Chpt. 8 Cell Diversity Cells are not identical - they diversify their structure to suit their...
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Transcript of Chpt. 8 Cell Diversity Cells are not identical - they diversify their structure to suit their...
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Chpt. 8 Cell Diversity
Cells are not identical - they diversify their structure to suit their function!!!!!!!
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TissuesA Tissue is a group of similar cells that are modified to carry out the same function.
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Tissue Types
Animal Tissue:Four main types of animal tissue (two of which we will study in more detail):
Epithelial – covers internal and external surfaces of the body.
Connective
Muscular – capable of contraction found in muscles and internal organs.
Nervous
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Animal Tissue:Connective Tissue:• Consists of a number of cells spread out in a matrix that is produced by the connective cells.• Connective tissue joins and supports other body structures.
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Animal Tissue:Nervous Tissue:• Nervous tissue is composed of nerve cells called neurons.• Neurons are adapted to carry impulses to and from the brain and spinal cord.
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Tissue Types
Plant Tissue:Four main types of plant tissue (two of which we will study in more detail):
Dermal Vascular Ground Meristematic
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Plant Tissue:Dermal tissue:• A single layer of cells that surrounds the different parts of a plant e.g. one type of dermal tissue – epidermis
• Location – epidermis found as a covering on leaves, stems and roots.
• Appearance – epidermis cells are living, rectangular cells. Sometimes a layer called a cuticle is found on its outer surface.
• Function – protect the plant. - presence of a cuticle prevents water loss from the
plant.
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Plant Tissue:Vascular Tissue:• Transports materials around a plant.
• Consists of two types of cells:- xylem- phloem
• Xylem: - transports water and minerals around the plant. - provide support (woody plants)
• Phloem: - transports food from the leaves to the other parts of the plant.
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Plant Tissue:
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Plant Tissue:
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Tissue Culture• Tissue culture is the growth of tissues in or on an artificial medium outside an organism.
• The tissue sample is removed from a plant or animal and grown in glassware ( in vitro) or in a bioreactor under carefully controlled conditions.
• Sterile conditions are essential in tissue culture. This involves the prevention of the growth of micro-organisms in the bioreactor, such as bacteria and yeast, as these would produce waste products which contaminate the container and often kill the desired cells.
• Growth is by mitosis and produces a cluster of identical offspring - a clone.
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Conditions necessary for Tissue growth
• Oxygen• Nutrients• Growth factors and hormones• Correct pH• Optimum temperature• Sterile conditions• Freedom from competition
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Applications of Tissue Culture
Micropropagation Monoclonal Antibodies
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Micropropagation:this is the growth of large numbers of plants from very small plant pieces.
• Desirable plant cells obtained
• Cells grown on controlled culture medium
• Form callus (clump of similar cells)
• Growing conditions changed to promote callus growth
• Over time callus forms a plant embryo and then a young plant
• Once large enough young plant can be planted out
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Benefits of micropropagation:
• Produces exact copies
• Quickly produces mature plants
• Doesn’t need pollinators or seeds
• Producing plants that are disease resistant and virus free
• Inexpensive method of producing large number of similar plants.
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Monoclonal Antibodies (MAB’s) and Cancer Research:
• Antibodies are special proteins that react with one particular chemical – called an antigen.
• Cancer cells produce special antigens that are not produced by any other normal body cells.
• Tissue culture can be used to produce special antibodies, MAB’s, that will react with the antigens on cancer cells
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Benefits of monoclonal antibodies:
• MAB’s will not join to normal cells.
• May change colour on reacting with cancer antigens allowing the presence of cancerous cells to be detected.
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Organs
An organ is a structure composed of a number of tissues that work together to carry out one or more functions
Examples of Plant Organs:Leaf – Dermal tissue, vascular tissue, ground tissue - all of these tissues combine so that the leaf can carry out photosynthesis. Root – anchorage and absorptionStem – support and transportFlower – reproduction Seeds – reproduction
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Organs
Examples of animal organs:Heart – muscular tissue, epithelial tissue, connective
tissue, nervous tissue - combined all of these tissues allow the heart to
carry out its function i.e. pump blood
StomachIntestineLiverLungsSkin
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Organ Systems
All the organ systems combine to form the organism.
Animal organ systems:Circulatory system: - consists of heart, blood vessels, blood,
lymph vessels, lymph. - function transport materials, fight infection
Digestive system: - consists of mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus. - function to take in, break down and transfer digested food into circulatory system.