Chpter 1 Introduction to airport engineering

8/9/2019 Chpter 1 Introduction to airport engineering

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INTRODUCTION

AIRPORT ENGINEERING


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Airplane Parts


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AIRCRAFT PARTS DEFINATION


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AIRCRAFT COMPONENTSy ENGINE

y FLAPS

y FUSELAGEy PROPELLER

y THREE CONTROLS

y TRICYCLE UNDERCARRIAGE

yWINGS


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ENGINEy To provide force for propelling the aircraft in air.

The engine is divided in three categories'

(a) Piston engine(b) Jet engine

(i) Turbo jet (ii) Turbo propulsion (iii) Ram jet.

( c) Rocket engine.


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Piston Engine

y It is operate at low altitudewith moderate speed.


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Jet Engine

y The main advantage of jetengine it eliminate the

propellers.y It is suitable at high

altitude and high speed.


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Turbo jet engine

y In case of turbo jetengine hot exhaust gas

with high velocity giveforward thrust to the

engine.y If gas coming out with

1800 kmph speed andthe speed of aircraft is

900 kmph.y It can be used at high

altitude with morespeed.


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Turbo propulsion

y The performance is same asjet engine but herepropeller is provided.

y It can be used at high andmedium altitude also.


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Ram jet engine

y It does not have any movingparts.

y

The fuel flow andcombution is continuous.

y It can be fly with speed 1200to 1250 kmph.


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Rocket engine

y It is same as ramjetengine but it is notdepend on oxygen inatmosphere.

y It carries its own supplyof oxygen.

y It can moved at highspeed 4000 kmph.

y It has highes fuelconsuption as comparedto othe engine


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flaps

y Flaps increase the wing surfaceor curve generating more liftwith the same speed.

y They are very used on low

speed operations, mainlyduring landings and take offs.

y There are several types of flaps:

y Plain Flap

y Split Flapy Flap Zap or Slotted

y Flap Fowler

y Flap Multi-Fowler


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fuselage

y It includes the cabin and/or cockpit, which containsseats for the occupants and the controls for theairplane.

y

In addition, the fuselage may also provide room forcargo and attachment points for the other majorairplane components. Some aircraft utilize an opentruss structure. The truss-type fuselage is constructed

of steel or aluminum tubing.y Strength and rigidity is achieved by welding the tubing

together into a series of triangular shapes, calledtrusses.


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Propeller

yA propeller is a device which transmits power byconverting it into thrust for propulsion of a vehicle suchas an airplane, ship, or submarine though a fluid such as

water or air, by rotating two or more twisted bladesabout a central shaft, in a manner analogous to rotating ascrew through a solid.

y The blades of a propeller act as rotating wings, and

produce force through application of both Bernoulli'sprinciple and Newton's third law, generating a differencein pressure between the forward and rear surfaces of theairfoil-shaped blades'.


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Control RequirementsTh

e aircraft cancontrolled aboutthree axis.

X -axis called rolling.Aileron is used for

rolling movement ofaircraft.

Y axis is calledpitching

Elevator is used forpitching movement

of aircraft.Z axis movement is

called yawing. Thiscan be done byrudder.


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Three controls


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Tricycle undercarriage

y The landing gear system which is provided to supportaircraft while in contact with the ground is called

tricycle undercarriagey The main purposes

(a) to enable easy maneuvering

(b) to permit smooth landing.


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Wingsy It is provided to support

machine in the air.

y It is flat or curved surface.

y The term aerofoil is used forwing like structure.

y It is designed to obtainreaction upon its surfaceform the air through

which it moves.y The wing is slightly curved

and small angle ofincidence to the

horizontal


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Vertical lift on cambered aerofoil


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AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS Airport capacity Aircraft speed Aircraft weight and wheel arrangement

Fuel spilling

Jet blast

Minimum circling radius Minimum turning radius

Noise

Range

Size of aircraft Take off and landing distances

Type of propulsion

Tyre pressure and contact area.


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1) Airport capacity Number of passengers, baggage, cargo and fuel that can

be accommodated.

2)Aircraft Speed This is defined two ways (a) Ground speed (b) air

speed

Air speed :It means the speed of aircraft related tomedium in which it is travelling. Ex. Suppose aircraftspeed : 500 km.p.h, Wind speed : 50 km.p.h ( Oppositeto aircraft)

So, aircraft speed = 500 50 = 450 km.p.h

Ground speed: It means speed of aircraft related to

ground.


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3) Aircraft Weight and wheel arrangement

Aircraft weight contains weight of different componentsof aircraft.

Aircraft weight play important role in designing thepavement thickness and length of runway.

Wheel arrangement is also required to take load of

aircraft.

4) Fuel Spilling

The spilling of fuel and lubricants is usually found on

hanger and loading apron.Spilling should be minimum.

Fuel spilling affects on bituminous material of pavement.


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5) Jet blast

Turbo jet and turbo prop aircraft eject hot exhaust gases at highvelocities.

The velocity of jet blast is 300 km.p.h so it is inconvenience topassengers.

Several types of blast fence are available to serve an effectivemeasure for diverting the smoke ejected from blast.

Cement concrete pavement are provided to get effect of jet blast.6) Minimum circle radius.

y Certain minimum circling radius is required in space foraircraft to take smooth turn.

y It depends on type of aircraft, traffic volume and weatherconditions.

7) MinimumTurning radius:

y Minimum turning radius of aircraft to decide the radius of taxiway

and position of hangers and apron.


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8) Noise:

y the noise and efforts are made to bring it to the minimumpossible level.

y The major source of noise is machinery noise and primary jet.y The major noise is produced at the time of landing and take

off due to jet.

y The sound is measured by sound level meter and it indicats

the total amount of source at that location.y The unit of sound is Db.

9) Range:

y The distance that an aircraft can fly without refueling is known

as the range.y Factor affecting on range is pay load, meteorological

conditions during flight, speed , fuel, wind, flight altitude andamount of reserve fuel.

y If pay load is increase range is decrease.


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10) Take off and landing distance:

y The take off and landing distance for an aircraft will help indetermine minimum runway length.

The distance depends on(a) altitude of the airport

(b) gradient of the runway

(c) intensity and direction of wind.

(d) manner of landing and take off.

(e) temperature

(f) weight of the aircraft at the time of landing and take off.

11) Type of propulsion

12)Tyre pressure and contact area


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Characteristics of jet aircraft.y Channelization

y Fuel spilling

y

High pressure tyres and small contact areay High velocities

y Hot blasts

y Noise

y Proposing effecty Pumping of the joints

y Sucking effect.


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Classification ofaerodromes1. (a) Central govt aerodromes

(b) Privately owned licenced aerodromes

2. (a) state govt aerodromes ( exservicable condition)(b) State govt. aerodromes ( not maintained inservicible condition)

3. Airforce aerodromes available for limited use.


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Classification ofairportsy The airports are classified by ICAO in two catageris

y (i) The code letters A to E are used based on runway

length , width of runway, and maximum logitudinalgrade.

y (ii) The numbers 1 to 7 given based on wheel load andtyre pressure.


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THANK YOU

Chpter 1 Introduction to airport engineering

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