually hardens after
the insect pumps itself up.(in this example, the molt was
also for metamorphosis)
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Molt into what? Metamorphosis is
controlled by juvenile hormone
growth change
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Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) mimic/block hormones
• prevent shedding of cuticle
• cause sterile adults
How does this relate
to pest management?
Many new biopesticides mess
up molting or metamorphosis
• force an insect to change
too early, or stay in a
stage too long
• mess up production
of the exoskeleton
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Basic body parts of insects
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a plant
feeder
with basic
downward-
facing
chewing
mouthparts
The Head
eating
sensing
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frons
vertex
labrum
gena
a predator
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Labrum
- upper lip
- keeps food in
Mandibles
- extremely hard
- cut, crush food
- defense
Labium
- lower lip
- sensory
Chewing
Mouthparts
Biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca
Maxillae
- assists w/ chewing
- sensory
- chemoreception
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Caterpillars
GrasshoppersBeetles
Types of defoliation
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BugGuide: 38563
mantids
lacewings & related insects
caterpillars
(Lepidoptera)
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Hymenoptera: wasps, bees, ants
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All beetles - Coleoptera
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Don’t be fooled!
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Order Hemiptera
Piercing-sucking mouthpartsModified to pierce plant or animal tissue
labium
Mandibles
Maxilla
Food
canal
Salivary
canal
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LabiumCovers stylet.
Protective
Segmented
EM picture
of an aphid
true bug
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aphids
whiteflies
thrips
leaf & plant hoppers, cicadas
true bugs
Sucking
insects
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Physical damage to plant surface
• punctures
• catfacing
Symptoms of
piercing-sucking
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• removal of plant sap
(water stress)
• stunting, twisting, yellowing,
browning of leaf tissue
Symptoms of
piercing-sucking
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• Removal of plant sap/ stress
• stunting, twisting yellowing
• Hopperburn (leafhoppers)
Symptoms of
piercing-sucking
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• Transmission of plant
viruses (esp. aphids)
Symptoms of
piercing-sucking
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Some bugs
are beneficial
predators
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Antennae
- mobile, segmented
- sensory hairs, cones,
or pits along the length
- senses touch, temp., air
position, speed, and chemicals
Basic filiform thread-like antenna
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Male moth antennae
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Insect chemoreception may be VERY sensitive
- modified antennae have increased are flow & surface area
Ex: silkworm = 17,000 sensilla(100 molecules elicit a response)
Example:
Male mosquito
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Sex pheromone: Male senses pheromone
Moves up plume to the source (female)
Trail-marking PheromoneAggregation Pheromone
Insects live in a chemical world – excel at chemical detection
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Pheromones – are used for insect detection & control
Detection –
Especially
invasive
species
Gypsy moth trap
w/ disparlure
Mating disruption
Codling moth
pheromone
dispenser
Time emergence
or spraying
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Ocelli‘simple eyes’
on the head of
many adults & nymphs
Extremely light sensitive
Detect cyclical changes
in day length
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Compound eyes – most adults, nymphs
Compound eye is
made up of many
individual subunits =
an ommatidium
bugscope.beckman.uiuc.edu-Tornillo HS, TX
Number varies by insect
- some ants = 1 ...................dragonfly = 10,000
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Fly compound eyes
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insect eye
vs.
human eye:
Resolving powerReduced -
(fuzzier image) +Detecting pattern,
shape, contrast ++
Detecting movement +++Binocular Vision + +
Color vision +most
UV vision many -Detect polarized light some -
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HeadAbdo.
fore- mid-hind-
fore- hind-
The Thorax = Movement
pro meso meta
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Running legs
Jumping legs
Fossorial
legs
BugGuide #8823, P. Coin
Raptorial
legs
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http://www.life.uiuc.edu/whitfield/cotesia/cotesia.htm
tvindy.typepad.com
hooks, claws, and
pads on the tarsi
allow insects to go
places that other
animals cannot
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Hind wing
Fore wing –
Flight – an amazing
ability of insects…
wing fossil
~300 million yrs old
Insects were the only
animals to fly for 180
million yrs
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Numerous wing types – only ADULTS have wings
Elytra forewing
of beetles
(Coleoptera)
Hemelytra
forewing of
true bugs
(Hemiptera)
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Scale covered wings
of moths, butterflies
(Lepidoptera)
Flies (Diptera)
Only have two wings
HW modified into a
‘haltere’
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What if wings are missing?
Juvenile insect
(hemimetabolous)
= nymph with wing pads
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What if wings are missing?
Wingless adult
Members of entire orders
or families are wingless
In other groups,
wingless individuals
appear at certain
times or in certain
castes
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Spiracles - openings into the tracheal system
(delivers oxygen to cells)
- can be closed for long periods
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Tracheal System- tubes (tracheae) branch from opening, getting smaller & smaller
- the smallest tubes = tracheoles, deliver O2 to individual cells
gut
trachea
trachea
spiracle
opening
Tracheoles= 1-cell thick
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Limitations in
moving oxygen
partially explain
why there are no
giant insects(except in movies)
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bugscope.beckman.uiuc.edu- Champaign Central HS, Champaign IL
Final thought- just because insects are small...
...that does not make them primitive or simple
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Good books, sites for more info
S. Marshall(shop for reduced cost
on Amazon + free
shipping. Its heavy)
BugGuide web site
Useful for ID
Sweep nets, traps
Great Lakes IPM
Vestaburg, MI
1-800-235-0285
Evans field guide
(may fall apart)