CHP & DG METERING & CHP & DG METERING & MONITORINGMONITORING

IN NEW YORK STATEIN NEW YORK STATECASE STUDIES AND CASE STUDIES AND IMPLEMENTATIONSIMPLEMENTATIONS

Presented By:Presented By:

STEPHEN STONE, PESTEPHEN STONE, PEDSM ENGINEERING ASSOCIATES, PCDSM ENGINEERING ASSOCIATES, PC

smstone@dsmea.comsmstone@dsmea.com

CHP BASICS: WHAT IS CHP?CHP BASICS: WHAT IS CHP?

CHP is the simultaneous production of two or CHP is the simultaneous production of two or more useful forms of energy, in this instance more useful forms of energy, in this instance heat and electrical energy, from a single fuel heat and electrical energy, from a single fuel consuming device.consuming device.

The type of CHP systems commonly applied to The type of CHP systems commonly applied to smaller facilities (under 1 MW) use a device (or smaller facilities (under 1 MW) use a device (or multiple devices) that contains an engine that multiple devices) that contains an engine that drives a generator to produce electricity. The drives a generator to produce electricity. The heat (thermal energy) produced by this process heat (thermal energy) produced by this process is recovered and used to produce hot water, is recovered and used to produce hot water, steam or even cooling for the building, instead steam or even cooling for the building, instead of being exhausted directly from the engine and of being exhausted directly from the engine and the heat lost to the atmosphere.the heat lost to the atmosphere.

CHP INSTALLATIONSCHP INSTALLATIONS

WEST SIDE MANHATTAN THE EAST BRONX

CONEY ISLAND CONEY ISLANDTHE NORTH BRONX

PACKAGED CHP SYSTEMSPACKAGED CHP SYSTEMS IN PACKAGED SYSTEMS THE PRIMARY IN PACKAGED SYSTEMS THE PRIMARY

COMPONENTS ARE PRE-PACKAGED AT THE COMPONENTS ARE PRE-PACKAGED AT THE FACTORY. TYPICALLY THE PACKAGES ARE FACTORY. TYPICALLY THE PACKAGES ARE COMPLETE WITH ALL THE HEAT RECOVERY COMPLETE WITH ALL THE HEAT RECOVERY EQUIPMENT AND GENERATOR CONTROLS. THIS EQUIPMENT AND GENERATOR CONTROLS. THIS MAKES THEM EASIER AND LESS EXPENSIVE TO MAKES THEM EASIER AND LESS EXPENSIVE TO INSTALL SINCE THE LABOR CAN BE PERFORMED INSTALL SINCE THE LABOR CAN BE PERFORMED BY PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL CONTRACTORS. BY PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL CONTRACTORS.

THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF A PRE-PACKAGED THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF A PRE-PACKAGED CHP SYSTEM ARE THE ENGINE, GENERATOR, CHP SYSTEM ARE THE ENGINE, GENERATOR, CONTROL SYSTEM AND HEAT RECOVERY CONTROL SYSTEM AND HEAT RECOVERY EQUIPMENT. ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT THAT MAY EQUIPMENT. ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT THAT MAY BE REQUIRED ARE PUMPS, ADDITIONAL HEAT BE REQUIRED ARE PUMPS, ADDITIONAL HEAT EXCHANGERS AND STORAGE TANKS.EXCHANGERS AND STORAGE TANKS.

TYPES OF CHP EQUIPMENTTYPES OF CHP EQUIPMENT

ALL MICROTURBINES COMPRISE FULLY ALL MICROTURBINES COMPRISE FULLY PACKAGED SYSTEMS BUT CAN BE SELECTED PACKAGED SYSTEMS BUT CAN BE SELECTED EITHER WITH OR WITHOUT HEAT RECOVERY EITHER WITH OR WITHOUT HEAT RECOVERY

EQUIPMENTEQUIPMENT..

SMALL RECIPROCATING ENGINE UNITS CAN BE SMALL RECIPROCATING ENGINE UNITS CAN BE PURCHASED AS SEPARATE COMPONENTS AND PURCHASED AS SEPARATE COMPONENTS AND PACKAGED BY THE DESIGNER BUT IT’S FAR PACKAGED BY THE DESIGNER BUT IT’S FAR

EASIER ANDEASIER AND THE EQUIPMENT IS GENERALLY THE EQUIPMENT IS GENERALLY MORE RELIABLE IF PURCHASED AS A COMPLETE MORE RELIABLE IF PURCHASED AS A COMPLETE PACKAGE FROM A MANUFACTURER.PACKAGE FROM A MANUFACTURER.

INGERSOLL-RAND 70 KW INGERSOLL-RAND 70 KW MICROTURBINE CHP UNITMICROTURBINE CHP UNIT

COAST INTELLIGEN 60 KW COAST INTELLIGEN 60 KW PISTON ENGINE CHP UNITPISTON ENGINE CHP UNIT

FIRST INSTALLATIONS OF FIRST INSTALLATIONS OF MODULAR, PARALLEL CONNECTED MODULAR, PARALLEL CONNECTED

CHP IN NYCCHP IN NYC 19851985

INSTALLED IN 7 MULIFAMILY FACILITIESINSTALLED IN 7 MULIFAMILY FACILITIES

ALL “THERMALLY CONTROLLED” BUT NOT ALL “THERMALLY CONTROLLED” BUT NOT NECESSARILY BASE LOADEDNECESSARILY BASE LOADED

NO HEAT BALANCING EQUIPMENT TO PROVIDE NO HEAT BALANCING EQUIPMENT TO PROVIDE CONTINUOUS RUNNINGCONTINUOUS RUNNING

NO REMOTE MONITORING OR CONTROL SYSTEMS. NO REMOTE MONITORING OR CONTROL SYSTEMS. LOCAL MONITORING PERFORMED USING KWH AND LOCAL MONITORING PERFORMED USING KWH AND SUMMING BTUH METERSSUMMING BTUH METERS

RESULTS FROM INITIAL ON-SITE RESULTS FROM INITIAL ON-SITE METERING & MONITORINGMETERING & MONITORING

FUTURE DESIGNS TO USE HEAT BALANCING FUTURE DESIGNS TO USE HEAT BALANCING EQUIPMENT OR BE THERMALLY BASE LOADED TO EQUIPMENT OR BE THERMALLY BASE LOADED TO ALLOW CONTINUOUS RUNNINGALLOW CONTINUOUS RUNNING

FUTURE DESIGNS TO HAVE REMOTE MONITORING & FUTURE DESIGNS TO HAVE REMOTE MONITORING & CONTROL SYSTEMS (RMCS)CONTROL SYSTEMS (RMCS)

ALL INSTALLATIONS TO PURCHASE CONTRACTS WITH ALL INSTALLATIONS TO PURCHASE CONTRACTS WITH “CRADLE TO GRAVE” MAINTENANCE WITH ALL “CRADLE TO GRAVE” MAINTENANCE WITH ALL INCLUSIVE COSTS BASED ON KWH PRODUCEDINCLUSIVE COSTS BASED ON KWH PRODUCED

MULTIPLE UNITS SHOULD BE UTILIZED TO INCREASE MULTIPLE UNITS SHOULD BE UTILIZED TO INCREASE DEMAND SAVINGSDEMAND SAVINGS

VIEWS OF INSTALLATIONSVIEWS OF INSTALLATIONS

STEVENSON COMMONS SEA RISE II

HAZEL TOWERS 10 WEST 66TH STREET

CHP INSTALLATIONS IN “PAUSE” CHP INSTALLATIONS IN “PAUSE” MODE FROM LATE 1980’S TO 2000MODE FROM LATE 1980’S TO 2000

ELECTRICAL UTILITIES OPPOSE INSTALLATION OF ELECTRICAL UTILITIES OPPOSE INSTALLATION OF CHP AS A “COMPETITOR” WHILE FUNDING OTHER CHP AS A “COMPETITOR” WHILE FUNDING OTHER FORMS OF DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENTFORMS OF DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT

UTILITY RATES IN NY SHIFT TO LOW ENERGY COST, UTILITY RATES IN NY SHIFT TO LOW ENERGY COST, HIGH DEMAND CHARGESHIGH DEMAND CHARGES

LITTLE GOVERNMENT FUNDING TO ENCOURAGE LITTLE GOVERNMENT FUNDING TO ENCOURAGE INTEREST. FACILITIES SPEND INVESTMENT DOLLARS INTEREST. FACILITIES SPEND INVESTMENT DOLLARS ON “FAST PAYBACK” ENERGY CONSERVATION ITEMS ON “FAST PAYBACK” ENERGY CONSERVATION ITEMS SUCH AS HIGH EFFICIENCY LIGHTINGSUCH AS HIGH EFFICIENCY LIGHTING

CHP INSTALLATIONS BEGIN TO CHP INSTALLATIONS BEGIN TO PROLIFERATE IN YEAR 2000PROLIFERATE IN YEAR 2000

ELECTRICAL UTILITIES GO OUT OF “PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICAL UTILITIES GO OUT OF “PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICTY” BUSINESS AND TRANSFER PROFIT MARGINS ELECTRICTY” BUSINESS AND TRANSFER PROFIT MARGINS TO TRANSPORT OF ELECTRICITY SO NO LONGER OPPOSE TO TRANSPORT OF ELECTRICITY SO NO LONGER OPPOSE CHPCHP

UTILITY RATES IN NY SHIFT TO HIGHER ENERGY COST, UTILITY RATES IN NY SHIFT TO HIGHER ENERGY COST, MORE MODERATE DEMAND CHARGESMORE MODERATE DEMAND CHARGES

NYSERDA (NY STATE ENERGY RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT NYSERDA (NY STATE ENERGY RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY BEGINS TO PROVIDE 50% MATCHING GRANTS AUTHORITY BEGINS TO PROVIDE 50% MATCHING GRANTS TO FUNDING TO ENCOURAGE CHP. TO FUNDING TO ENCOURAGE CHP.

““FAST PAYBACK” ENERGY CONSERVATION ITEMS SUCH AS FAST PAYBACK” ENERGY CONSERVATION ITEMS SUCH AS HIGH EFFICIENCY LIGHTING HAVE ALREADY BEEN HIGH EFFICIENCY LIGHTING HAVE ALREADY BEEN INSTALLED BY MANY FACILITIESINSTALLED BY MANY FACILITIES

NYSERDA GRANT PROGRAM NYSERDA GRANT PROGRAM MONITORING REQUIREMENTSMONITORING REQUIREMENTS

REAL TIME MONITORING OF CHP FUEL, USUALLY NATURAL REAL TIME MONITORING OF CHP FUEL, USUALLY NATURAL GAS (UTILITY METER W/PULSE OUTPUT)GAS (UTILITY METER W/PULSE OUTPUT)

REAL TIME MONITORING OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY REAL TIME MONITORING OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY PRODUCED (kW and kWh)PRODUCED (kW and kWh)

REAL TIME MONITORING OF OVERALL THERMAL OUTPUT OF REAL TIME MONITORING OF OVERALL THERMAL OUTPUT OF EQUIPMENT (BTUH) EQUIPMENT (BTUH)

REAL TIME MONITORING OF RECOVERED HEAT “DUMPED” REAL TIME MONITORING OF RECOVERED HEAT “DUMPED” AND NOT UTILIZED BY THE FACILITYAND NOT UTILIZED BY THE FACILITY

DSMEA ADDS REAL TIME MONITORING OF THE FACILITY DSMEA ADDS REAL TIME MONITORING OF THE FACILITY TOTAL kW SO DEMAND SAVINGS CAN BE CALCULATEDTOTAL kW SO DEMAND SAVINGS CAN BE CALCULATED

IF THE CHP IS CAPABLE OF UTILIZING 100% OF IT’S WASTE HEAT IN IF THE CHP IS CAPABLE OF UTILIZING 100% OF IT’S WASTE HEAT IN THE FACILITY AND RUNS SUFFICIENTLY WELL TO SAVE DEMAND THE FACILITY AND RUNS SUFFICIENTLY WELL TO SAVE DEMAND

CHARGESCHARGES..

Building Electrical and Thermal Requirement70 kWh @ $10 5 Therms @ $5

Without Cogeneration$15/hour

With Cogeneration$8/hour

Building Electrical and Thermal Requirement

CHP System70 kW &

4 Therms/hr

8 Therms @ $6Maint. @ $2

0 kWh @ $0 0 Therms @ $0

HOURLY SAVINGS WITH THERMAL BASE LOADED 70 KW CHP

$7.00 Energy$3.00 Demand

IF THE CHP IS CAPABLE OF UTILIZING 100% OF IT’S WASTE HEAT IN IF THE CHP IS CAPABLE OF UTILIZING 100% OF IT’S WASTE HEAT IN THE FACILITY AND THE FACILITY AND CANNOT RUN SUFFICIENTLY WELL TO SAVE ANY CANNOT RUN SUFFICIENTLY WELL TO SAVE ANY

DEMAND CHARGESDEMAND CHARGES..

Building Electrical and Thermal Requirement70 kWh @ $10 5 Therms @ $5

Without Cogeneration$15/hour

With Cogeneration$11/hour

Building Electrical and Thermal Requirement

CHP System70 kW &

4 Therms/hr

8 Therms @ $6Maint. @ $2

70 kWh @ $3.00 0 Therms @ $0

HOURLY SAVINGS WITH THERMAL BASE LOADED 70 KW CHP

$7.00 Energy$3.00 Demand

IF THE CHP IF THE CHP CANNOT UTILIZE ANY OF IT’S WASTE HEAT IN THE CANNOT UTILIZE ANY OF IT’S WASTE HEAT IN THE FACILITYFACILITY AND RUNS SUFFICIENTLY WELL TO SAVE DEMAND AND RUNS SUFFICIENTLY WELL TO SAVE DEMAND

CHARGESCHARGES.. ..

Building Electrical and Thermal Requirement70 kWh @ $10 5 Therms @ $5

Without Cogeneration$15/hour

With Cogeneration$13/hour

Building Electrical and Thermal Requirement

CHP System70 kW &

4 Therms/hr

8 Therms @ $6Maint. @ $2

0 kWh @ $0 5 Therms @ $5

HOURLY SAVINGS WITH THERMAL BASE LOADED 70 KW CHP

$7.00 Energy$3.00 Demand

IF THE CHP IF THE CHP CANNOT UTILIZE ANY OF IT’S WASTE HEAT IN THE CANNOT UTILIZE ANY OF IT’S WASTE HEAT IN THE FACILITYFACILITY AND AND CANNOT RUN SUFFICIENTLY WELL TO SAVE ANY CANNOT RUN SUFFICIENTLY WELL TO SAVE ANY

DEMAND CHARGESDEMAND CHARGES..

Building Electrical and Thermal Requirement70 kWh @ $10 5 Therms @ $5

Without Cogeneration$15/hour

With Cogeneration$16/hour!!!!

Building Electrical and Thermal Requirement

CHP System70 kW &

4 Therms/hr

8 Therms @ $6Maint. @ $2

70 kWh @ $3.00 5 Therms @ $5

HOURLY SAVINGS WITH THERMAL BASE LOADED 70 KW CHP

$7.00 Energy$3.00 Demand

NEW UTILITY STANDBY CHARGES NEW UTILITY STANDBY CHARGES INSTITUTED BY NEW YORK STATE INSTITUTED BY NEW YORK STATE

UTILITIES IN 2003UTILITIES IN 2003 TO BE EXEMPT FROM STANDBY CHARGES A FACILITY TO BE EXEMPT FROM STANDBY CHARGES A FACILITY

MUST MEET CERTAIN CAPACITY, POLLUTION AND MUST MEET CERTAIN CAPACITY, POLLUTION AND EFFICIENCY LEVELS. THE EXEMPTION CAN BE EFFICIENCY LEVELS. THE EXEMPTION CAN BE REQUESTED IF THE CHP SYSTEM SIZE DOES NOT REQUESTED IF THE CHP SYSTEM SIZE DOES NOT EXCEED 1 MEGAWATT AND THE OVERALL EFFICIENCY EXCEED 1 MEGAWATT AND THE OVERALL EFFICIENCY IS AT LEAST 60%.IS AT LEAST 60%.

TO MAINTAIN THE EXEMPTION THE UTILITY REQUIRES TO MAINTAIN THE EXEMPTION THE UTILITY REQUIRES MONITORING OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY PRODUCED (kW and MONITORING OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY PRODUCED (kW and kWh); OVERALL THERMAL OUTPUT OF EQUIPMENT (BTUH); kWh); OVERALL THERMAL OUTPUT OF EQUIPMENT (BTUH); AND MONITORING OF RECOVERED HEAT “DUMPED” (BTUH) AND MONITORING OF RECOVERED HEAT “DUMPED” (BTUH) AND NOT UTILIZED BY THE FACILITY; BE CONTINUALLY AND NOT UTILIZED BY THE FACILITY; BE CONTINUALLY RECORDED AND PROVIDED TO THE UTILITY AFTER 3 YEARS RECORDED AND PROVIDED TO THE UTILITY AFTER 3 YEARS OF OPERATION FOR VERIFICATION THAT THE EXEMPTION OF OPERATION FOR VERIFICATION THAT THE EXEMPTION SHOULD BE CONTINUED.SHOULD BE CONTINUED.

THESE NEW MONITORING AND METERING THESE NEW MONITORING AND METERING STANDARDS DICTATED THAT ALL OF OUR STANDARDS DICTATED THAT ALL OF OUR CHP DESIGNS NOW BEING INSTALLED CHP DESIGNS NOW BEING INSTALLED WOULD HAVE THE NECESSARY MONITORING WOULD HAVE THE NECESSARY MONITORING EQUIPMENT.EQUIPMENT.

THE FIRST FOUR SYSTEMS WERE ACTIVATED THE FIRST FOUR SYSTEMS WERE ACTIVATED IN 2004 AND THREE OF THEM BEGAN TO IN 2004 AND THREE OF THEM BEGAN TO PROVIDE IMMEDIATE BENEFITS AS A RESULT PROVIDE IMMEDIATE BENEFITS AS A RESULT OF THE MONITORING.OF THE MONITORING.

SURPRISINGLY, THE FIRST BENEFICIAL RESULTS SURPRISINGLY, THE FIRST BENEFICIAL RESULTS

WERE NOT FROM BEING ABLE TO ANALYZEWERE NOT FROM BEING ABLE TO ANALYZE EFFICIENCIES BUT RATHER FROM DISCOVERING THAT EFFICIENCIES BUT RATHER FROM DISCOVERING THAT HEAT EXCHANGERS SUPPLIED WITH THE CHP HEAT EXCHANGERS SUPPLIED WITH THE CHP EQUIPMENT WERE NOT PROPERLY DESIGNED TO EQUIPMENT WERE NOT PROPERLY DESIGNED TO MEET THE THERMAL LOADS GENERATED WHEN MEET THE THERMAL LOADS GENERATED WHEN INTERFACED WITH THE FACILITY LOADS. INTERFACED WITH THE FACILITY LOADS.

IN TWO CASES THIS WAS CAUSING THE CHP IN TWO CASES THIS WAS CAUSING THE CHP EQUIPMENT TO GO OFF-LINE WHEN BUILDING LOADS EQUIPMENT TO GO OFF-LINE WHEN BUILDING LOADS WOULD HAVE SUPPORTED CONTINUOUS OPERATION. WOULD HAVE SUPPORTED CONTINUOUS OPERATION. IN ANOTHER CASE IT WAS RUNNING CONTINUOUSLY IN ANOTHER CASE IT WAS RUNNING CONTINUOUSLY BUT CAUSING THE SYSTEM TO “DUMP’ HEAT WHEN IT BUT CAUSING THE SYSTEM TO “DUMP’ HEAT WHEN IT COULD HAVE BEEN UTILIZED BY THE FACILITY. COULD HAVE BEEN UTILIZED BY THE FACILITY.

BOTH INSTANCES REDUCED THE COST SAVING BOTH INSTANCES REDUCED THE COST SAVING EFFECT OF THE CHP SYSTEMS.EFFECT OF THE CHP SYSTEMS.

BENEFICIAL RESULTS OF THE BENEFICIAL RESULTS OF THE METERING AND MONITORINGMETERING AND MONITORING

THE INFORMATION PROVIDED BY THE NEW THE INFORMATION PROVIDED BY THE NEW METERING AND MONITORING EQUIPMENT METERING AND MONITORING EQUIPMENT RESULTED IN AN UPGRADED HEAT RESULTED IN AN UPGRADED HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN. EXCHANGER DESIGN.

THE INSTALLATION OF THE NEW HEAT THE INSTALLATION OF THE NEW HEAT EXCHANGERS HAS ENABLED MAXIMIZING EXCHANGERS HAS ENABLED MAXIMIZING THE ENERGY SAVINGS AND ENERGY COST THE ENERGY SAVINGS AND ENERGY COST SAVINGS AT THREE SITES.SAVINGS AT THREE SITES.